Revision
Class Notes
Chapter 8
Feb 10, 2025
Acid Proton donor
Strong Ionizes/ dissociates completely
+
-
H( >
- H +
C
Weak Ionizes/ dissociates partially +
CH3600 CH3100" + H
Base Proton acceptor
- mo
T
- moti
↓/
NH3 MCO3
① Acid + Metal - Salt + Hydrogen
② Acid + Base >
- Salt + Water
Mo/mOn
③ Acid + Metal carbonate > Salt + H2O + CO2
Base + Ammonium salt - Salt + H2O + NH3
① Acid + Metal>- Salt + Hydrogen
-
mg or En
+
+
O +2
2HCl +
Mg >
-
MgCl2 +
feSOy + En >
-
InSOy +
Hy
2HNOz +
My >
-
mg (NO3)y + He
En(acofett)
-
+ zn >
CH3CNOH
-
Zinc ethanoate
(etzc0),
En
② Acid + Base -
> Salt + Water
NaOH > Nac + He
HCl
-
KNOz + H2S
KOH >
-
HNOz +
CHyCOOH + CuO- (CH3c00)Cu H28
HzPO4 +
MgO - Mgz(POn)y + He
phosphate
mig
magnesium
③ Acid + Metal carbonate > Salt + H2O + CO2
CHC + CalUz- > Calle +t20 + (O2
limestone
CuSOu + H20 +
CO
CaCO3 >
HeSOn + -
green
Mg(H3100)
+
->
CHytooH +
Mg(oz 2
+ Hz0
(CHz(00) Mg
NHL
⑦ Base + Sor
Ammonium salt Salt + H2O + NH3
NSOU
D
(NHy) ,
> NSH20N
-
NHyl >
-
CuCIy + H2O +ENHs
CuO +2
black
(5) - pungent
that turns
small gas
F
red 1 p blue
j
.
.
=Clorles luc
Ech
>
-
NHaU
black >
- dissolve
heat
① Acid + Metal - Salt + Hydrogen
Type: Redox, single displacement, Observation: Effervescence / bubbles of colorless gas,
⑧
exothermic Notneutralization. Metal dissolves
② Acid + Base - > Heat if insoluble base Salt + Water
Type: Neutralization Observation: ⑥
If base is insoluble, it decreases in size bak
Not redox 6
Transitionheat
metal:>saltremember
->
vinegar Toda
will be colored
no
③ Acid + Metal carbonate > Salt + H2O + CO2
Type: Neutralization Observation: &
Effervescence / bubbles of colorless gas,Q
O time
If MCO3 is insoluble, it decreases in size water
6
Transition metal: salt will be colored milky
Base + Ammonium salt ⑥
- Salt + H 2O + NH3
bubbles of pungent smell colorless gas, that turns
Type: Displacement, Observation: damp red litmus paper into blue
acid-base reaction & If base is insoluble, it decreases in size
⑧ Transition metal: salt will be colored
"
# donor
↑
W
aid
Ht
accepted
aid base
proton proton acceptor
N
Acid
La
-
base
lost proton
Att
and e
O
audic
oxide
Bee
proton acceptor
chemical change
covalent
OH
NHyOH NH
+
NHz + H20 >
-
#
9)
↓
an
=
7) pl
8 9 10
, ,
not conduct conduct electrically
Five methods to differentiate between strong vs. weak acid
concentrated vs. dilute acid
① Measure pH, Using universal indicator or pH meter
Strong/concentrated acid: lower pH
-
② Measure electrical conductivity, Using a voltameter
Strong acid is a better conductor than weak acid
or My
③ Add zinc, strong acid will give faster bubbles
any MC83
Add calcium carbonate, strong acid will give faster bubbles
-
anda
⑤ Titration with NaOH, strong acid will require more volume of NaOH
wat
Three methods to differentiate between strong and weak alkali =
1. Measure pH using pH meter strong alkali will have higher pH
[Link] electrical conductivity using voltmeter strong alkali conduct better
[Link] with HCl, strong alkali will require more volume of HCl
a ali
Describe titration experiment
treo
3
1. In a conical flask, put 25 cm of acid using a pipette
[Link] a few drops of methyl orange
Fill burette with NaOH, record the initial volume
[Link] burette add NaOH drop by drop Swirl
4. until color change from red to orange
·
[Link] final volume of a NaOH
6. Volume of NaOH used = final - initial
-
3 purposes of titration:
1. Compare the concentration of 2 acids / 2 alkali
[Link] with acid B, compare
[Link]: the acid that requires more NaOH is the stronger acid
2. Calculate the concentration of an acids / alkali
7. Write a balanced equation to know the more ratio of acid and base
8. Find moles one reactant, n = CV, find moles of the other reactant
using more ratio, find concentration C = n/V
3. Prepare a soluble salt
7. Repeat titration without indicator using same volumes
8. Heat until crystallization point, cool, Crystal will form, filter, dry
crystals between filter paper.
Titration: unknown in the conical flask
san n
Nath
00 0
L :
L
8
O
- t
+
t
# +
+ + t + + +
+
Acid A = 0.1 mol/cm Acid B = 0.2 mol/cm
3
Conclusion: acid that requires more NaOH is the more
_____ concentrated acid
Titration: unknown in the burette
To
unknown
late Couc
HC)
Y
O ·0
+ +
L L
-
o
Of
OH
OF
OH
OH
OF
OH
OH
OH
o known
OH
Naol
Conc
less the volume required
-
o
of
OH
of
Of
Of
of
OH
OF
Of
OH
OH
Conclusion: the more concentrated the acid _______
Basic Acidic Amphoteric Neutral
oxides oxides oxides oxides
Metal oxides Non-metal oxides Certain metal oxides Non-metal
NOn
Naz0 CuO $0 Ne monoxides
Fes Balonz (On SiOz POz
ZACr 10 H20
KOH MgOcO NO N2O
Basic + Acid Acidic + Acid > X
- oxides
-
~
oxides Amphoteric
+ Acid
* Dissolves H oxides
X
HCl Neutral + Acid
oxides
Basic + Base Acidic + Base
> X oxides -
~
Amphoteric
oxides
-
oxides + Base Neutral
+ Base
&Natal Not
NaOH oxides
dissolve
-
Salt Q #1: is the salt soluble or insoluble?
Soluble Salt Insoluble Salt
↓
↓
RuleAcid + Base Q #2: is the base Rule
soluble or insoluble?
Aqueous + aqueous
-2 salt + salt
Soluble base Insoluble base salttad
↓ Je saltt alkali
#2: titration #1: excess base #3: precipitation
mixfilter wash dry
cystal
ngated
of
Prepare CuSO4 Soluble rouble #1: excess base
Rule: Acid + Base
CuOL
- HeSOu
#
+
>
Cu(o)
- GO > fizzing
Cuoz heat
no
-
① To a beaker containing H2SO4 add excess base, heat if oxide/hydroxide
To make sure all acid has reacted
② Filter, salt will be the filtrate base reside
Wynotre
& To remove the excess base
③ Heat until crystallization point,
cool, crystals will form,
filter, on 8 so
dry crystals between filter paper
Prepare ZnCl2 Soluble
Rule: Acid + Base
+ znO
znC + H2
W
H(l >
-
-
E
&
while
En(t
zu >
- CUz
zu - Hz
① To a beaker containing HCl add excess base / Zn, heat if oxide/hydroxide
② Filter, salt will be the filtrate
③ Heat until crystallization point,
cool, crystals will form,
filter,
dry crystals between filter paper
#2: titration
Prepare NaNO3 Soluble soluble
2
-
Rule: Acid + Base
NaNO, H2O
HNOS
+
+ NaOH >
-
Ha
las
Naz Los >
-
1. In a conical flask, put 25 cm of acid using a pipette
2. add a few drops of methyl orange Red
Fill burette with NaOH, record the initial volume
3. From burette add NaOH drop by drop while swirling conical flask
4. until color change from red to orange
5. Record final volume of a NaOH
6. Volume of NaOH used = final - initial
7. Repeat titration without indicator using same volumes
8. Heat until crystallization point, cool, Crystal will form, filter, dry crystals between filter paper.
Prepare CuCO3 Insoluble pptation
o
Rule Aqueous + aqueous
-
(NO3)2 Naz
&
log
+
(a)
>
-
Can
whos
① Mix aqueous Cu(NO3)2 & aqueous Na2CO3 into a beaker.
Nanlog
Insoluble CuCO3 ppt will be formed
② Filter, CuCO3 will be the residue
③ Wash with distilled water and dry the residue