1.
Vital signs
The First step is to name all the vital signs and know all their normal ranges. That way when he
twists the questions, you already know the norm so you can easily go from there.
● Body temperature
● Blood pressure
● Oxygen concentration
● Pulse rate
● Respiratory rate
Know the different ranges of respiration rate in adults and babies.
Difference range of pulse rate for adults and babies.
Difference spo2 between adults and newborns
Oxygen saturation and concentration
2. Name the tools used to measure the vital signs
● Body temperature – thermometer
● Blood pressure – BP machine
● Oxygen concentration – OSPF2 oxymeter
● Pulse rate – pulse-oxymeter, heart rate monitor
● Respiratory rate – counting with a stopwatch the breathing of a patient
3. State the normal ranges of the vital signs
● Body temperature- 36.1-37.0 in adults
● Blood pressure -90/60mmHG - 12/80mmHg
● Oxygen concentration -95-100%
● Pulse rate – 60-100 beats per minute
● Respiratory rate – 12-18 breaths per minute
4. State the difference In vital signs between newborns and adults
● Body temperature - Infants tend to have higher body temperatures than older children
● and adults. The average body temperature for newborn babies is around (37.5°C).
● Blood pressure
● Oxygen concentration
● Pulse rate – babies have a pulse rate of 100-160 beats per minute
● Respiratory rate - Babies breathe much faster than older children and adults. A
newborn's normal breathing rate is about 40 to 60 times per minute. This may slow to 30
to 40 times per minute when the baby is sleeping. A baby's breathing pattern may also
be different.
5. Steps to take in case of low:
➔ Body temperature – cover the patient, if it’s a baby place the baby on your bare chest to
warm the baby up , close windows
➔ Blood pressure - Provide fluids like water, appropriate medication , Compression
stocking if available
➔ Oxygen concentration (hypoxemia)– open up windows, appropriate medication,
ventilators to provide additional support in breathing, inhalers
➔ Pulse rate – medications, provide fluids
➔ Respiratory rate – check if the air way is clear, CPR, provide medication if necessary.
6. How to do CPR –
➔ 30 pumps per two breaths
➔ Hand position: Two hands centered on the chest
➔ Body position: Shoulders directly over hands; elbows locked
➔ Depth: At least 2 inches
➔ Rate: 100 to 120 per minute
➔ Allow chest to return to normal position after each compression
7. What do you do when your patient has difficulty breathing?
Do vitals,check pulse rate and oxygen concentration. Check for blockage. Ventilate the area. If
symptoms persist, call your superior.
8. What do you do if the baby or pt is choking
Turn the baby over and use your thigh for support. With the heel of your free hand, deliver five
blows to the area between their shoulder blades. These blows should be both quick and strong
to be effective.
This action creates vibrations and pressure in your baby’s airway that will hopefully force the
object out.
9. What do you do incase of low oxygen concentration
.
check breathing, check oxygen, ventilate the area. Or take them under the tree or open air,
assess the patient.
10. What to do if a patient fell?
Do assessment first if no injury, assist carefully if injured ask for assistance and do first aid.
11. How to care for a baby!?
Depending on the situation of the baby, care will be different. If it is a terminally sick,neonatal, or
medically challenged baby listen carefully to which type of baby he's asking about.
Incase of a normal healthy baby say: Grooming,feeding diaper changing, playing activities,
walks etc.
If it's neonatal, state the procedure according to the hospital or regulations you follow according
to your superior or family routine.
If it's medically challenged or ill, state your medical procedures and duties, including
recreational activities you do together or any therapeutic activities/exercises , light
physiotherapy ,doctors visit etc
12. Stages of wound.
● Stage 1: Just erythema of the skin.
● Stage 2: Erythema with the loss of partial thickness of the skin, including
epidermis and part of the superficial dermis.
● Stage 3: full thickness ulcer that might involve the subcutaneous fat.
● Stage 4: full thickness ulcer with the involvement of the muscle or bone.
13. Wound dressing/cleaning.
1. Wash your hands. This helps avoid infection.
2. Stop the bleeding. Minor cuts and scrapes usually stop bleeding on their own.
3. Clean the wound. Rinse the wound with water or normal saline.
4. Apply prescribed antibiotics, ointment, or petroleum jelly.
5. Cover the wound.
6. Change the covering.
14. Methods of confirming NG tube position
1. Auscultation of air insufflated through the feeding tube ('whoosh' test)
2. Testing the acidity/alkalinity of aspirate using blue litmus paper.
3. Interpreting the absence of respiratory distress as an indicator of correct positioning.
4. Monitoring bubbling at the end of the tube.
15. Ng tube feeding procedures
1. Wash your hand and put on gloves
2. Prompt the pt at a semi fowler position
3. ensure that the tube is located in the stomach. Coughing, vomiting, and movement can move
the tube out of the correct position. The position of the tube must be checked: Prior to each feed
by aspirating.
4. Attach the empty feeding syringe to the feeding port or extension set. ► Slowly pour the
recommended amount of feeding solution into the syringe. ► Unclamp the feeding tube and
allow the feeding to flow through the tube.
5. When done feeding flush with water, remove the syringe and recap NGtube.
16. Before reporting 👉🏿 First Aid
1. Have them sit down
2. Loosen any tight clothes
3. Ask or inquiries if they are under any medication
4. Call for emergency help
17. DOWN SYNDROME
It is a chronic illness that makes one's body not to function normally due to certain genes
disorder in the brain/body.
Management includes:
➢ Well balanced diet
➢ Recreational activities
➢ Doctors visit
➢ Therapy
➢ Medications
➢ Feeding
➢ Grooming
➢ Use of assisting devices
➢ And skin care routines.
18. How to feed a baby using formula milk?
1. Wash your hands
2. Warm the water
3. Get a clean/ sterilised baby feeding bottle
4. Measure the milk and water according to baby's feeding chart
5. Shake the bottle well before feeding the baby
Diaper change is after every 3hrs and feeding after every 2hrs
19. What is a PEG tube used for?
A percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is a surgery to place a feeding tube. Feeding
tubes, or PEG tubes, allow you to receive nutrition through your stomach. You may need a PEG
tube if you have difficulty swallowing or can't get all the nutrition you need by mouth.
20. What to do in case of low blood sugar?
21. What are the corrective measures to take in case of the patient having
no respiratory rate? check for blockages in the windpipe and begin CPR if no
blockage
22. How to hold a newborn baby? hold the baby at a 45 degree angle
23. How to hold a newborn baby after feeding?