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ISBN 978-0-626-43205-8
SANS 10087-1:2024
Edition 7

SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

The handling, storage, distribution and

maintenance of liquefied petroleum gas in
domestic, commercial, and industrial
installations

Part 1: Liquefied petroleum gas installations

involving gas storage containers of individual
water capacity not exceeding 500 L and a
combined water capacity not exceeding 3 000 L
per installation

WARNING
This document references other
documents normatively.

Published by the South African Bureau of Standards

1 Dr Lategan Road Groenkloof  Private Bag X191 Pretoria 0001
Tel: +27 12 428 7911 Fax: +27 12 344 1568
[Link]
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Table of changes
Change No. Date Scope

Foreword
This South African standard was prepared by National Committee SABS/TC 1019, Gas supply, handling
and control (fuel, industrial and medical gases), in accordance with procedures of the South African Bureau
of Standards, in compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement.

This document was approved for publication in August 2024.

This document supersedes SANS 10087-1:2013 (edition 6).

This document is referenced in the Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993 (Act No. 85 of 1993).

Reference is made in 3.5(a) and [Link] to the "relevant national legislation". In South Africa this means
the Legal Metrology Act,2014 (Act No. 9 of 2014).

Reference is made in 3.5(b), 3.31, [Link], [Link], and 5.6.10, to the "relevant national legislation". In
South Africa this means the Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993 (Act No. 85 of 1993).

Reference is made in 3.5(c), [Link], 5.3.1 to the "relevant national legislation". In South Africa this
means the National Building Regulations and Building Standards Act, 1977 (Act 103 No. of 1977).

Reference is made in 3.5(d) to the "relevant national legislation". In South Africa this means the Mine Health
and Safety Act, 1996 (Act No. 29 of 1996).

Reference is made in 5.3.3 to the "relevant national legislation". In South Africa this means the Sectional
Titles Act, 1986 (Act 95 No. of 1986).

Reference is made in [Link], [Link], and 7.1.1 to the "relevant national regulation". In South Africa this
means the Pressure Equipment Regulation, 2009.

Reference is made in [Link] to the "relevant regulatory authority". In South Africa this means the National
Regulator for Compulsory Specifications.

Reference is made in 9.2 and 11.4 to the "relevant national department". In South Africa this means the
Department of Labour.

Reference is made in A.5(a) to the "relevant national legislation". In South Africa this means the National
Road Traffic Act, 1996 (Act No. 93 of 1996.

SANS 10087 consists of the following parts, under the general title The handling, storage, distribution and
maintenance of liquefied petroleum gas in domestic, commercial, and industrial installations:

Part 1: Liquefied petroleum gas installations involving gas storage containers of individual water capacity
not exceeding 500 L and a combined water capacity not exceeding 3 000 L per installation.

Part 2: Installation of LPG systems in mobile units, including but not limited to caravans, motor homes, park
homes and mobile kitchens.

Part 3: Liquefied petroleum gas installations involving storage vessels of individual water capacity exceeding
500 L.
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SANS 10087-1:2024
Edition 7

Foreword (concluded)
Part 4: The transportation of LP gas including the design, construction, inspection, fittings, filling,
maintenance and repair of LP gas bulk vehicles and rail tank cars.

Part 6: The application of liquefied petroleum and compressed natural gases as engine fuels for internal
combustion engines.

Part 7: Storage and filling premises for refillable liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) containers of gas capacity
not exceeding 19 kg and the storage of individual gas containers not exceeding 48 kg.

Part 8: Filling containers for LP gas operated fork lift vehicles in-situ.

Part 10: Mobile filling stations for refillable liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) containers of capacity not
exceeding 9k g.

Annex A and E form an integral part of this document. Annexes B, C, and D are for information only.

Compliance with this document cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.

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Contents
Page

Foreword

1 Scope ............................................................................................................................................ 3

2 Normative references .................................................................................................................... 3

3 Definitions ..................................................................................................................................... 7

4 Properties of LPG and precautions to be observed ...................................................................... 10

5 Containers ..................................................................................................................................... 11

6 Appliances..................................................................................................................................... 45

7 Piping, fittings and other components ........................................................................................... 49

8 Inspection, testing and instructions to users ................................................................................. 80

9 Electrical equipment and other sources of ignition ....................................................................... 84

10 Ongoing inspection and repair ...................................................................................................... 85

Annex A (normative) In-situ container filling requirements ............................................................ 87

Annex B (informative) Occupancy classification in accordance with SANS 10400-A ..................... 90

Annex C (informative) Testing the adjustment of burners ............................................................... 92

Annex D (informative) Determination of pipe sizes ......................................................................... 92

Annex E (normative) Flue design .................................................................................................. 107

Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................... 126

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SANS 10087-1:2024
Edition 7

The handling, storage, distribution and maintenance of liquefied petroleum

gas in domestic, commercial, and industrial installations

Part 1:
Liquefied petroleum gas installations involving gas storage containers of
individual water capacity not exceeding 500 L and a combined water capacity not
exceeding 3 000 L per installation

1 Scope
1.1 This part of SANS 10087 specifies requirements for the materials, the methods of construction and the
installation of equipment used in liquefied petroleum gas applications that involve gas containers of
individual water capacity not exceeding 500 L and of a combined water capacity not exceeding 3 000 L.

1.2 It also specifies the maintenance, inspection, and testing of the various components of the equipment.

1.3 It covers the installation of appliances, piping, fittings and other components.
NOTE 1 For installations of containers of individual water capacity exceeding 500 L or of a combined water capacity
exceeding 3 000 L, see SANS 10087-3.

NOTE 2 For the storage of containers for retail and exchange purposes, see SANS 10087-3 or SANS 10087-7, as
applicable.

2 Normative references
The following referenced documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and
are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. Information
on currently valid national and international standards can be obtained from the South African Bureau of
Standards.

ANSI LC-1/CSA 6.26, Fuel gas piping systems using corrugated stainless steel tubing (CSST).

API Spec 5 L, Specification for line pipe.

AS/NZS 1869, Hose and hose assemblies for liquefied petroleum gases (LP Gas), natural gas and town
gas.

AS 3688, Water supply and gas systems – Metallic fittings and end connectors.

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AS 4176, Polyethylene/aluminium and cross-linked polyethylene/aluminium macro-composite pipe systems

for pressure applications.

ASTM BS16.22, Wrought copper and copper alloy solder-joint pressure fittings.

ASTM A53/A53M, Carbon steel seamless pipe specifications.

ASME B16-5, Pipe flanges and flanged fittings: nps 1/2 through nps 24, metric/inch standard.

ASME B16.9, Factory-made wrought steel buttwelding fittings.

ASME B16.11, Forged fittings, socket-welding and threaded.

ASME B31.3, Process piping.

ASME B36.10, Welded and seamless wrought steel pipe.

ASME B36.19, Stainless steel pipe.

ASME/ASTM SA/A234, standard specification for piping fittings of wrought carbon steel and alloy steel for
moderate and high temperature service.

ASME/ASTM SA/A105, Standard specification for carbon steel forgings for piping applications.

ASME/ASTM SA/A106, Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High-Temperature
Service.

ASME/ASTM SA/A403 SA /A815, Standard specification for wrought austenitic stainless steel piping fittings.

ASME/ASTM SA/A182, Standard specification for forged or rolled alloy and stainless steel pipe flanges,
forged fittings, and valves and parts for high-temperature service.

ASME/ASTM SA/A240, Flanges.

ASTM A269, Standard specification for seamless and welded austenitic stainless steel tubing for general
service.

ASTM B 280, Seamless copper tube for air conditioning refrigeration.

ASTM F 1281, Standard specification for crosslinked polyethylene/aluminium/crosslinked polyethylene

(PEX-AL-PEX) pressure pipe.

ASTM F 1282, Standard specification for polyethylene/aluminium/polyethylene (PE-AL-PE) composite

pressure pipe.

BS 10, Flanges.

BS EN 853, Rubber hoses and hose assemblies – Wire braid reinforced hydraulic type – Specification.

BS 8537, Copper and copper alloys – Plumbing fittings – Specification for press ends of plumbing fittings
for use with metallic tubes

BS EN 16436-1, Rubber and plastics hoses, tubing and assemblies for use with propane and butane and
their mixtures in the vapour phase-Hoses and tubings.

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BS EN 16436-2, Rubber and plastics hoses, tubing and assemblies for use with propane and butane and
their mixture in the vapour phase-assemblies.

EN 1092-1, Flanges and their joints – Circular flanges for pipes, valves, fittings and accessories, PN
designated – Part 1: Steel flanges.

EN 1359, Gas meters - Diaphragm gas meters.

EN 1555-2, Plastics piping systems for the supply of gaseous fuels – Polyethylene (PE) – Part 2: Pipes.

EN 1555-3, Plastics piping systems for the supply of gaseous fuels – Polyethylene (PE) – Part 2: Fittings.

EN 10241, Steel threaded pipe fittings.

EN 14800, Corrugated safety metal hose assemblies for the connection domestic appliance using gaseous
fuels.

EN 15266, Stainless steel pliable corrugated tubing kits in buildings for gas with an operating pressure up
to 0,5 bar.

EN 12735-1, Copper and copper alloys – Seamless, round tubes for air conditioning and refrigeration –
Part 1: Tubes for piping systems.

ISO 10380, Pipework – Corrugated metal hoses and hose assemblies.

JIS BS 2311, Steel butt welding pipe fittings for ordinary use.

OIML R137-1, Gas meters – Part 1: Metrological and technical requirements.

SANS 24, Soft solders.

SANS 62-1, Steel pipes – Part 1: Pipes suitable for threading and of nominal size not exceeding 150 mm.

SANS 62-2, Steel pipes – Part 2: Screwed pieces and pipe fittings of nominal size not exceeding 150 mm.

SANS 199, Shut-off valves for refillable liquefied petroleum gas cylinders.

SANS 347, Categorization and conformity assessment criteria for all pressure equipment.

SANS 460, Plain-ended solid drawn copper tubes for potable water.

SANS 1067-1, Copper-based fittings for copper tubes – Part 1: Compression fittings.

SANS 1067-2, Copper-based fittings for copper tubes – Part 2: Capillary solder fittings.

SANS 1067-3, Copper-based fittings for copper tubes – Part 3: Push-fit fittings.

SANS 1123, Pipe flanges.

SANS 1156-2, Hose for natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) – Part 2: Hose and tubing for use in
natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas vapour phase.

SANS 1186-1, Symbolic safety signs – Part 1: Standard signs and general requirements.

SANS 1237, Single-stage regulators for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).

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SANS 1453, Copper tubes for medical gas and vacuum services.

SANS 1539, Appliances operating on liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) or natural gas (NG) – Safety aspects.

SANS 1910, Portable refillable fire extinguishers.

SANS 4437-2/ISO 4437-2, Plastics piping systems for the supply of gaseous fuels – Polyethylene (PE) –
Part 2: Pipes.

SANS 4437-3/ISO 4437-3, Plastics piping systems for the supply of gaseous fuels – Polyethylene (PE) –
Part 3: Fittings.

SANS 10087-3, The handling, storage, distribution and maintenance of liquefied petroleum gas in domestic,
commercial, and industrial installations – Part 3: Liquefied petroleum gas installations involving storage
vessels of individual water capacity exceeding 500 L.

SANS 10087-4, The handling, storage, distribution and maintenance of liquefied petroleum gas in domestic,
commercial and industrial installations Part 4: The transportation of LP gas including the design,
construction, inspection, fittings, filling, maintenance and repair of LP gas bulk vehicles and rail tank cars.

SANS 10087-7, The handling, storage, distribution and maintenance of liquefied petroleum gas in domestic,
commercial, and industrial installations – Part 7: Storage and filling premises for refillable liquefied
petroleum gas (LPG) containers of gas capacity not exceeding 19 kg and the storage of individual gas
containers not exceeding 48 kg.

SANS 10105-1, The use and control of fire-fighting equipment – Part 1: Portable and wheeled (mobile) fire
extinguishers.

SANS 10140-3, Identification colour markings – Part 3: Contents of pipelines.

SANS 10177-2, Fire testing of materials, components and elements used in buildings – Part 2: Fire
resistance test for building elements

SANS 10177-5, Fire testing of materials, components and elements used in buildings – Part 5:
Non-combustibility at 750 °C of building materials.

SANS 10231, Transport of dangerous goods by road – Operational requirements.

SANS 10252-1, Water supply and drainage for buildings – Part 1: Water supply installations for buildings.

SANS 10260-1, Industrial gas pipelines – Part 1: Design, Construction, Installation, Operation, Examination
and Maintenance (Excluding Acetylene).

SANS 10260-3, Industrial gas pipelines – Part 3: Distribution of acetylene at consumer sites.

SANS 10268-1, Welding of thermoplastics – Welding processes – Part 1: Heated-tool welding.

SANS 10268-2, Welding of thermoplastics – Welding processes – Part 2: Electrofusion welding.

SANS 10269, Welding of thermoplastics – Testing and approval of welders.

SANS 10400-A, The application of the National Building Regulations – Part A: General principles and
requirements

SANS 10400-J, The application of the National Building Regulations – Part J: Floors.

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SANS 10400-T, The application of the National Building Regulations – Part T: Fire protection.

SANS 10400-V, The application of the National Building Regulations – Part V: Space heating.

SANS 17484-1/ISO 17484-1, Plastics piping systems – Multilayer pipe systems for indoor gas installations
with a maximum operating pressure up to and including 5 bar (500 kPa) – Part 1: Specifications for systems.

SANS 18225, Plastics piping systems – Multilayer piping systems for outdoor gas installations –
Specifications for systems.

UNI 11353, Stainless steel corrugated flexible safety hose assemblies for the connection of gas appliances
for domestic and similar uses – Safety requirements.

3 Definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following definitions apply.

3.1
acceptable
acceptable to the authority administering this part of SANS 10087, or to the parties concluding the purchase
contract, as relevant

3.2
appliance
gas unit that uses liquefied petroleum gas or natural gas as an energy source

3.3
appliance technician
registered person that has the ability, appropriate training, knowledge and experience to carry out work on
specific appliances

3.4
approved
approved by the approving authority

3.5
approving authority
appropriate of the following:

a) within the scope of the relevant national legislation (see foreword), and in respect of the control of the
mass of gas sold: the Director of Trade Metrology;

b) within the scope of the relevant national legislation (see foreword), and in respect of the control of general
safety: the Chief Inspector;

c) within the scope of the relevant national legislation (see foreword) and in respect of the evaluation and
control of installations in accordance with this part of SANS 10087: the local authority in whose area of
jurisdiction the installation is installed;

d) within the scope of the relevant national legislation (see foreword) and in respect of the control of the
general safety: the Chief Inspector

3.6
assembly
system that includes connection by pipe or similar ducts, fittings and valves that operate under gauge
pressure and are used for the conveyance of liquid or vapour

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3.7
bathroom
domestic-type room used for bathing, showering, or personal cleansing, as distinct from the larger and
better-ventilated ablution centres commonly provided in factories, camping areas and sporting facilities, etc.

3.8
bedroom
room used or intended to be used for sleeping

3.9
buried
placed in the ground that is covered with soil

3.10
competent person
any person that has the knowledge, training, and experience specific to the work or task being performed

3.11
container
cylinder that complies with SANS 10019 and that is approved for the storage and conveyance of liquefied
petroleum gas of individual water capacity not exceeding 500 L

3.12
critical location
area that is not ventilated for the dispersal of LPG

3.13
division
portion of a building, separated from the remainder of such building by one or more separating elements

3.14
diversion wall
solid non-combustible wall erected with the specific purpose of ensuring and maintaining the appropriate
safety distances between the point of gas release and any drains, doors and windows in buildings, and
possible sources of ignition

3.15
embedded
encased in walls, concrete floors, or similar materials

3.16
equipment
combination of pipes, pipe fittings, appliances and any appurtenances connected to the system

3.17
firewall
solid non-combustible wall with a fire rating of 240 min and height of at least 1,8 m, constructed and placed
with the specific purpose of preventing the spread of fire as a result of the radiation of heat or direct flame
impingement as per SANS 10400 a double brick wall of minimum 190 mm width or reinforced concrete wall
of 150 mm width or other barrier with a fire rating of at least 240 min

3.18
fixed appliance
any appliance that is connected to permanent, fixed pipework of an installation, for example, a stove, water
heater or a fireplace

3.19
flue
passage through which the products of combustion or flue gases are conveyed to the outside of the building

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3.20
flued appliance
appliance designed to be operated with a flue

3.21
flueless space heater
permanently installed or portable appliance designed without a flue where the products of combustion are
discharged into the room in which the appliance is installed or used

3.22
gas enclosure
structure built to enclose a gas container that may influence ventilation and firefighting interventions

3.23
installation
single or combination of one or more containers connected to a manifold system, including pipework
and appliances

3.24
liquefied petroleum gas
LPG
commercial butane, commercial propane, or a mixture of light hydrocarbons (predominantly propane,
propene, butane and butene) that is gaseous under conditions of ambient temperatures and pressure, and
that is liquefied by an increase of pressure or a lowering of temperature

3.25
mechanical joint
joint in which gas tightness is achieved by compression with or without a seal that can be readily
disassembled and reassembled (see EN 16125 and BS 6891)

3.26
non-combustible
classified as non-combustible when tested in accordance with SANS 10177-5 or deemed to be in
accordance with SANS 10400-T

3.27
operating pressure

3.27.1
high pressure
pressure that exceeds 150 kPa (gauge pressure)

3.27.2
intermediate pressure
pressure that exceeds 5 kPa but that does not exceed 150 kPa

3.27.3
low pressure
pressure that does not exceed 5 kPa

3.28
pigtail
hose assembly that comprises a cylinder connection and a threaded connection

3.29
pressure regulator
device that reduces the pressure of the gas from a higher pressure to a constant lower pressure

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3.30
quick release coupling
quick connect device
two-part mating plug and socket assembly for connecting a gas appliance to a gas supply without the use
of tools

3.31
registered installer
person that has the ability, appropriate training, knowledge and experience to carry out the work that is
undertaken in a safe and proper manner, and who is registered in accordance with the requirements of the
relevant national legislation (see foreword)

3.32
room sealed appliance
appliance that takes in air for combustion from the outside and vents combustion gases back outside,
ensuring no air or gases enter the room where the appliance is located

3.33
separating element
wall or floor which has a specific fire resistance used between divisions, occupancies, or tenancies in a
building

3.33
sleeve
protective pipe through which a gas pipe passes, and which should be impermeable to LPG

3.34
user
person who uses the equipment for their own benefit, or has the right of control over the use of the
equipment, but does not include a lessor or any person employed in connection with that equipment

3.35
ventilation
supply and removal of air (by natural or mechanical means (or both)) to and from a space or spaces in a
building

3.35.1
permanent ventilation
opening to the outside atmosphere that is permanently fixed in the open position

3.35.2
ventilation opening
any means of purpose-provided ventilation (whether it is permanent or closable), which opens directly to
external air, such as the openable parts of a window, a louvre, or a background ventilator

4 Properties of LPG and precautions to be observed

4.1 The location of LPG containers shall be planned and put into effect with full regard for the properties
of the gas and the construction of installations for conveying this gas in buildings.

4.2 All persons concerned with the installation of containers and appliances shall be registered installers
and shall be familiar with the characteristics and precautions of gas as outlined in 4.3 to 4.10 (inclusive).

4.3 The gas is stored as liquid under pressure.

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4.4 Leakage, especially of liquid, will release large volumes of highly flammable gas.

4.5 A gas-air mixture that contains approximately 1,5 % to 10 % of LPG is flammable. If a large enough
volume of gas is so dispersed in the atmosphere as to reach flammable proportions throughout, ignition of
the mixture will result in a rate of combustion of near-explosive force.

4.6 LPG is denser than air and will flow along the ground or through drains. It can be ignited at a
considerable distance from the source of leakage, therefore permanent low-level ventilation of buildings
shall be provided.

4.7 LPG is non-toxic, but since it can induce headaches and dizziness when inhaled, inhalation of LPG
should be avoided whenever possible.

4.8 LPG liquid, by its rapid vaporization and consequent lowering of the temperature, can cause severe
cold burns when it comes into contact with the skin. Appropriate protective clothing, such as gloves, goggles,
aprons, and gumboots, shall be worn when there is any possibility of such contact. Because of the hazard
of the generation of static electricity, the soles of gumboots shall be made of leather or conductive rubber,
and clothing shall not be made of fabrics that contain artificial fibres.

4.9 A container that has held LPG and is presumed to be "empty" can still be hazardous. In this state, the
internal pressure is approximately atmospheric and, if the valve leaks or is left open, air can diffuse into the
container and form a flammable or explosive mixture. Furthermore, even an "empty" container that does not
yield gas when the valve is opened, might in fact not be quite empty. In cold weather, the heavier fractions
of the liquid might not vaporize and will therefore remain in the container. All containers that are (or appear
to be) empty shall be handled with the same care as a full container, and valves shall be kept fully closed
at all times when containers are not in use.

4.10 There are hazards involved with the filling of containers in accordance with annex A.

5 Containers
5.1 Number and size of containers
5.1.1 General
[Link] The number and the size of containers recommended for an LPG installation depend on the
maximum hourly consumption of the appliances served and the lowest ambient temperature expected.
When an installation is designed, care shall be taken to guard against possible failure of the gas supply due
to vaporization problems.

[Link] If a supply has to be maintained over a period exceeding 20 min, the discharge of gas diminishes
slowly until it reaches a state of equilibrium with the vaporization rate of the LPG in the container. This
vaporization rate, in turn, depends on the size of the container, the amount of LPG that remains in the
container, and the ambient temperature (see also table 1).

5.1.2 Calculation of container details

[Link] Table 1 gives the approximate vaporization rates of the larger containers currently available.

[Link] The calculation of the number of containers (including manifold and pipe sizing) required for any
installation is based on the maximum consumption of the appliance for the complete installation. This
information can be found on the appliance data plate.

NOTE The container requirements may be scaled down if it is unlikely that all appliances will be used simultaneously
for long periods of time and the user advised accordingly and recorded on the report (see 8.1.1). Scaling down may be
limited to the maximum demand of the appliance with the highest demand where multiple appliances are installed.

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Table 1 — Approximate vaporization rates for containers

1 2 4
Nominal size of container
Approximate
Water Nominal mass of gas vaporization rates
capacity
L kg g/h
22 9 230
34 13 to 14 320
45 19 460
113 48 920
454 196 2 300

NOTE For the convenience of users of this part of

SANS 10087, the LPG mass capacity equivalents for the
various container sizes are given in this table. It may,
however, be stressed that these are only nominal
equivalents and that the exact mass equivalents will depend
on the actual density of the product filled into the containers.

5.2 Location of containers

5.2.1 General

[Link] Installation of a container(s), including all associated equipment, pipework, and appliances, as well
as any subsequent repair or modifications, shall be done by a registered installer qualified to the appropriate
grade (domestic, commercial, or industrial). This does not apply to the replacement of containers.

[Link] Each container shall be located in an upright position with the valve uppermost, and shall be so
placed on a solid level base, that there can be no danger of the container tilting or falling over.

[Link] Containers shall be so located in an accessible position that

a) full and empty containers can be changed easily,

b) they can be disconnected and removed quickly in case of an emergency, and

c) the container valve can be easily operated.

[Link] In the selection of a location for containers, the following locations shall be avoided:

a) any position in which the containers are likely to cause obstruction, become damaged, or be exposed to
conditions likely to affect their safety;

b) any position that is subject to extreme temperature (excluding natural elements);

c) any position near corrosive or readily combustible substances;

d) any position adjacent to cellars, drains, hollows, etc., where escaping gas might collect;

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e) under a stairway, or within 3 m of a stair discharge;

f) any position where the container or an incident involving the container and its contents could obstruct the
safe egress of persons from a building; and

g) under a building, unless permitted in accordance with [Link].

[Link] Not all situations that may be encountered by the registered installer can be adequately addressed
in this part of SANS 10087. The registered installer shall therefore take cognisance of any deficiencies in
the prescribed requirements as applicable to the specific installation in question and take adequate steps to
mitigate such deficiency.

NOTE Examples of deficiencies may include an installation which although 2 m from a drain, the lay of the ground
may funnel gas to such drain, in this situation it would be prudent to increase the distance or provide for a diversion
wall.

5.2.2 Fire prevention

[Link] Consultation with the local fire department is required before commencing on the installation of an
LPG manifold system or when the quantity of LPG on the premises is expected to exceed 100 kg, including
any additional containers.

[Link] The user shall be advised regarding the use of approved fire extinguishers. The acquisition and
installation of dry powder fire extinguisher of at least 9 kg total capacity (i.e. 2 × 4,5 kg or 1 × 9 kg
extinguisher) that complies with SANS 1910 shall be required for installations of combined capacity in
excess of 100 kg of gas, and each installation shall have its own extinguisher. The extinguisher shall be
installed near to the installation in an accessible position to the satisfaction of the local fire department. It
shall be securely mounted in accordance with SANS 10105-1. Where such extinguisher is not readily visible
its position shall be indicated with signage that complies with SANS 1186.

[Link] The site and its surroundings shall be clear of combustible materials for a radius of 3 m around the
containers, including long grass and weeds.

[Link] Access to and around the installation shall be provided for fire-fighting purposes and this area shall
be kept free of obstacles at all times.

[Link] Where relevant, dikes, diversion wall(s), or grading shall be used to prevent the accumulation or
flow of liquids that have flash points below 93 °C under or near LPG containers.

[Link] A diversion wall is used to divert the flow of gas and may, therefore, be used to meet the safety
distance requirements for potential point of gas release to any drain, door, window or electrical sources. The
measurement shall be taken from the potential point of gas release such as a cylinder valve, horizontally
around the wall to the drain, door, window, or electrical source.

[Link] Where a potential point of gas release is higher than the diversion wall, the safety distance shall
also be measured from the point of gas release directly over the wall to the area of concern.

NOTE SANS 10400-K provides the requirements for wall construction.

[Link] LPG containers shall be located at least 3 m from the centre line of the bund wall of areas containing
flammable liquids that have flash points below 93 °C.

[Link] Where LPG installations are closer than 3 m to any other compressed gas, special fire protection
precautions shall be considered (for example, a firewall).

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[Link] An LPG container shall not be located in an area within 1,8 m horizontally from a vertical plane
beneath overhead electric power lines exceeding 600 V.

[Link] A firewall shall be used to prevent potential fire spread to or from an installation into building or
other elements that could be ignited due to radiated heat or direct flame impingement. Safety distances shall
be measured horizontally around such firewall and over such firewall for potential sources of ignition higher
than the firewall.

NOTE A firewall can fulfil the function both a diversion wall and firewall. However, a diversion wall can only be used to
divert gas release and not as a firewall.

[Link] Any person who manufactures, imports, sells or supplies LPG or related equipment as well as
those responsible for premises where LPG is stored or used shall ensure that they are familiar with the
relevant national legislation (see foreword). This is to ensure that they are not exposed to any hazards to
their health or safety and for those affected by their activities.

[Link] The planning for effective measures for the control of inadvertent LPG release or fire shall be
coordinated with local emergency handling agencies, such as fire departments. Planning shall consider the
safety of emergency personnel.

[Link] Where this part of SANS 10087 cannot be complied with or where the Local Authority deems that
a specific installation is not adequately addressed in this part of SANS 10087, a Rational design, as
contemplated in the relevant national legislation (see foreword) shall be submitted to the Local Authority for
consideration.

[Link] A risk assessment is not necessary unless required by other laws, regulations, standards, or
identified risks, or if advised by the local authority. If the requirements of this part of SANS 10087 are met,
a risk assessment will not be required.

[Link] For any installation, excluding those at dwelling houses (H4) or domestic residences (H3) where
each unit has direct and exclusive access to its own yard (not communal space), and which consists of
individual containers not exceeding 50 kg with a total capacity not exceeding 100 kg or 2 containers, signage
shall be fitted. This signage shall indicate no smoking, no naked flames, no unauthorized entry, and no
cellular phones allowed, using pictograms PV 1, PV 2, PV 3, and PV 27 in accordance with SANS 1186-1.
The sign dimension shall at least be 150 mm × 150 mm.

[Link] For special events the local authority shall be consulted.

5.2.3 Indoor location

[Link] When LPG containers are located inside a building, whether stored, connected to a fixed installation,
or mounted in a portable/mobile appliance, the total gas quantity listed in in table 2 shall not be exceeded.

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Table 2 — Maximum quantities of gas inside buildings

1 2 3

Class of Occupancy Maximum

Occupancy
A1 Entertainment and 19 kg per division
public assembly
A2 Theatrical and indoor 19 kg per division
sport
A3 Places of instruction 19 kg per division

A4 Worship 19 kg per division

A5 Outdoor sport 19 kg per division

B1 High risk commercial 19 kg per division

service
B2 Moderate risk 19 kg per division
commercial service
B3 Low risk commercial 19 kg per division
service
C1 Exhibition hall 19 kg per division

C2 Museum 19 kg per division

D1 High risk industrial 19 kg per 600m3 building volume to a maximum of 100 kg

D2 Moderate risk industrial 19 kg per 600m3 building volume to a maximum of 100 kg

D3 Low risk industrial 19 kg per 600m3 building volume to a maximum of 100 kg

D4 Plant room 19 kg per 600m3 building volume to a maximum of 100 kg

E1 Place of detention 9 kg per division

E2 Hospital 9 kg per division

E3 Other institutional 9 kg per division

(residential)
E4 Health care 9 kg per division

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Table 2 (concluded)

1 2 3

Class of Occupancy Maximum

Occupancy
F1 Large shop 19 kg per division

F2 Small shop 19 kg per division

F3 Wholesalers’ store 19 kg per division

G1 Offices 19 kg per division

H1 Hotel 19 kg per division

H2 Dormitory 9 kg per division

H3 Domestic residence

Flats (irrespective of 9 kg per unit (including balconies)

height) and Clusters,
Town houses or
Semi-Detached Houses
exceeding 2 storeys
Clusters, Town houses 19 kg per unit (including balconies)
or Semi-Detached
Houses not exceeding 2
storeys
H4 Dwelling house 19 kg per house (including any attached garage or other attached
outbuildings)
H5 Hospitality 19 kg per division

J1 High risk storage Consult local Fire Department

J2 Moderate risk storage 19 kg per division

J3 Low risk storage 19 kg per division

J4 Parking garage 19 kg per division

NOTE 1 The above limits are based on buildings provided with separating elements and safety distances
that comply with the requirements of SANS 10400-T. Where uncertainty exists, the Local Authority may be
consulted.

NOTE 2 For a full description of the occupancy types see annex B.

[Link] LPG containers shall not be installed inside a garage.

[Link] For special events the local authority shall be consulted.
[Link] Containers shall not be located below ground level in a building, for example, in cellars or
basements.
[Link] Containers shall not be located above or on top of any appliance used for cooking or heating.
[Link] Containers shall be positioned in a location with floor-level ventilation that connects to the outside
air to reduce the risk of gas accumulation in case of a leak. Sufficient ventilation can be provided by airbricks
near the bottom of an external wall (up to 300 mm from the floor to the top of the airbricks) or a gap of at
least 6 mm under an external door, or a combination of these methods.

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[Link] A gas container shall be placed as close as possible to a door leading to the outside of the building,
when not placed in a cupboard. Where this location cannot be attained, there shall be low level permanent
ventilation near the container. This can be achieved by having at least two airbricks close to the container
on the external wall, positioned as low as possible to the floor. For LPG capacities exceeding 9 kg, additional
air bricks or ventilation openings shall be provided (see figure 1).

Figure 1 — Ventilation Requirement for a container located indoors

[Link] Containers shall be located at least 300 mm away from a gas stove (see figure 2).

[Link] Containers shall be located at least 2 m away from heat sources such as stoves, braais, and
fireplaces that operate on fuels other than fuel gas. This distance can be reduced to 1 m if a non-combustible
insulating barrier is installed between the container and the stove (see figure 2).

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Figure 2 — Location of containers relative to gas stoves and other heat sources

[Link] Where a container is required to be placed below or to the side of a solid fuel or gas braai, a
firewall, concrete lintel or a non-combustible insulating steel structure shall be installed between the braai
and the container. This barrier should be sufficient to maintain the container temperature at ambient levels,
that are sufficient to keep the container temperature at ambient temperature. (see figure 3).

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Figure 3 — Container located under or to the side of a built in braai

[Link] Where a gas container needs to be placed inside a cupboard, the cupboard shall have permanent
ventilation available, for example airbricks, lattice door(s), or ventilation slots. The back of the cupboard
shall preferably be ventilated to the outside atmosphere. Where this is not feasible, the cupboard door
(or side wall if this is open to the room) shall have at least 60 cm2 of ventilation located at the floor and upper
level of the cupboard.

[Link] No electrical connections or plug points shall be allowed in the same section as the gas container.
The cupboard shall be sealed to prevent gas from leaking from one section of the cupboard to another. Only
one container with a maximum capacity of 9 kg may be installed per cupboard, and no other items shall be
stored in the section of the cupboard containing the gas container.

[Link] Care shall be taken to prevent gas accumulation inside the cupboard or in any cavity associated
with the cupboard, as referenced in [Link] (see figure 4, figure 36, and figure 37).

[Link] Single change over container connections or manifolded container connections shall not be
allowed inside a building.

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Figure 4 — Container located in a cupboard

5.2.4 Outdoor location (see figure 6 to figure 11 (inclusive))

[Link] Containers shall be

a) located on a firm, clean, well-drained and level non-combustible base, preferably of concrete or a screed
plinth raised above the level of the surrounding ground, and

b) protected against tampering by unauthorized persons, as well as damage and interference by, for
example, animals and vehicles (see [Link]).

[Link] Containers shall be positioned at least

a) 3 m away from the property boundary, provided that

1) where the boundary is a firewall, containers can be located at any point right up to the boundary,

2) where not more than two containers are used, the minimum distance from a boundary is 1 m. Where
a firewall is installed between the containers and the boundary, the distance along or around the
firewall between the container and the boundary shall be a minimum of 1 m (see figure 5), and

3) where more than two containers are used, the minimum distance from a boundary is 3 m. Where a
firewall is installed between the containers and the boundary, the distance along or around the firewall
between the container and the boundary shall be a minimum of 3 m (see figure 5),

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Figure 5 — Container location relative to property boundary

b) 1 m from any building opening that is below the level of the container valve, such as doors, windows, and
airbricks, when measured horizontally (see figure 6).

c) 0,5 m away from a window that is located at least 300 mm vertically above the container valve, when
measured horizontally (refer to figure 6).

d) 2 m measured horizontally away from any drain, pit, manhole, or forced draught inlet for an air conditioner
or similar (see figure 6).

e) 3 m away from any opening or window directly above them. This distance can be reduced to 300 mm
from the top of the container, valve connection, or manifold (whichever is higher), provided that

1) a non-combustible roof (see [Link] to [Link] (inclusive)) is installed between the containers and the
opening. The roof shall extend beyond the containers such that when measured from the valve
connection and around the roof to the nearest point of the window or opening a minimum of 1,5 m
safety distance shall be obtained (see figure 6(a) and figure 7), or

2) the window frames shall be made of steel, and the total size of the glazing does not exceed 1 m2.
Individual glazing panes shall be of wire woven glass not larger than 450 mm × 450 mm per pane.
Such windows shall not be openable.

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Figure 6(a) — Minimum distance to doors, windows and other openings into buildings

Figure 6(b) — Prohibited areas for sources of ignition and combustible materials

Figure 6 — Safety distances

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[Link] No electrical equipment, capable of being able to provide a source of ignition to any gas leak, shall
be located within the prohibited area shown in figure 6(b).

NOTE This refers to typical appliances such as electrical switches, lights, air-conditioners, geysers, switchboards,
distribution boards or similar.

Figure 7 — Windows over container roof

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Figure 8 — Light weight non-combustible roof over container

[Link] Containers shall not be installed within 5 m from the eaves of a thatched roof. This distance may be
reduced to 3 m if the containers are protected behind a firewall (see figure 9), or if the containers are
protected by a firewall being at least 0,5 m above the eaves of the thatched roof (e.g. a gable wall) and
extending 1 m past the sides of the thatch roof (see figure 10).

NOTE This requirement is applicable to all thatch roofs whether clad, covered, protected, or treated.

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NOTE A fire wall can be a straight line extended to both sides of cylinders.

Figure 9(a) — Plan view

Figure 9(b) — Side elevation

Figure 9 — Container placement in relation to thatched roofs

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Figure 10 — Container location on gable wall of thatched dwelling

[Link] Containers shall only be installed against a building of which the wall has a fire resistance rating of
at least 30 min.

[Link] Where containers are installed against a building, of which the wall does not have a fire resistance
rating of at least 30 min, the following shall apply:

a) a wall with a fire resistance of at least 30 min shall be erected between the building and the containers
at a distance of 3 m, ensuring that:

1) the wall extends at least 1 m past the side of the containers; and

2) the wall extends 3 m above the containers or 500 mm above the building roof height, whichever is
lesser; or

3) the wall is provided with a roof as described in [Link]; or

b) a wall shall be installed in accordance with [Link].

[Link] Where containers are placed adjacent to a wall on top of which is an electric fence, compliant with
the relevant national legislation (see foreword), a non-combustible roof (subject to [Link](e) or [Link]) shall
be installed between the containers and the electric fence. The roof shall extend beyond the containers such
that when measured from the valve connection and around the roof to the nearest point of the electric fence
a minimum of 1,5 m safety distance shall be obtained (see figure 11).

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Figure 11 — Containers placement in relation to electric fence

[Link] Where bollards are required for vehicular protection it shall be installed to the following requirements
(see figure 12):

a) a raised curb of 150 mm high, that shall project at least 300 mm past any part of the installation, in all
directions and at least 900 mm to any side perpendicular to the expected vehicle movement; or

b) bollards or crash barriers, provided that:

1) They shall be constructed of steel not less than 100 mm in diameter and shall be filled with concrete;

2) They shall be spaced not more than 1200 mm on centre;

3) They shall be set not less than 900 mm deep in a concrete footing of not less than 380 mm diameter;

4) They shall be set with the top not less than 900 mm above ground; and

5) They shall project at least 300 mm past any part of the installation, in all directions and at least 900 mm
to any side perpendicular to the expected vehicle movement.

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Figure 12 — Bollards details around gas installations

5.2.5 Gas enclosures

[Link] The gas containers installed shall be placed in a gas enclosure.

[Link] The exception to this requirement is an installation at a dwelling house (H4) or domestic residence
(H3) where each unit has direct and exclusive access to its own yard, not being communal space; and where
no public access to such installation is possible, which shall not require a gas enclosure.

[Link] Any enclosure, whether required by the standard or elected to be used shall meet the requirements
of [Link] to [Link] (as applicable).

[Link] Structures such as firewalls, concrete barriers, and other similar structures shall be avoided around
or over installed containers. The following are exceptions to these requirements:

a) Where concrete barriers, and other similar structures are unavoidable above the installed containers, the
distance between container valves, manifold or regulator (whichever is the highest) and such structure,
shall not be less than 400 mm (see figure 13).

b) The space created by the structure shall not be deeper than 650 mm and such enclosure shall meet the
requirements of [Link] and [Link] (as applicable) (see figure 13).

c) Where persons have access to such a structure i.e. a room, balcony, and walkway etc., the structure
shall have a fire resistance of at least 120 min.

d) If a door or gate is required for the enclosure, the ventilation requirements in [Link] shall be met.

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Figure 13 — Structures over containers or containers located in a recess

[Link] For installations consisting of individual containers not exceeding 50 kg and the total capacity
not exceeding 100 kg or 2 containers, the enclosure shall provide for;

a) a minimum permanent ventilation area of 10 % of the gross area of each side and front panel; located in
the top of that side or front panel and centred to see the container valve(s) clearly,

b) at least one opening per container, at the top of the cage, shall be left open so that the container
valve can be easily closed by hand, through that opening,

c) in addition to (a) above, a minimum permanent ventilation area of 60 cm² for each side of the enclosure
and of 60 cm2 per container on the front of the enclosure, located as low as possible on the enclosure,
and spread over the width of each side and front to vent gas from any gas leak (see figure 14), and

d) any roof over the containers shall comply with [Link](e).

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Figure 14 — Enclosure requirements for installations consisting of individual containers not

exceeding 50 kg and the total capacity not exceeding 100 kg or 2 containers

[Link] For installations consisting of individual containers exceeding 50 kg or the total capacity
exceeding 100 kg or more than two containers, the enclosure shall provide for the following:

a) the area of the enclosure frame/skeleton shall not exceed 20 % of the gross area on each side, door or
panel;

b) the remainder of the cage shall be made with either expanded metal, heavy gauge wire or metal sheets
with a pierced through hole pattern with a minimum air penetration of 70 %. The container valves and the
containers shall be clearly visible through this (see figure 15); and

c) any roof over the containers shall comply with [Link](e).

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Figure 15 — Enclosure requirements for installations consisting of individual containers

exceeding 50 kg or the total capacity exceeding 100 kg or 2 containers

[Link] In addition to ventilation, these openings in enclosures are required to facilitate the provision of
water from a fire hose for cooling of containers, as well as, to monitor container condition in a fire
(see also [Link] and [Link]).

[Link] A straight installation against a firewall, that is enclosed only with brick walls at the ends of the
containers shall be permissible if

a) the side walls are of depth not exceeding 650 mm, and

b) there is a clearance of at least 3 m to the left, front and right of the enclosure (see figure 16).

[Link] Should this installation legally require or is elected to put an enclosure over the top or front of this
brick structure, this enclosure shall comply with the requirements of [Link], [Link], and [Link](e).

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Figure 16 — Straight installation against a firewall

[Link] No installation shall be into a recess in a building or structure unless the recess structure complies
with the requirements of [Link] and [Link] (as applicable).

[Link] There shall be no angle of less than 90° formed by two walls enclosing an installation. A third wall
of any construction shall not be allowed.

[Link] Where a third perpendicular wall is located 3 m from the shell of the nearest LPG container or a
distance equal to the length of the installation (dimension A), whichever is the greater, and complies with
the requirements of [Link], it shall not be deemed to be a third wall (see figure 17).

Figure 17 — Safe distance for installation from wall

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[Link] Containers shall be installed in an L shape or back to back, a maximum of two walls joined
perpendicularly shall be permitted (see figure 18).

Figure 18 — L shape or back to back installation against a firewall

[Link] Where entry into the enclosure is possible, sufficient room shall be allowed within the enclosure to
permit the unimpeded exchange of containers. Where entry into the enclosure is necessary to exchange
containers and the area of the enclosure exceeds 10 m2, a second means of escape, openable from the
inside without the use of a key, shall be provided.

5.2.6 Containers located on building roofs

[Link] Containers may be installed on the roof of a building where the height measured from the natural
ground level to the bottom of the container does not exceed 10 m, while taking into consideration that

a) such roof is of fire-resistant construction complying with the stability requirement of such building
(see SANS 10400-T),

b) such roof is of non-combustible construction and the building has an occupancy classification of B3, D3,
D4, J3, J4, or

c) such building is protected with an automatic sprinkler system that complies with SANS 10287, should
such roof be of combustible construction or the building is of an occupancy classification other than that
contained in 5.2.6(b).

[Link] Such installation shall comply with the provisions of 5.2.4 and the

a) total capacity of containers shall not be greater than 500 kg. If there is more than one container or
manifolded group located on the roof, the distance between each container or group and any other
container or group shall be at least 15 m,

b) containers shall be located in areas where there is free air circulation, at least 3 m from building openings
(for example, windows, doors or skylights), and at least 6 m from air intakes and air conditioning and
ventilation systems,

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c) containers are not located on a roof that is entirely enclosed by parapets of height more than 0,45 m
unless:

1) the parapets are breached with low-level permanent ventilation inlet openings that are not more than
6 m apart, or

2) all openings that communicate with the interior of the building are at or above the top of the parapet,

d) containers shall not be filled on the roof,

e) each container valve outlet shall be tightly closed during movement of the containers within the building,
and that the only means of access used shall be stairways not generally used by the public, or freight or
passenger lifts not occupied by the public, and

f) that all precautions shall be taken to avoid damage to containers when they are being taken to and from
the roof, and to prevent them from being allowed to fall down stairways or from the roof.

5.2.7 Safety distances

[Link] The distance between the shell of any one container in an LPG installation and the shell of any one
container in another LPG installation shall be at least 6 m. Where there is a firewall between them with a
fire rating of at least 240 min and a height of at least 1,8 m, the distance measured from shell to shell around
the wall shall be at least 3 m.

[Link] Where a container storage enclosure is to be placed next to an LPG installation, the storage
enclosure shall comply with the safety distance requirements in accordance with SANS 10087-7. The safety
distances shall be calculated on the total amount of gas installed on the LPG installation and stored within
the enclosure. These containers shall not be stored within the same enclosure as the LPG installation.

[Link] The distance between any LPG container and other compressed gas containers shall be in
accordance with SANS 10260-1 and SANS 10260-3. The absolute minimum acceptable distances are as
follows, from the shell of an LPG container to the shell of:

a) any other type of flammable gas container, including acetylene, or an oxidizing compressed gas container
shall be at least 5 m; and

b) any inert compressed gas container shall be at least 3 m.

[Link] Where there is conflicting information in other standards that may be applicable, the greater of the
distances shall be used.

5.3 Drawings, plans and the relevant local authority authorisation

5.3.1 Any LP gas installation is classified as a building according to the relevant national legislation
(see foreword), building plans shall be submitted to the Local Authority for approval before initiating the
installation, and for any installation where:

a) the installation capacity is likely to exceed 100 kg;

b) the installation exceeds 2 containers;

c) multiple installations are located on the same premises where the total amount of gas exceeds 100 kg;

d) the installation is located on a roof;

e) pipes are routed through an emergency route; or

g) Insitu filling of containers are proposed in accordance with annex A.

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5.3.2 Notwithstanding the above where the Local Authority requires plans, plans shall be submitted.
Cognisance shall be taken of Local Authority by-laws and where uncertainty exist about the submission of
plans the Local Authority shall be consulted before commencing with the installation.

5.3.3 For premises falling under the relevant national legislation (see foreword), "premises" shall be divided
into common property and sections. The common property and each section (private use) shall be counted
as a separate premise. The safety distances to boundaries in this part of SANS 10087 will have to be
complied with as if boundaries between sections and between section and common property is the property
boundary, for this dispensation to be applicable.

5.3.4 Where permission has been granted by the local authority, a marked-up drawing or diagram that
indicates the container, manifold, pipeline, and shut-off valve(s), along with the required notes for this part
of SANS 10087, shall be acceptable. Where plans and drawings are required by the local authority, they
shall be drawn to one of the following scales:

a) Site plans: 1:1 000, 1:500, 1:300, 1:200, or 1:100.

b) Layout drawings: 1:100, 1:50 or 1:20, provided that in the case of elevations 1:200 may be used.

Where the local authorities require plans and drawings, they shall be drawn to one of the following scales:

a) Site plans: 1:1 000, 1:500, 1:300, 1:200, or 1:100.

b) Layout drawings: 1:100, 1:50, or 1:20. For elevations, 1:200 may be used.

NOTE The local authority may, in circumstances deemed exceptional by it, accept a scale not provided for in this
subclause.

5.3.5 For other information regarding building regulations, refer to the relevant part of SANS 10400-A,
SANS 10400-J, SANS 10400-K, SANS 10400-T and SANS 10400-V.

5.3.6 Where pipes are routed through critical locations and embedded in floors and walls, plans are not
required to be submitted to the local authority in terms of 5.3.1. The receiving signatory of the installation
report for the premises shall be provided with a scale drawing attached to and noted on the installation
report accurately detailing the pipe route and the following:

a) ducts or trenches of approved depth;

b) sleeves;

c) fully embedded pipes; and

d) pipes are routed through a critical location;

5.3.7 Where plans are required to be submitted to the local authority for approval in accordance with
of 5.3.1, such premises shall, upon completion, be inspected by and registered with the local authority.
Cognisance shall be taken of the local authority by-laws and where uncertainty exist about registration
requirements, the local authority shall be consulted before commencing with the installation.

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5.4 Container connections

5.4.1 When connecting two containers (1 on 1 off) to a vapour system, they shall share a single wall
mounted regulator with the pigtails each connected to a changeover device which itself is connected to the
inlet side of the regulator. This setup ensures that only one container supplies gas to the system at a time,
with the other container connected but in standby. This allows for a quick container change when required
without disrupting the gas supply to the system. This type of connection is considered as a single
changeover device and not a manifold connection (see figures 19). When two or more containers are
connected to one pipe (see 5.5) and supplying gas simultaneously, it is deemed to be a manifold (see 5.4.2).
T-pieces shall not be used to connect two containers together to draw gas simultaneously.

5.4.2 Where the container is located outdoors, the regulator and changeover device shall be wall mounted,
with the gas supply from each container being by means of individual pigtails as shown in figure 19 and
figure 20.

5.4.3 Flexible hoses shall not be used for connecting containers in fixed installations, where the container
is located outdoors.

Key
1 Pipe connector or nipple and ball valve
2 Regulator
3 Changeover device
4 Pigtail
5 Container valve
6 Connection into container valve (bullnose)

Figure 19 — Application for dual container connection with changeover device

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Key
1 Pipe connector or nipple and ball valve
2 Regulator
3 Pigtail
4 Container valve

Figure 20 — Single container connection with wall mounted regulator

5.4.4 Any double manifold shall be constructed so that the operating group of containers is duplicated on
the other half of the manifold. It shall be controlled by means of changeover system using devices, valves,
and or regulators, this ensures easy switching from the operating containers to the standby group.

5.4.5 Manifold containers shall be connected to the manifold system by one of the following methods:

a) For a single branch, up to ten containers not exceeding 120 L (50 kg) each, with a maximum of 20
containers per installation.

b) For single or multiple branches, with containers of size exceeding 120 L (50 kg) and up to and including
300 L (128 kg) with a maximum of 10 containers per installation.

c) For single or multiple branches, with containers of size exceeding 301 L (129 kg) and up to and including
500 L (196 kg) with a maximum of 6 containers per installation.

d) All containers larger than 120 L shall only be filled in-situ in accordance with annex A.

5.4.6 Only containers of the water capacity for which the manifold installation was designed shall be used.

5.4.7 Typical arrangements of manifolded containers are indicated in figures 21(a) to (d) (inclusive).

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5.4.8 Where the pigtail connections are on a manifold system, the distance between these connections
shall not be more than 1 m (see figure 22 and figure 23).

Drg.904

Figure 21 (a) — Wall Straight Mounted Straight

Drg.904a

Figure 21 (b) — Wall mounted staggered container manifold

m
11 m

Drg.904b

Figure 21 (c) — Free standing back to back straight container manifold

Figure 21 (d) –– Free standing back to back staggered container manifold

Figure 21 — Typical arrangements of manifolded containers

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5.5 Manifold design and construction

5.5.1 General

[Link] If the installation consumption demand exceeds the evaporation capabilities of the containers
allowed on a site in accordance with this part of SANS 10087 (see table 1), alternative supply methods such
as liquid manifolds (see figure 21) shall be considered. In liquid manifolds, the liquid shall be withdrawn from
containers equipped with eductor tubes, and a vaporizer shall be used after the manifold to supply vapour
to the appliances.

[Link] LPG manifolds shall be manufactured from

a) seamless carbon steel piping that complies with the requirements as specified in table 5 (see 7.1). Where
screwed pipes are used in the construction of the manifold, at least schedule 80 piping shall be used.
Where the steel manifold is of welded or flanged construction, at least schedule 40 piping shall be used,
or

b) seamless stainless steel piping that complies with the requirements as specified in table 6 (see 7.1).

[Link] Steel manifold pipes can be connected to the regulator or changeover device using a direct screwed
connection, a mechanical union, or a flexible pigtail (see figure 19). When using a flexible pigtail, the
following guidelines shall apply:

a) the pigtails shall be a pre-manufactured hose assembly that complies with the requirements for pigtails
as indicated in 5.6;

b) the male and female connections to the manifold pipes shall be G5/8 LH bullnose fittings that comply with
the requirements of SANS 199; and

c) the outlet side of each manifold pipe shall be fitted with an isolation valve of at least PN 30 pressure
rating that is certified for use with LPG (see figure 22).

[Link] Where the manifold pipes for vapour use are connected to the regulator, the outlet side of the
manifold shall be fitted with an isolation valve (see figure 23) or a suitable L port changeover valve designed
in a way that ensures vapour is supplied from one side only. This valve shall be certified for use with LPG
in accordance with the relevant national regulation (see foreword).

+50
[Link] All manifolds shall be tested to withstand a test pressure of 3 000 kPa 0 kPa and a test
certificate for the pressure test shall be issued by the competent person.

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Figure 22 — Manifold — Flexible connections

[Link] Each side of the manifold shall be permanently marked with

a) a unique serial number,

b) the test pressure in kilopascals,

c) the manufacturer's name or identification symbol, and

d) the date of manufacture.

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Figure 23(a) — Vapour manifold with changeover device

Figure 23(b) — Vapour manifold with isolation valves

Figure 23 — Vapour manifolds

[Link] The manifold shall be cleaned internally and externally and shall be free from contaminants such
as grease, oily deposits, and welding slag.

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[Link] Manifolds and their supporting structure shall be protected against corrosion. Manifolds shall be
painted or coated for identification and protection with the finish colour "light stone" in compliance with
SANS 10140-3. Labelling to differentiate vapour and liquid manifolds and flow direction shall be in
accordance with SANS 10140-3.

[Link] Manifold(s) shall be mounted against a solid wall or a non-combustible structure at an appropriate
height using an approved method of bracketing. All manifolds shall be sited at least 100 mm above the valve
guard.

[Link] Pipe clamps shall clasp the manifold tube securely (at least two clamps per branch). The anchor
of the pipe clamp bracket shall be at least 40 mm into the wall or securely fixed to non-combustible structure.
Pipe clamps and bracketing shall be made of metal.

[Link] If filling operations are intended to be performed on site, the manifold installation shall be effectively
connected to earth.

5.5.2 Liquid manifolds (see figure 24)

[Link] Manifolds for liquid use shall be constructed from schedule 80 carbon steel pipe or schedule 80
stainless steel pipe. A hydrostatic relief valve shall be situated between any two points of the system that
might cause liquid containment. The relief valve shall be set to start to discharge at a pressure of 2 400
+ 10
kPa 0 %.

[Link] Each outlet side of the manifold shall be fitted with an isolation valve of minimum rated pressure
of 3000 kPa or a suitable L port changeover valve. These shall be certified for use with LPG in accordance
with the relevant national regulation (see foreword).

[Link] Manifolds for liquid use shall use check valves on every pigtail connection (non-return valves) to
protect the system in the event of any flexible pigtail rupture.

NOTE In the event of a flexible pigtail rupture, the excess flow valve incorporated in the liquid withdrawal valve will
reduce the escape of liquid through the container attached to the pigtail. However, the reverse flow through the system
from other manifolded containers might not be sufficient to operate all excess flow valves in the remaining containers.

Figure 24 — Liquid manifold

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5.6 Pigtails

5.6.1 Pigtails shall be manufactured from a reinforced rubber hose. The hose shall comply with the
applicable standard listed in table 10 under pigtail hose. The end connections of pigtails shall either be
machine crimped onto the hose or of machine threaded re-usable type, (for threaded and crimped pigtail
connections see figure 25 to figure 28 (inclusive)). The use of hose clamps shall be prohibited.

5.6.2 Pigtails shall be supplied with end fittings for direct connection to a container valve, pipework terminal
or manifold inlet as required, without the need for intermediary adaptors.

5.6.3 Pigtails shall not exceed 1 m in length.

5.6.4 Pigtails for liquid use shall be so constructed that their electrical resistance does not
exceed 0,75 Ω/m.

5.6.5 Pigtails for liquid shall be of internal diameter of at least 8 mm in order to ensure closure of the
container excess flow valve.

5.6.6 Pigtails for vapour and liquid applications shall withstand a test pressure of 3 000 kPa.

5.6.7 The fitting used to connect the container to the pigtail shall comply with the valve connection
requirements as indicated in SANS 199 for liquids or vapour, depending on whichever is applicable.

5.6.8 Pigtail assemblies shall be clearly and permanently marked with the following information:

a) date of manufacture;

b) batch identification; and

c) name of manufacturer.

5.6.9 All pigtails shall be pinpricked to allow the release of permeated gas.

5.6.10 The manufacturer shall present a certificate of manufacture on demand in accordance with the
relevant national regulation (see foreword).

Figure 25 — Bullnose pigtail connection with non-reusable ferrule

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Figure 26 — Bullnose pigtail connection with reusable threaded sleeve

Figure 27 — 1/4 SAE inverted flare pigtail connection with non-reusable ferrule

NOTE For detailed dimensions, see SANS 199 and SANS 1237.

Figure 28 — 1/4 SAE inverted flare pigtail connection with reusable threaded sleeve

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5.7 Records
Manufacturers of manifold systems and pigtails shall retain all original manufacturing records for a period of
12 y.

6 Appliances
6.1 General
6.1.1 Appliances with a consumption rate that does not exceed 10 kg/h shall comply with the requirements
of SANS 1539.

6.1.2 If the registered installer completes a connection to the appliance, the responsibility for ensuring that
the appliance operates in safe manner lies with the registered installer and shall be stated on the installation
report.

6.1.3 If an appliance through age, wear and tear or similar, has become damaged to an extent that it cannot
perform safely, it shall be removed/disconnected from the installation.

6.1.4 The registered installer shall ensure that the appliance;

a) If a new appliance, has a safe appliance permit number issued by the approving authority,
that is no more than 6 months past expiry date.

b) If an older appliance, had a safe appliance permit number issued by the approving authority in the past.
This safe appliance permit number is valid for the working life the appliance even though the permit itself
has expired.

6.1.5 These permit numbers are verifiable by utilising the approving authority website and inputting the
name of the manufacturer/brand name/model number under the section dealing with safe appliances.

6.2 Installation of appliances

6.2.1 Fixed appliances shall be installed by a registered installer. When positioning an appliance, due
regard shall be paid to convenience in use, protection from draughts and damage, and the layout of the gas
piping system. Pipe runs shall be as neat, tidy, and as short as possible. Pressure regulators shall be of an
approved type as indicated in 7.4.2.

6.2.2 Gas appliances shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Where the
appliance is not equipped with a test point, a permanent test point shall be fitted downstream of the isolation
valve within 1m of the inlet connection of the appliance. A permanently installed pressure indicator is also
acceptable.

6.2.3 Appliances shall be installed on a firm and level base (this is especially important in the case of
refrigerators which require checking with a spirit level during installation). A table or shelf used as a support
for an appliance shall be large enough to accommodate the appliance. Unless the support has edges that
are flanged upwards, it shall provide margins wide enough to prevent the appliance from slipping off. All
appliance supports (including floors, walls and ceilings) shall be strong enough to carry the appliance(s) and
any additional loads placed upon them.

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6.2.4 Appliances shall be connected to the pipework of an installation in a manner that prevents undue
strain on the pipework and fittings. If rigid connections are used, the appliances shall also be securely fixed
to prevent movement after installation. However, if an appliance requires occasional movement for cleaning
or maintenance, it shall be connected to the pipework using flexible tubing or hose, with a maximum length
of 2 m. To prevent the hose or tubing from being ruptured or torn from its mountings, the appliance shall
have a restraining mechanism of a length that is shorter than the hose or tube. All tubing and hoses shall
comply with the relevant requirements given in the table 4 to table 10 (inclusive).

6.2.5 Appliances shall be installed in such a way as to avoid draughts that are strong enough to extinguish
the burners when they are set on "low" flame.

6.2.6 Appliances shall not be installed in small, confined spaces that are poorly ventilated. When an
appliance is being built in, the supply of fresh air for combustion shall not be impeded. Provisions shall be
made at the lowest level possible for any accumulation of unburnt gas to disperse safely and also for the
free escape of products of combustion at high level.

6.2.7 Gas burners require an unrestricted supply of fresh air. When an appliance is being built-in, the
supply of fresh air for combustion shall not be diverted to provide air for other purposes. For proper
installation of fireboxes or other structures containing gas grates, see figure 29.

Figure 29 — Installation of fireboxes for gas fires

6.2.8 Gas water heaters installed in bathrooms shall be room sealed appliances. Flueless space heaters,
Type A instantaneous water heaters, and flued instantaneous water heaters shall not be installed in
bathrooms, bedrooms, toilets or saunas. Where these types of appliances in other rooms are permitted to
be installed refer to 6.3. and its relevant sub-clauses for room ventilation requirements.

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6.2.9 Appliances shall be so sited in a room that there is no danger that they could set fire to furnishings
(for example, a gas stove shall not be placed directly below a combustible shelf or in a position where
curtains could be near its cooking top.

6.2.10 Where combustible or ignitable material near an appliance is liable to attain ignition temperature or
to be exposed to heat damage, provisions shall be made to protect such material.

6.2.11 To protect the material, an insulating non-combustible material shall be installed between the
appliance and the combustible material, leaving an air space of at least 15 mm.. Where built-in equipment
is used, the surfaces of adjacent structures in contact with an appliance shall be of materials that will not
deteriorate at temperatures of up to 150 °C.

6.2.12 A water heater shall be conveniently located close to the point of use to minimize heat loss, with
the hot-water piping run kept as short as possible. A water heater is considered a source of ignition and
shall comply with the requirement in 6.2.14.

6.2.13 Lighting appliances shall not be installed in positions likely to cause overheating of walls and
ceilings. Deflector plates shall be used where necessary to mitigate any risks.

6.2.14 Open flame fixed appliances installed outdoors, shall be positioned in accordance with
the figure 6(b).

6.3 Room ventilation requirements

6.3.1 General

[Link] LPG appliances consume oxygen and, in enclosed or restricted spaces, this will cause the depletion
of the oxygen content of the available air.

[Link] Although the exhaust gases from an LPG burner (i.e. nitrogen, water vapour and carbon dioxide)
are clean, colourless and non-toxic, they can cause heavy water condensation inside a room if the ventilation
is inadequate. Additionally, excessive carbon dioxide levels in the air can disrupt the performance of an LPG
appliance and result in the production of highly toxic carbon monoxide.

[Link] An appliance shall be installed in a location with adequate ventilation for complete combustion of
gas, proper flueing (where applicable), and to maintain the ambient temperature of the immediate
surroundings within safe limits under normal operating conditions.

[Link] Furthermore, appliances shall not be installed into any area where the air supply can become
contaminated with combustion products or contain chemicals or flammable vapours which could affect
combustion.

[Link] The incorrect installation or use of LPG appliances in buildings can lead to a variety of hazardous
conditions, such as the accumulation of unburnt gas, high concentrations of carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide, and aldehydes, which can deplete oxygen levels. The provision of ventilation is therefore of vital
importance, and in this regard, special notice shall be taken of the warnings and recommendations given in
the use and installation manuals supplied with the appliance by the manufacturer.

[Link] Permanent ventilation is required if the oxygen in a room will be used up by flames, burning, people
breathing etc. If sufficient ventilation is not provided, the existing oxygen in the air will be used up, the flames
will start to smoke and eventually go out and the people will lapse into unconsciousness and eventually
suffocate. These processes typically begin when the normal oxygen content in the air of a room is reduced
to approximately 16 %.

NOTE Normal air is approximately 21 % and 79 % nitrogen.

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[Link] All appliances shall be installed to meet or exceed the ventilation requirements of the manufacturer
(usually detailed in the use and installation manual) and the requirements in 6.3.3.

6.3.2 Installation of permanent ventilation openings

Permanent ventilation openings shall be installed in such a way that they cannot be blocked or closed.

NOTE An openable window or door is not considered as permanent ventilation.

6.3.3 Size of permanent ventilation openings

[Link] The size of permanent ventilation openings is related to the total maximum heat input of all the fuel
burning appliances installed in the room (see table 3). This includes all gas, paraffin, ethanol, wood, coal or
similar appliances, with the exception of those that are room sealed.

[Link] Flued appliances including space heaters and water heaters

Where a flued appliance is designed and permitted to be installed indoors, permanent ventilation openings
equivalent or greater in size to the minimum cross-sectional area of the installed flue(s) shall be provided.
From a room heat retention aspect, the permanent ventilation should preferably be installed at low level.

[Link] Flueless space heaters and type A instantaneous water heaters

[Link].1 Flueless space heaters, type A instantaneous water heaters, and flued instantaneous water
heaters shall not be installed in bathrooms, bedrooms, toilets or saunas.

[Link].2 Where a flueless space heater or type A instantaneous water heater is installed (in rooms other
than bathrooms, bedrooms, toilets or saunas), cognisance shall be taken of the size of room.

[Link].3 Permanent ventilation is required when the heat input exceeds 0,20 MJ/hr per cubic metre of room
volume.

[Link].4 For rooms requiring permanent ventilation, two openings shall be installed with one at high level
and one at low level. Each opening shall have a free cross-sectional area of not less than 6,5 cm2 per MJ/hr
of heat input.

[Link].5 Where an adjoining room shares a common permanent opening exceeding 1,5 m2 in floor size,
with the room in which the appliance is to be installed; then 50 % of the volume of the adjoining room may
be added to the volume of the room in which the flueless space heater or type A instantaneous water heater
is to be installed. This total volume may be used in the minimum room size calculation.

[Link].6 Where a double sided flueless space heater is installed between two rooms, the total volume of
both rooms is considered in the calculation of the minimum room size.

[Link] Kitchen appliances

Where gas stoves, hot plates, and type A instantaneous water heaters are installed in a kitchen, cognisance
shall be taken of the size of the room. Where the heat input is greater than 0,4 MJ/hr per cubic metre of
room volume, permanent ventilation is required. Where required, two permanent ventilation openings with
a free cross-sectional area of at least 3,25 cm2 per MJ/hr of heat input shall be installed, one at high level
and one at low level.

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Edition 7

Table 3 — Minimum room sizes and ventilation requirements

1 2 3 4 5 6
Permanent
ventilation,
Total gas Approx room
Types of Total heat input Minimum room required if room
consumption of size with 2,7 m
heaters of appliances volume is smaller than
appliances ceiling height
minimum room
volume
g/h MJ/hr M3 M2 cm2 × 2 openings

200 10 50 18 65
300 15 75 27 98
Flueless space 400 20 100 37 130
heaters /Type A 500 25 125 46 162
Instantaneous
water heaters 600 30 150 55 195
700 35 175 65 227
800 40 200 74 260
900 45 225 83 292
1000 50 250 93 325
200 10 25 9 32
300 15 37 14 49
Gas Stoves,
hotplates and 400 20 50 18 65
type A 500 25 62 23 81
instantaneous
water heaters 600 30 75 27 98
installed in a 700 35 87 32 114
kitchen
800 40 100 37 130
900 45 112 42 146
1000 50 125 47 163

7 Piping, fittings and other components

7.1 General

7.1.1 The information in this section shall be used in conjunction with the relevant national regulation
(see foreword) and SANS 347.

7.1.2 No piping is permitted under a building. Piping that is embedded in the building floor shall not be
considered as being under the building.

7.1.3 The use of hot-dip galvanised materials and malleable cast iron is prohibited.

7.1.4 All fabricated piping systems shall be pressure tested in accordance with clause 8. Following the
pressure test, a leak test shall be conducted for all components up to the appliances connected to the
system.

7.1.5 Piping should be adequately supported in accordance with [Link].

© SABS 49
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7.1.6 Care shall be taken to ensure metal to metal contact is prevented where components and pipes are
of dissimilar metals (galvanic reaction).

7.1.7 Care shall be taken to minimise operating pressure losses incurred due to pipeline length, internal
pipe diameter, including minimum diameters of joints, fittings and components connected to the system
(see annex D).

7.1.8 During installation, precautions shall be taken to prevent ingress of dirt, water, or any foreign
materials into the pipework.

7.1.9 For welded and brazed joints, attention shall be given to the requirements for permanent joining in
accordance with SANS 347.

7.1.10 For piping systems (CSST/PEX- AL-PEX), all tooling used in the installation of pipework and related
fittings shall be regularly checked and maintained in good working order in line with manufacturer’s
specifications.

7.1.11 Appropriate colour coding is applicable to all piping in accordance with SANS 10140-3.

7.1.12 Quick release couplings shall not be installed in bedrooms or bathrooms.

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Table 4 — Copper tubes

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

MOP
Pipe Fittings Jointing method
Environment
KPa Type Limiting conditions Type Limiting conditions Jointing Limiting conditions
SANS 460: Plain Capillary soldered
Ended Copper tubes fittings to SANS 1067-2
Class 1 or better

Compression fittings to
SANS 1067-1 For permanent joints,
SANS 1453: Copper only suitably qualified
Tubes for medical Press fitting connectors persons using suitable
gas and vacuum complying Compression fitting is joining procedures is
services Buried tubing will be Tubing that pass with not for liquid use acceptable
corrosion protected through walls shall SANS 1067-3, All joints shall be .
© SABS

using an approved be sleeved (See AS 3688, Compression fittings brazed, silver soldered When using flux it is
Storage petroleum tape applied [Link].5. BS 8537, (mechanical fittings) are or soft soldered using important you apply it
pressure in an approved manner. EN 12735-1 and other not permitted in buried, class 97/3 soft solder sparingly, never inside
Not approved for recognised standards embedded or critical (S19 and S20 of the fitting. Always wipe
Embedded tubing will be critical locations locations SANS 24 may also be off all excess flux after
corrosion protected by such as lift shafts, used) joint is completed.
wrapping with brown flues, ceilings or air
paper lagging as per ducts All press fittings shall be For flared type
SANS 10252-1. dimensionally compression jointing,
compatible with the only type B fittings are
tubing used and sealing permitted in
150 ASTM B 280: Capillary soldered rings shall be accordance with
Seamless Copper fittings to compatible to LPG to SANS 1067-1.
the applicable standard.

Edition 7
SANS 10087-1:2024
Tube for air ASTM BS16.22
conditioning
refrigeration
NOTE All tubing in Olive and Flared type
imperial sizes). compression fittings
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52

Table 5 — Carbon steel

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
MOP Pipe Fittings Joining method
Limiting Environment Limiting
KPa Type Type Limiting conditions Jointing
conditions conditions
Storage API Spec 5 L Not permitted in All pipework shall be Fittings – Butt weld ASME/ASTM No mechanical joints are All threaded joints All threaded joints
pressure Grade B the ground treated for corrosion SA/A234 WPB Dimensions to permitted in buried, shall have matching shall be leak tight.
ASTM A53/A53M beneath a protection in an ASME B16.9 embedded or critical threads.
Grade B building acceptable manner. locations. All welded jointing
Fittings – Forged (Socket All welded joints shall to be cleaned
ASME/ASTM For pipe Buried piping will be Weld/Threaded) ASME/ASTM All fittings shall suit the design be performed by property (e.g. wire
SA/A106 Grade A suitability for corrosion protected SA/A105 Dimensions to pressures of the piping suitable qualified brush) to ensure
or B, Seamless liquid and vapour using an approved ASME B16.11 system. persons the proper removal
Pipe Plain ends. applications method (e.g. of any spatter or
(see [Link].1) petroleum tape Flanges S235JR (Plate) ASME For butt welded joints, only contaminants due
Pipe dimensions to applied in an SA/A105 (Forged) Dimensions to seamless fittings shall be to welding.
ASME B36.10 (Min approved manner). ASME B16-5, EN 1092-1, used with seamless pipe.
© SABS

SCH 40) SANS 1123, BS 10 See [Link].1 for

detailed information
Victaulic couplings to on jointing
ASME B31.3 (Mechanical joint) Stub-in T joints are allowed (threading and
for branch connections up to welding).
150 Kpa SANS 62-1 Fittings – Butt weld SANS 62-2,
Medium Class or JIS BS 2311 DN 50 provided that the
better longitudinal coupling has a minimum class
2000 rating. NOTE Gaskets
welded pipe Fittings – Forged (Socket Weld /
(non-galvanised) Threaded) ASME/ASTM SA/A105 between flanges to
Dimensions to ASME B16.11 be suitable for LPG
services
Threaded fittings SANS 62-2,
EN 10241

Flanges
S235JR (plate)
ASME SA/A105 (Forged)
Dimensions to ASME B16-5,
EN 1092-1, SANS 1123, BS 10
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Table 6 — Stainless steel

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
MOP Pipe Fittings Jointing method
Limiting Environment Limiting
Kpa Type Type Jointing Limiting condition
conditions conditions
Storage SA/A312 Not permitted in Fittings – Buttweld No mechanical All threaded joints shall Threaded joints shall be
Pressure SA/A790 the ground ASME/ASTM SA /A403 SA joints are have matching threads leak tight.
(See limiting longitudinal beneath a /A815 permitted in
conditions) welded and building. (WP-W / WP-WX / WP-S) buried, All welded joints shall be Welded joints to be
seamless pipe Dimensions to ASME B16.9 embedded or performed by suitably cleaned to ensure the
Dimensions to Buried or critical locations. qualified persons. proper removal of any
ASME B36.19 embedded pipe Installed pipes shall be Fittings – Forged (Socket splatter etc, followed by
shall be corrosion free from contamination Weld/Threaded) ASME/ASTM All fittings shall pickling and passivation
© SABS

protected in an and be in a pickled and SA /A182 suit the design in a manner appropriate
acceptable passivated condition. Dimensions to ASME B16.11 pressures of the for stainless steel.
manner. Contact with dissimilar piping system.
metals shall be avoided Flanges See [Link].1 for
For pipe (e.g. piping supports ASME / ASTM SA/A240 (plate) For buttweld detailed information on
suitability for made of carbon steels in ASME/ASTM SA/A182 (Forged) fittings, only jointing (threading and
liquid and vapour contact with the SS Dimensions to ASME B16-5, seamless (WP-S) welding)
applications, see pipe). If stainless is EN 1092-1,SANS 1123,BS 10 fittings shall be
[Link].1. painted, paint used shall used with NOTE Gaskets
be chloride free. seamless pipe. between flanges shall be
suitable for LPG service.

Edition 7
SANS 10087-1:2024
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54

Table 6 (continued)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
MOP PIPE Fittings JOINTING METHOD

Limiting Environment
Kpa Type Type Limiting conditions Jointing Limiting conditions
conditions

150 Press fit piping Not permitted Press-fit end connectors Press-fit End Buried or embedded
system beneath a complying Connectors: joints and fittings shall
SA/A312 building. with AS 3688. shall be compatible with be protected and made
longitudinal the pipe material, gas tight (No mechanical
welded and Not for liquid shall have yellow joints allowed in these
seamless pipe applications HNBR ‘O’ rings, areas).
Dimensions to shall not to be used for
ASME B 36.19 Buried or applications where the
© SABS

or AS 5200.053 embedded shall operating temperature

be protected in exceeds 70 °C unless
an acceptable the manufacturer’s
manner. specification warrants a
higher temperature,
are not permitted in
critical locations, are not
permitted for use as a
final connection to an
appliance where the final
connection has to be
destroyed to disconnect
the appliance.
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Table 6 (concluded)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
MOP PIPE Fittings Jointing method

Limiting Environment
Kpa Type Type Limiting conditions Jointing Limiting conditions
conditions

Storage ASTM A269 Not permitted in Fittings to be compatible All welded joints shall be Torqueing of
pressure Seamless and the ground with pipe material. performed by suitably compression fittings to
Welded beneath a qualified persons be according to the
Austenitic building. No compression fittings manufacturer’s
stainless steel permitted in buried, recommendations.
tubing for Buried or embedded or critical
general embedded pipe locations.
applications shall be corrosion Compression fitting not
© SABS

protected in an allowed for use liquid

acceptable use.
manner.
Compression fittings not
For pipe permitted for use as a
suitability for final connection to an
liquid and vapour appliance. Where the

Edition 7
SANS 10087-1:2024
applications, see final connection has to
[Link]. be destroyed to
disconnect the
appliance.
55
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Edition 7
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Table 7 — Corrugated stainless steel tubing (CSST)
56

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
MOP PIPE Fittings Jointing method
Limiting Environment Limiting
Kpa Type Type Jointing Limiting condition
conditions conditions
150 ANSI LC-1/CSA 6.26 Piping system is Only components Mechanical fittings The manufacturer's No other jointing method
suitable for indoor and designed for the are not approved to instruction for proper may be permitted other
Not approved for outdoor installations. piping system and be buried sizing, installation, than that approved by
LPG liquid service Open corrugations shall provided by the embedded or used inspection and repair the manufacturer.
be sealed with manufacturer with in critical locations. shall be followed.
manufacturer approved the correct
NOTE Only insulation. markings and Fittings are pipe
piping rated and specifications are system specific.
marked over Piping may be buried, permitted. Fittings shall be
© SABS

150 kPa service embedded or used in wrapped according

may be used in critical locations in to manufacturer’s
this service. accordance with OEM instructions and
instructions. approved material.
In addition, buried,
50 EN 15266 The manufacturer embedded and piping
shall provide full in critical shall be
and detailed sleeved in a non-
instruction for the metallic sleeve.
assembly and
installation of
CSST.
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Table 8 — Composite/Multylayer piping

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

MOP PIPE Fittings Jointing method

Environment Limiting
kPa Type Limiting conditions Type Limiting conditions Jointing
condition
150 SANS 17484-1, For vapour service Contact with solvents shall Crimp and Mechanical joints are not For crimped No joints
AS 4176, only. be avoided. compression fittings permitted in buried, joints, crimps (mechanical nor
ASTM F 1281, according to the embedded or critical shall be fully crimped) are
ASTM F 1282, Not allowed in direct The pipe shall not be matching pipe system locations. performed in allowed in pipe
SANS 18225, sunlight unless exposed to temperatures standards. accordance with sections going
covered with UV exceeding: For repairs in buried or the through critical
PEX/AL/PEX and protection with a embedded areas, crimped manufacturer’s locations,
PE/AL/PE protection rating of at a) 60 °C – PE/AL/PE; and fittings may be used. All specifications. confined spaces
composite pipe least 5 y. b) 80 °C – PEX/AL/PEX. fittings installed as above in The "U" Type or imbedded in
systems up to these areas shall be wrapped Crimp tool or a concrete.
© SABS

diameter 76 mm Not permitted as a The pipe shall be kept for corrosion protection. Any tool as specified
final connection to an away 150 mm away from a buried or embedded fitting by the Tools shall be in
appliance. heat source. joints will require a pressure manufacturer is proper working
test of 3 bar for 10 min / 24 h to be used. order (calibrated
Installation instructions The pipe shall not period. in accordance
shall be adhered to as approved in area where it with
per manufacturer’s will be in contact with O-rings shall be suitable for manufacturer’s
requirements. corrosive chemical. gas service (e.g. NBR) and as specification)
For additional limiting specified in the system
conditions for standards mentioned
composite pipe see (NOTE PEX fittings reduce
[Link]. effective internal diameter
creating pressure loss)
When embedded in walls or
floors, no joints shall be
allowed in the embedded
sections. In case of repair an

Edition 7
SANS 10087-1:2024
inspection box shall be used
for future inspection or full
metal pressed fittings without
inspection box.
57
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Table 9 — HDPE
58

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
MOP PIPE Environment Fittings Jointing method
kPa Type Limiting conditions Type Limiting Jointing Limiting condition
conditions
100 EN 1555-2 Pipe Specification to: Pipe and fittings Electrofusion Fittings shall Electrofusion in Welders shall be trained and
High Density shall not be used Joints comply with accordance with certified as competent in
Polyethylene PE 100 SDR 11 above ground SANS 4437-3 and SANS 10268-2. accordance with
(HDPE) Orange in colour, or and shall be EN 1555-3 SANS 10269.
Black with orange buried Buttwelding in
SANS 4437-2 stripe PE100. (see [Link]). Full range of joint accordance with Only approved processes and
sizes are SANS 10268-1. equipment for the application
Not permitted to acceptable. may be used.
© SABS

pass under a
building. Fittings shall be
buried but are not
allowed under a Buttwelding only for non-
building. coiled pipe.

Electrofusion
sockets and fittings
shall be used only
on pipes of the
same material (see
SANS 10268-2).
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Table 10 — Hoses

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

MOP Hoses/Tubing Fittings Jointing

Environment
Limiting Limiting
kPa Hose/Tubing Limiting conditions Fittings conditions Method Conditions
150 Hose Hosetails for Threads on fittings
SANS 1156-2 (Orange appliance to match appliance
hose) connections i.a.w connection
BS EN 16436-1 Class 2 the requirements threads.
(Orange Hose) of SANS 1539.
AS/NZS 1869 Type C, D, E Only single
appliance
connections per
hose are
permitted.
© SABS

Hoses shall be
Hose for appliance secured to end
connections fittings by means
Minimum Internal of swaging, No joints are No branching
Diameter shall be crimping or allowed in the joints (T, Y or
Indoor use only hose length.
8 mm hoseclamps (No cross) are
Maximum installation wire, cable ties permitted.
length – 2 m etc.)
Max Temp 50 °C

150 Hose Assemblies Machine crimped Fitting threads to

SANS 1156-2 (Orange fittings according match appliance

Edition 7
SANS 10087-1:2024
hose) to applicable connection
BS EN 16436-2 Class 2 standard. threads.
(Orange hose)
AS/NZS 1869 Type C, D, E Only single
appliance
connections are
permitted.
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Edition 7
SANS 10087-1:2024
Table 10 (continued)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

MOP Hoses/Tubing Fittings Jointing

Environment
kPa Hose/Tubing Limiting conditions Fittings Limiting conditions Method Limiting conditions

50 kPa Corrugated SS Appliance Avoid chloride and Machined for

Connectors Ammonia, an any permanent fitted
ISO 10380 (Stainless Steel) other chemicals in the end fittings
(Specified for Gas use only) same area.
EN 14800
(50 kPa)(Domestic)
UNI 11353 (Stainless Steel Indoor/Outdoor
Crimped or welded fittings,
union type fittings with
washer)

Pigtail assembly For liquid and vapour In accordance

AS/NZS 1869 Class F applications. For liquid with 5.6 of this G5/8" LH threaded
© SABS

applications, suitable part of bull-nose

means for electrical SANS 10087 Connections on one
Cylinder conductivity shall be end and a 1/4" RH No joints
For outdoor use No joints permitted
pressure allowed for to meet the NPT threaded or 1/4" permitted
electrical resistance SAE inverted flare
requirements as per connection on the
5.6 of this part of other end.
SANS 10087
Pigtail assembly For vapour In accordance
BS EN 16436 Class 3 applications only. with 5.6 of this
Cylinder Refer also to 5.7 of part of No joints
this part of SANS For outdoor use SANS 10087. No joints permitted
pressure permitted
10087 (Investigate if
possible)
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Table 10 (concluded)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

MOP Hoses/Tubing Fittings Jointing

Environment
kPa Hose/Tubing Limiting conditions Fittings Limiting conditions Method Limiting conditions

Cylinder Pigtail hose Braided hose for liquid

pressure BS EN 853 and vapour
application. Shall be
subject to n-pentane
test as per procedure
of SANS 1156-2.
Tests shall not be
older than 3 y / or Bullnose
batch tests for in accordance
No joints
compatibility with LPG. For outdoor use with 5.6 of this
permitted
For liquid applications, part of SANS
suitable means for 10087
© SABS

electrical conductivity
shall be allowed to

Edition 7
SANS 10087-1:2024
meet the electrical
resistance in
accordance with 5.6 of
this part of
SANS 10087.
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7.2 Valves

7.2.1 General

Where valves are intended for shutting off the gas supply to (or in) a gas supply line, the valve seats shall
be compatible with LPG and certified for use with LPG.

7.2.2 Emergency shut-off valves

[Link] Every fixed LPG installation shall have an emergency shut-off valve. Emergency shut-off valves
shall be accessible and unobstructed at all times and should be placed as close as possible to where the
main gas pipe enters the building. It may be placed inside or outside of the building.

[Link] Emergency shut-off valves shall not be placed inside a cage.

NOTE 1 An emergency shut-off valve may be used as an isolation valve on a single appliance installation.

NOTE 2 Where a single appliance and container are located within the same room not exceeding 3 m apart, the
container valve may be considered as the emergency shut-off valve.

7.2.3 Isolation valves

[Link] Every fixed appliance shall be equipped with an isolation valve to isolate the individual appliance
from the system.

[Link] Where a gas pipeline between the emergency shut-off valve and the appliance is longer than 5 m
for a single appliance installation, an additional isolation valve shall be placed as close as possible to the
appliance.

7.2.4 Change over valve

[Link] Manual change over valve shall be of L port type and shall be of the double valve stem sealed
design.

[Link] Automatic change over valve shall comply to a recognised relevant standard.

7.3 Gas meters

7.3.1 General

[Link] Where gas usage is billed through the use of a gas meter (custody transfer meter), it shall be in
compliance with EN 1359 or OIML R137-1 (2012) and, shall be in accordance with the relevant national
legislation a (see foreword), as approved by the relevant regulatory authority (see foreword).

[Link] Due to the various metering types (diaphragm, rotary, and turbine), it is imperative to follow the
manufacturer’s installation instructions, as it could affect the meter accuracy.

[Link] The inlet pressure shall not exceed the maximum operating pressure indicated on the meter
manufacturer’s data plate (the pressure and maximum flow shall be displayed on the meter).

62
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[Link] When the meter is used with gases high in contaminants, it is recommended that a suitable filter is
installed on the inlet side of the meter. A suitable stop valve should be installed before the inlet of the meter
for maintenance purposes.

[Link] Gas mains, services and meters transporting gas at pressure exceeding 150 kPa are not permitted
inside the building of occupied premises.

[Link] Gas meters at a meter station, that manifold into a single outlet line, may not be connected in parallel
without the use of backcheck or non-return valves within a distance of 5 times pipe diameter of the meter,
to prevent reverse flow.

7.3.2 Gas meter locations (see figure 30)

Meter installations shall consider the following when selecting a site:

a) identification of possible sources of ignition;

b) avoidance of any location where meter may be subject to interference or vandalism;

c) avoidance of any location where meter may be subject to vehicular damage;

d) avoidance of any location where meter may prove to be a tripping hazards;

e) avoidance of any location where the meter may be subject to a natural hazards (bushfire, flooding);

f) allowance for adequate ventilation;

g) avoidance of any location beneath a habitable area including balconies (unless in a fire rated alcove or
a separate meter room);

h) avoidance of any location where escaping gas may become trapped i.e. below closed canopies or rooms
where gas cannot disperse into the atmosphere; and

i) avoidance of any shafts or service ducts where hose reels or fire extinguishers are fitted.

7.3.3 Prohibited meter locations

[Link] Prevent the installation of meters in locations where the meter casing is in direct contact with soil or
concrete walls. Alkali in concrete as well as other corrosive elements in soil can cause premature corrosion
of the meter casing.

[Link] The gas meter assembles shall not be installed in any of the following locations:

a) a bedroom;

b) a lift shaft or lift motor room;

c) a room specifically intended for electrical switchgear;

d) a fire-isolated stairway or passage;

e) a fire hydrant duct or hose reel cabinet;

63
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Edition 7

f) sprinkler or hydrant pump room;

g) 1 m from a source of ignition;

h) in such a position that would obstruct egress from a building;

i) in such a position where the meter would be subject to physical damage unless adequately protected;

j) in an area where excessive temperatures or sudden excessive changes in temperature may occur;

k) in the foundation area under a building;

l) in a cavity wall, unless installed in a fully sealed ventilated enclosure;

m) in a position where access for meter reading or maintenance is restricted;

n) in an unventilated area;

o) on the ground (directly);

p) on a floor which is frequently wetted;

q) on a floor which contains material which may corrode the metre; and

r) within 1 m of an openable window or air vent or opening.

7.3.4 Meters installed on the boundary may not be installed

a) within 600 mm from a property driveway,

b) further than 1 m inside the property boundary,

c) where it cannot be read from outside the boundary, and

d) where the necessary protection cannot be constructed.

64
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Edition 7

Figure 30 — Gas meter assembly protection

7.3.5 Meter assembly clearances

The gas meter and its associated assembly (e.g. regulator and relief valve) (or both) shall maintain the
following minimum clearances from the centreline of the attached regulator vent:

a) 1 m from any door, openable window, natural ventilation points or any other opening into the building or
enclosed space (excluding sub-floor ventilation openings),

NOTE Refer to figure 31 for reference point measurements.

b) 1 m from a source of ignition or a flue terminal,

c) 1 m from electrical equipment unless otherwise permitted,

d) 500 mm below an electricity meter box,

e) 300 mm from communication equipment unless otherwise permitted,

f) 500 mm from earth stakes,

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g) the minimum distance between any building opening and the relief venting device of a gas installation
shall be 1 m,

h) 2 m from mechanical air inlet (Note that the outdoor component of an air conditioner is not a mechanical
air inlet,

i) 3 m to any flammable materials storage area without approved protection against spillage and leakage,
and

j) 3 m from open fire appliances and barbeques (BBQs).

Figure 31 — Gas meter safety distances

7.3.6 Multiple meter assembly (see figure 32)

[Link] Where multiple meter are positioned in the same metering containment, each meter shall be clearly
and permanently marked indicating the dwelling number it services.

[Link] All meters shall be readily readable and be separated at least 40 mm apart.

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[Link] Meter above each other shall be separated 200 mm above each other for ease of maintenance.

[Link] The Main gas regulator may not be closer than 200 mm from finished ground or floor level as
applicable. The ground or floor level below the multi-meter assembly shall be of an impervious
(impenetrable) finish at least 500 mm beyond the foot print meter assembly.

[Link] The main isolation valve shall be a minimum of 100 mm from finished ground level for ease of
operation and shall be marked as "EMERGENCY GAS VALVE" in 50 mm high red letters on a white
background.

Figure 32 — Multi meter assembly

[Link] The distance between vent outlets of any single meter gas compartment and electrical equipment
shall be a minimum of 1 m.

[Link] It is permissible to locate gas and water meters in the same compartment or in close proximity to
each other. However, a minimum clearance of 150 mm shall be maintained between any component of the
gas and water installations.

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7.3.7 Metering panels and multi service ducts and enclosures

[Link] Gas meters may be fitted in suitable non-combustible gas meter panels, provided that they are
equipped with top and bottom ventilation. These panels shall be clearly marked to indicate the presence of
a gas meter. The gas meter box may not contain any electrical or water meters, however, meter boxes may
contain electronic gas billing equipment that complies with EN 16314.

[Link] Gas meter enclosures located inside walls, alcoves, pillars, boxes, and front wall compartments
shall have walls made of fire-rated material with a minimum fire resistance rating of 60 min. These walls
shall be gas tight, with only specific perforations in front cavity doors allowed for direct venting to the outside.

[Link] Where gas meters are installed in vertical multi services ducts, the following requirements shall be
complied with to protect all services in the duct:

a) Flues of any appliances or heat sources may not expose the meter casing to temperatures exceeding
50 °C.

b) Water meters may not be installed directly above the gas meter.

c) Drain or sewer inspection ports may not be directly above gas meters.

d) Electrical meter shall be a minimum of 500 mm from any gas meter.

e) Fire water piping shall be a minimum of 200 mm from a gas meter.

f) Gas meter shall be readable from the front of the service duct or enclosure.

g) Gas meter shall be permanently marked with the dwelling number that it serves.

h) Electrical cabling or earthing connection may not be connected to gas meters or its connection.

7.3.8 Gas meter pipework

[Link] Ensure that installation pipe work before the meter is thoroughly clean. Foreign materials such as
pipe scale, rust flakes, excessive plumbing tape, and excessive thread sealant shall be removed prior to
installing the meter.

[Link] The gas meter should be installed as close to level as possible in order to ensure accurate
operation. The direction of gas flow shall correspond to the arrow marked on the meter body.

[Link] Hand tighten the inlet and outlet swivel cap. Using a pipe wrench, alternate between both swivel
caps nuts and tighten approximately three flats (approximately 15 Nm to 25 Nm). "DO NOT OVER
TIGHTEN". Damage to the rubber gasket inside the swivel cap nut may result.

[Link] Never pressure test the pipeline against a metre.

[Link] Line operating pressure may not exceed 80 % of the maximum rated operating pressure of the
metre.

[Link] When installing a meter by-pass the bypass shall be equipped with a lockable valve.

[Link] Meter shall be supported with a suitable brackets and not cause undue strain on the connecting
pipework.

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[Link] Due to the variances on inlet and outlet threads of meters, they shall be supplier with suitable
couplings that fit standard pipe fittings or valves.

7.3.9 Meter operation

Consider the following for proper meter operation:

a) Before turning the gas on, check the system downstream of the meter to be sure that all connections are
made up and tight or that the downstream valve, if there is one, is closed.

b) Care shall be taken to prevent excessive flows and high pressure drops across the meter.

c) If care is not exercised when pressurising the meter over-speeding of the meters internal mechanism
may result in internal damage to the meter. To prevent over-speeding the pressure drop across the meter
should not exceed 125 Pa or (0,5 wc). This can be achieved by pressurising the meter and the
downstream pipe volume to appliances as slowly as is possible.

d) To avoid high differential pressure across the meter, open the upstream and downstream valves
"VERY SLOWLY" to prevent any pressure surges into or out of the meter.

7.4 Fixed pipe system

7.4.1 General

[Link] The size of a pipe system shall be determined by the maximum gas consumption rate of the
appliance(s) to be connected, considering any potential simultaneous demand. The pipe shall be large
enough to carry the maximum gas flow without experiencing excessive pressure loss in the line.

[Link] Figure 1 to figure 4 (inclusive) and figure 11 to figure 16 (inclusive) are examples of how the gas
pipeline can be connected.

NOTE For typical sizes of connecting pipes that are connected to individual appliances, see annex D.

7.4.2 Regulators

[Link] General

[Link] All regulators shall have a valid permit as issued by the safe appliance scheme or the safe gas
equipment scheme as applicable.

[Link] Single-stage low-pressure regulators shall comply with the requirements as given in SANS 1237.

[Link] First-stage regulator

A first-stage regulator delivering an intermediate pressure is normally required where gas draw-off points in
an installation are a considerable distance from the container position and the gas demand is high. The
pressure regulator at the container is set to deliver at a pressure higher than the appliance operating
pressure. This regulator shall be fitted outside of the building directly to the gas supply or manifold system.
Cognisance shall be taken of the vapour pressure of LPG and the lowest ambient temperature of the area to
ensure that the LPG vapour does not reliquefy. Gas pressure regulators for inlet pressures up to 100 bar
shall comply to relevant regulator standard.

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[Link] Second-stage regulator

A second-stage regulator shall only be installed between the first-stage regulator and the appliance. This
second-stage regulator may be installed inside a building, however, if it has a pressure relief valve for gas
release, it shall be piped to the outside of the building. The breather hole in a regulator casing does not need
to be piped to the outside.

[Link] Single-stage regulator

[Link].1 Single stage regulators shall not be installed inside the building unless they are fitted directly to a
gas container.

[Link].2 Any low pressure regulator shall be renewed at least every 10 y.

7.4.3 Installation and layout of pipework

[Link] General

[Link].1 The following requirements shall be considered and applied in addition to any similar specific
details that might be introduced by the registered installer:

a) HDPE pipes shall be used for the conveyance of LPG vapour only, and shall be buried;

b) composite pipe is subject to the limiting conditions as stated in table 8 and in addition:

1) use in ceilings is prohibited unless such pipes are enclosed in a steel sleeve that has no open joints;
and

2) the pipe shall not be used as a pigtail or connected directly to a container or be used as flexible
piping;

NOTE The preferred type of crimp style for use in South Africa is the "U" type.

c) for liquid applications up to and including 32 mm, nominal bore (NB) the pipe shall be schedule 80 for
carbon steel or schedule 80S for stainless steel; and may be threaded;

d) for vapour applications, schedule 80 carbon steel and schedule 80S stainless steel pipes may, for sizes
up to and including 80 mm, be threaded;

e) schedule 40 and SANS 62-1 (medium) carbon steel and schedule 40S stainless steel pipes may, for
sizes up to and including 32 mm, together with all attached fittings, be threaded for vapour application
only. For sizes above 32 mm, pipes shall only be joined by welding or flange;

f) where electrical cables are being run on the same wall, gas pipes shall be at least 150 mm apart from
the electrical cables and other electrical apparatus (see also [Link].8). This excludes electric cables in
appliances.

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[Link].2 If the building shows any sign of settlement or cracking and, in places where expansion joints are
applied, the pipework shall be protected against stresses caused by further movement of the building. For
example, the pipework should be mounted on wooden battens or consist of ample bends that will allow the
pipe to flex without being excessively stressed in the affected area.

[Link].3 Gas piping shall not be used as an earth for electrical circuits.

[Link].4 In buildings with wooden floors that consist of floor boards supported on joists and in which the
piping is installed before the boards are laid, the pipes shall run between and parallel to the joists and shall
be provided with proper supports.

NOTE 1 The usual method of securing the pipes to the side of a joist with clips is recommended.

NOTE 2 Where this is not possible, they can be laid across the joists in notches, provided that the depth of the notches
does not exceed one-fifth of the depth of a joist and their distance from the edge of the nearest support for the joist does
not exceed one-sixth of the span between joist supports.

[Link].5 Where practicable, notches shall have radiused corners, for example, the notches should be
formed by cutting into drilled holes.

[Link].6 Where pipes cannot be laid parallel to joists and the depth of the joists and the depth of the
required notches do not allow the use of a pipe of the required size, a number of smaller pipes of equivalent
total capacity can be used (see also [Link]). Spaces below wooden floors without sufficient cross ventilation
shall be considered a critical location.

[Link].7 Burrs formed when a pipe is cut, shall be removed, and any dust, dirt and scale inside the piping
and pipe fittings shall be cleaned out before assembly.

[Link].8 During the installation stage, care shall be taken to ensure that the bore of a pipe is not restricted
by the entry of any material.

[Link].9 While pipe fitting is in progress, all open pipe ends shall be temporarily capped or plugged (with
a screwed plug or a cap specifically designed for the purpose) pending extension or completion of the
installation.

[Link].10 The use of wooden and similar plugs are not acceptable.

[Link].11 Emphasis shall be placed on the need to

a) avoid interference with other installed services,

b) provide reasonable access for inspection, and

c) avoid the exposure of the pipes to abnormally high or low temperatures.

[Link].12 When piping will be laid in positions where abnormally low temperatures can occur, the piping
shall be lagged.

[Link].13 A pipe, conduit, sleeve, or other equipment recessed into any structural or separating element
which is required to have a fire resistance, shall be set into such element in such a manner that such fire
resistance is not reduced to below the required fire resistance (see SANS 10400-T).

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[Link].14 When pipes pass through sleeves or apertures in a separating element or any other fire-resistant
structure, the space between the pipe and the sleeve or aperture shall be fire stopped with a suitable system
of the same rating of the element it passes through. Such system shall have a test report prepared in
accordance with the requirements of SANS 10177-2 and shall be installed in accordance with the provisions
relating thereto. Every filling or seal subsequently disturbed shall be restored to its original condition.
Provision shall be made for the expansion of pipes between fixed points. PVC sleeves shall not be used in
this instance.

[Link].15 The proposed system should have a technical report for the intended application, installation
instructions and certification on completion.

[Link].16 Metallic pipes that pass through separating elements should be suitably insulated to prevent fire
spread through conduction.

[Link] Buried pipelines

[Link].1 All pipes shall be installed to a depth of at least 500 mm, measured from the surface to the top of
the pipe. For separation distances to other services, see figure 33. For buried pipelines, the backfill shall
incorporate an underground warning tape, which shall consist of a yellow inert plastic film with the words
"DANGER: BURIED GAS LINE BELOW" or similar in contrasting coloured letters, measuring at least 40 mm
high. The tape shall be formulated to resist degradation due to acids and alkalis found in soils, such as
polyethylene. For non-metallic buried pipes, the tape should include a metallic component, such as an
aluminium wire or tape, to identify the existence of the pipe.

Figure 33 — Minimum separation distances of other services from gas piping

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[Link].2 One of the following materials shall be used as backfill:

a) sand: clean, free from any organic material, for example:

1) plaster sand,

2) building sand, and

3) river sand;

b) gravel: clean and free flowing naturally rounded cohesionless gravel of nominal diameter 6 mm and of
particle size diameter in the range 3 mm to 10 mm. A washed river sand would also fall under this
classification.

c) Native soil from the excavation shall not be used for backfilling unless it is sifted with a maximum 6 mm
sieve.

d) Clay, silts, slags, and cinders shall not be used.

[Link].3 All buried pipework shall be covered by backfill of thickness at least 300 mm. Only clean backfill
shall be used around piping.

Ensure that the bottom of the excavation is flat, level and free from rocks and other foreign objects, and that
the highest point of the excavation is covered with at least 150 mm of backfill material.

[Link].4 All other joints that are not welded, soldered or electrofusion joints (for example mechanical joints)
shall be available for maintenance and shall not be buried.

[Link].5 HDPE pipes and fittings shall not be used above ground. When used underground these
assembled joints shall be electrofusion welded to the pipe. Mechanical joints shall not be used underground.
Where a riser is used the mechanical joint shall be above ground with the riser section not being more than
500 mm. Such risers shall be physically covered against the effect of direct sunlight and protected against
physical damage.

[Link].6 Where underground piping is beneath driveways, roads, or streets, possible damage by vehicles
shall be taken into account.

NOTE Welded, soldered or, in the case of HDPE piping, electro-fused jointing are excluded and not deemed to be
mechanical joints.

[Link].7 Underground installations shall be at least 300 mm from gas lines (see figure 34). This distance
shall be maximised to facilitate future excavation. Under exceptional circumstances, if a distance of 300 mm
cannot be achieved, the distance may be reduced provided that rubber pads are installed.

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Figure 34 — Crossing of underground installation

[Link] Concealed pipework

[Link].1 When pipes are chased in a concrete floor

a) any portion of the pipe shall be placed at least 50 mm measured from the top, or bottom of the floor to
the closest surface of the pipe, as appropriate (also see [Link].7),

b) all joints in steel pipes shall be welded,

c) all joints in copper pipes shall be soldered,

d) no mechanical joints shall be buried or embedded in floors or walls, and

e) steel and copper pipes shall be protected against corrosion in an approved manner.

NOTE Protection may mean an electrical conduit for copper tubing, or a wrapping for copper or steel piping, or plastic
coating, etc.

[Link].2 Pipes that are to be embedded in concrete before the completion of a floor shall

a) not have any type of mechanical joint,

b) when steel or copper piping is used for this purpose, be protected against corrosion in an approved
manner,

c) be placed at least 50 mm below the top of the floor, and

d) be pressure tested.

[Link].3 If a system of ducts is used, ventilation to open air shall be provided at the lowest point.

[Link].4 Branches in pipelines shall be developed with the use of standard wrought steel pipe fittings.

[Link].5 Copper pipes passing through any wall or ceiling shall be sleeved.

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[Link] Pipes in critical locations

[Link].1 Critical locations are locations where gas cannot be vented freely to the atmosphere. Examples
of these locations are basements, the cavities of cavity walls, lift shafts, flues, ceiling voids, roof voids, floor
voids or air ducts.

[Link].2 With the exception of steel pipes listed in 7.1, all pipes passing through lift shafts, flues, ceiling
voids or floor voids and air ducts shall be sleeved (see [Link].1(b) and [Link].5).

[Link].3 Where pipes pass through cavity walls, such pipes shall be sleeved. Pipes shall not be placed
vertically or horizontally in the void of a cavity wall.

[Link].4 Where copper tubes are used, they shall have no mechanical joints and shall be sleeved.

[Link].5 Care shall be taken to ensure metal to metal contact is prevented where sleeve and pipe are of
dissimilar metals.

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[Link].6 Gas pipelines should not be installed in any dedicated emergency route. However, where
approval from the local authority has been granted for installation in emergency routes, the pipe shall be
schedule 40 piping, be of welded construction (see also [Link].8), have no joints and shall be for vapour
use only.

[Link].7 The steel pipes listed in 7.1 may be installed in critical locations, provided that no mechanical
joints shall be made within these areas. Where pipes are to be welded, a competent person (welder) shall
undertake this work.

[Link].8 Where pipes are installed in accordance with the requirements of [Link].6, a pressure test of at
least 400 kPa shall be done to ensure that no leaks are in the system. The pressure shall be maintained for
at least 1 h to ensure that no pressure drop occurs.

[Link].9 Gas piping shall not be laid in the same service as “Electrical Bus-Bars”.

[Link].10 Gas piping shall be at least 150 mm away from any electrical cables where they run parallel to
each other (see also [Link].1(f)). Gas piping may cross electric cables or vice versa, provided that these
do not come into contact with each other and there are no joints in either line within 150 mm of such
crossings.

[Link] Supports and fixings for pipework

[Link].1 Piping shall be firmly supported, and particular attention shall be given to the strength and security
of hangers and similar supports.

[Link].2 The intervals between supports and fixings shall be as given in table 11 and table 12.

Table 11 — Intervals between pipe supports for rigid steel pipes

1 2 3
Maximum interval between pipe
Nominal size of supports
pipe
m
mm Vertical runs Horizontal runs
10 1,8 1,2
15 2,4 1,8
20 3,0 2,4
25 3,0 2,4

Table 12 — Intervals between pipe supports other than rigid steel pipes

1 2 3
Maximum interval between pipe
Nominal size of supports
pipe
m
mm Vertical runs Horizontal runs
8 1,2 0,6
10 1,5 0,9
15 1,8 1,1
20 2,4 1,8

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[Link].3 A support shall be provided within 150 mm of each pipe fitting. Supports shall be provided
adjacent to each bend in a pipe. Heavy components installed in the pipeline (for example, regulators,
changeover device, and manifold valves) shall be supported independently of the pipeline. On single
applications where the joint is made between the hose and the pipe, the pipe shall be supported at that joint.
Metal saddles should be used. Care shall be taken to ensure metal to metal contact is prevented where
saddle and pipe are of dissimilar metals. PVC saddles should not be used outdoors as these become brittle
due to UV radiation and break easily.

[Link].4 To allow for the use of tools on a joint without damaging the supporting surface, pipework and
supports shall be so arranged that joints stand clear of the surface on which they are supported.

[Link] Disconnection and clearing

Pipe runs require enough connectors or unions to allow the removal or alteration of lengths of pipe with
minimum damage to the structure and surrounding decorations. To effectively purge a pipeline, appropriate
gas bleeding arrangements shall be included in the pipeline, if not available on the appliance.

[Link] Reduction of resistance to flow

To prevent restriction of gas flow, the number of pipe fittings shall be kept to a minimum, and sharp changes
of direction shall be avoided. A bend in a pipe shall be of radius at least five times the diameter of the pipe
and shall be free from kinks. When fittings are used to cause a change of direction, bends shall be preferred.

[Link] Position of fixed gas supply points

[Link].1 Each gas supply point shall be situated to suit the position of the appliance that it serves, and
shall allow for convenient coupling to the appliance. Until the appliances are connected, each point shall be
securely capped or plugged, and so marked as to indicate that it is a gas point. Where the appliance is
removed from the system in use, such a gas point shall also be capped or plugged.

[Link].2 The gas supply point to a built-in space heater shall be as recommended by the manufacturer.

[Link].3 Each point intended for connection to an appliance shall have a shut-off valve.

[Link].4 Shut-off valves shall be accessible at all times.

7.4.4 Identification of pipework

Above ground piping shall be identified as gas pipe and comply with the requirements as given in
SANS 10140-3. Gas piping shall be identified for type of use and appropriately marked with "LPG-vapour
or LPG-liquid" as applicable every 2 m.

7.5 Joints and fittings (cocks, valves and unions)

NOTE See also tables 4 to table 10 for specific requirements.

7.5.1 Except for welded, soldered or electro fused joints, all joints, cocks, valves and unions (including the
unions on gaslight fittings) shall be readily accessible for maintenance and repair, and all joints shall be so
made as to avoid undue strain in the pipe system.

7.5.2 Joints in steel pipes can be made by welding, brazing or screwed connection (see also [Link]). Only
a competent person, who can provide proof of competency in welding, shall carry out welding and brazing.

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7.5.3 Screwed connections, both male and female threads shall be of matching type. Particular care shall
be taken to ensure that mating screw threads are of the same type, form and designation. No joint shall be
made by over-torque of unmating threads or by relying on the jointing compound for sealing. All threaded
connection shall be of metallic construction.

7.5.4 Only approved jointing material shall be used on male threads of screwed components. Hemp shall
not be used. Liquid sealants that become rigid when cured shall not be used.

7.5.5 Washers, gaskets and joint rings used for flanged joints shall be strong, gas-tight and durable.

7.5.6 In installations involving a number of branch lines, each branch line that supplies a different
occupancy, tenancy or division or group thereof, shall have a shut-off valve to allow its repair without shutting
off the whole installation. This shut-off valve can also be designated as in 7.2.2.

7.6 Flexible tubing and hose

7.6.1 Appliances that have to be moved for cleaning shall be connected to the gas system by flexible tubing
or hose (see 6.2.4).

7.6.2 Flexible tubing or hose can also be used for simple single container installations in which the
container is located indoors and directly connected to one appliance by means of a gas-pressure regulator.

7.6.3 The length of a flexible tube or hose shall not exceed 2 m, and flexible piping shall not extend from
one room to another or pass through any wall, partition, ceiling, window or floor.

7.6.4 Flexible tubing and hose shall be installed away from any position of mechanical damage and in a
position where it can be inspected at appropriate intervals (see 10.1).

7.6.5 Only approved types of nozzle (see SANS 1237) shall be used as end connections. The ends of the
tubes or hoses shall fit tightly over the inlet part of the nozzle.

7.6.6 All hose shall be clamped in position on the nozzle with a hose clamp.

7.6.7 Flexible tubing and hose shall not be exposed to heat in excess of 50 °C. Particular care shall be
taken when connecting a gas stove or a hotplate to ensure that the run of tubing or hose is kept well below
the level of the open burners. The tubing or hose shall also be kept well clear of the oven vent and should
not be taken around the back of the stove or flue outlet.

7.6.8 Each connecting tube or hose shall be in one piece and shall supply only one appliance, i.e. there
shall be no joints or T-junctions along its length.

7.6.9 Flexible tubing and hose shall be checked for signs of rupture, cracking and perishing, and shall be
replaced if necessary but at least every 5 y from date of installation.

7.6.10 For flexible hose and tube assemblies see 6.2.4 and table 10.

7.6.11 For manifold pigtail hoses see 5.6.

7.7 Provision of flues

7.7.1 Where an appliance is designed and permitted to be installed indoors with a functioning flue, a flue
meeting or exceeding the manufacturer’s requirements shall be installed to comply with SANS 10400-V.

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7.7.2 Flues shall be designed as described in annex E and permanent ventilation shall be installed in
accordance with 6.4.

7.7.3 The provision of flues on appliances is covered in SANS 1539 and flues shall be installed in
accordance with the requirements of SANS 1539.

7.7.4 A flue shall not be connected to an existing chimney leading from a fireplace unless:

a) the opening of the fire place is permanently sealed and the existing chimney free of soot; or

b) the flue is installed through the total height of the existing chimney to the outside, capable of removing
the combustion gases to the outside, whilst ensuring the existing chimney for the open fire still functions
adequately.

7.7.5 A flue shall be clear of all obstructions that might impede the flow of exhaust gases, and the
cross-sectional area of the flue shall nowhere be less than that of the flue collar on the appliance. A flue
pipe shall not enter into a draught diverter far enough to cause an obstruction.

7.7.6 Bends or sudden changes in the size and shape of the cross section of flues shall not impede the
draw of the flue.

7.7.7 Where two or more appliances are vented into a common flue, the individual flue pipes shall be joined
by Y-pieces situated at the greatest practicable height above the appliances. The cross-sectional area of
the common flue pipe shall be at least equal to the combined area of the flue collars on the individual
appliances.

7.7.8 A flue pipe shall run as near to the vertical as possible throughout its full length. Horizontal runs are
not recommended and shall be kept to a minimum and be as short as possible. Joints in the flue shall be so
constructed that condensate cannot seep through the joint and out of the flue.

7.7.9 Where horizontal runs cannot be avoided entirely, the horizontal sections shall be positioned as far
above the appliance as the layout will allow, and their total length shall not exceed 75 % of the total vertical
run. The horizontal pipes shall also rise slightly towards the flue outlet (enough to ensure that any water that
might condense in the flue will drain back towards the appliance). If the use of bends in a flue is unavoidable,
a bend of 45° is preferred. Where, however a 90° change in direction is unavoidable, a 90° bend with a
radius of at least three times the flue diameter shall be used.

7.7.10 The flue outlet shall be so positioned as to prevent down draughts. Frequently this means that the
outlet shall be above the highest point on the building, for example, approximately 1 m above the roof ridge
or, in the case of a flat-roofed building, 1 m above the parapet. The outlet shall have a rainproof terminal or
cowl of a type that does not restrict the flue. This cowl shall be screened to prevent birds from nesting in it
(see also annex E).

7.7.11 Excessive cooling of flue pipes can lead to reduced draught or heavy condensation inside the pipes
(or both). Flues shall be routed indoors as much as possible and thermally insulated where needed. If
cooling and condensation are expected to be problematic, a condensate trap shall be fitted at a suitable low
point in the flue.

7.7.12 The entire flue installation shall be completely fire resistant. Flue pipes shall be securely fastened
to stand clear of walls and ceilings. Where flue pipes pass through a ceiling, sleeves and ceiling plates shall
be fitted.

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7.7.13 When a flue pipe system is designed, careful consideration shall be given to the danger of a flue
causing fire in the woodwork or other combustible material in a building. No fluepipe system shall pass
through or within 75 mm of any combustible material, such as thatch roof, timber floor joist, trimmer or roof
truss, or batten unless a fire resistant, heat-insulating screen is fixed between the flue pipe(s) and the
combustible materials to ensure that the surface temperatures of the latter do not rise above 50 °C. The
clearance between any such screen and the flue pipe(s) shall be at least 25 mm. Alternatively a suitable
double skin insulated flue may be used.

7.7.14 Flue pipes shall be securely fixed and supported, and shall convey the flue gases to the outside of
the building. When a flue pipe passes through a roof or an outside wall, the junction shall be fully resistant
to weather and fire, and the materials used for this purpose shall also be resistant to corrosion.

NOTE If it is inconvenient or impossible for a flue pipe to pass through a roof (i.e. if it has to be taken through a wall),
a vent tile or other approved wall terminal may be used provided that it is properly positioned. Alternatively, where the
eaves permit, the flue may have a vertical section (riser) that is fitted with a suitable terminal that does not obstruct or
reduce the effective cross-sectional area of the flue or vent outlet.

8 Inspection, testing and instructions to users

8.1 Inspection and testing of new vapour installations
8.1.1 General
[Link] On completion, and before commissioning, the installation shall be inspected, tested, and approved
by the registered gas practitioner. The user shall be issued with a report that indicates that the installation
has been tested and that it complies with this part of SANS 10087.

[Link] The installation of new vapours shall be tested in the following sequence:

a) high-pressure stage;

b) intermediate-pressure stage (when used); and

c) low-pressure stage.

NOTE For inspection and testing of new liquid installations, see SANS 10087-3.

8.1.2 High-pressure stage

The valves and high-pressure connections shall be tested for leaks. For a twin container installation, the
following shall be carried out:

a) Close off the reticulation line.

b) Open the gas container(s) and use a soapy solution to test the manifold and pigtails connection(s) for
leaks.

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8.1.3 Intermediate-pressure stage (when used)

Before conducting the test, the outlet of the secondary pressure regulator shall be closed. The intermediate-
pressure stage should then be tested with inert gas, air, or nitrogen at a pressure of 1,5 times the operating
pressure for a minimum duration of 30 min, as described below:

a) Ensure that a test point or valve connection is available in the section of the line being pressure tested.

b) Check the operating pressure of in-line equipment prior to testing. Isolate such equipment where the
equipment is not able to withstand the required test pressure.

c) Connect the pump to the test point and pressurize the pipeline to 1,5 times the operating pressure.

d) Isolate the pump once the correct pressure has been attained.

e) Leave the pipeline under pressure for at least 30 min and check for a pressure drop.

f) Depressurize the system.

g) Components in the line that are not rated at 1,5 times the operating pressure shall be isolated before
testing.

8.1.4 Low-pressure stage

[Link] The complete low-pressure stage shall be tested in accordance with an acceptable method.

[Link] To conduct the test, isolate the downstream regulator at the outlet. Use the test method described
for the intermediate-pressure stage, with the exception that the pressure for this test shall be at least 22 kPa.

[Link] Leave the pipeline under pressure for at least 30 min and check for any leaks in the system.

8.1.5 Commissioning an appliance

An appliance shall be commissioned as follows:

a) Turn on the gas supply and purge the air from the system into a well-ventilated area.

b) Connect a manometer or an approved tester (see figure 35) to the appliance test point (see 6.2.2 for the
installation of test points).

c) Check and note the gas pressure with

1) all the burners alight,

2) only the smallest burner in the installation alight, and

3) all the burners turned off.

NOTE For additional information, see annex C.

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d) The type and size of the regulator and the performance of a low-pressure system can be regarded as
satisfactory if there is no fluctuation of pressure in 8.1.5(c)(1) and 8.1.5(c)(2) above, and if the pressure

1) does not fall below 2,8 kPa in 8.1.5(c)(1),

2) does not exceed 3,5 kPa in 8.1.5(c)(2), and

3) does not exceed 3,8 kPa in 8.1.5(c)(3).

e) The type and size of the regulator and the performance of a high-pressure system can be regarded as
satisfactory if there is no fluctuation of pressure in 8.1.5(c)(1) and 8.1.5(c)(2), and if the pressure

1) does not fall below 2,8 kPa in 8.1.5(c)(1),

2) does not exceed 3,5 kPa in 8.1.5(c)(2), and

3) does not exceed 3,8 kPa in 8.1.5(c)(3).

NOTE Certain appliances operate at a different pressure; therefore, cognisance of the operating pressure of the
appliance is to be considered. The correct type of regulator is to be used (for example, adjustable high-pressure
regulator) for these appliances.

Figure 35(a) — Test fitting

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Figure 35(b) — Test arrangement

Figure 35 — U-gauge test

8.2 Instructions to users

8.2.1 On completion of the installation, the registered installer shall provide a certificate to the user as well
as all relevant certificates that may be required as part of the installation.

8.2.2 The following markings shall be permanently displayed in a prominent position on or near the
installation:

a) the registered installer's name;

b) the date of installation;

c) the registered installer's registration number;

d) whether it is LPG vapour/LPG liquid (whichever is applicable);

e) the registered installer’s telephone number; and

f) safety signs as indicated in [Link].

8.2.3 The registered installer or authorized company representative shall provide the user with a printed
instruction sheet or a booklet that details the correct and safe handling of the LPG systems and appliances,
as well as appropriate general emergency procedures.

Particular attention shall be drawn to

a) the changing of containers and the risks involved,

b) the fact that the standby side of the installation shall not be left disconnected from the containers,

c) the action to be taken to disperse accidental accumulation of gas,

d) the action to be taken in case of fire,

NOTE LPG fires may not normally be extinguished unless the source of the LPG can be isolated.

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e) the fact that the so-called "empty" containers can be dangerous and shall be kept closed at all times,

f) the premises where gas is installed or used in quantities exceeding of 100 kg shall be registered with the
local authority. The registered installer shall ensure that the user or occupier is informed of such
requirements before commissioning the installation, and

g) the service intervals and maintenance requirements as indicated in 10.1.

8.2.4 All the above details shall be discussed with users to ensure that they fully understand all the details.
Their attention shall also be drawn to the information and warnings (when relevant) given in the product
brochures supplied with the appliance.

9 Electrical equipment and other sources of ignition

9.1 For appliances that have an open burner, electrical equipment, such as light switches; plugs and
isolators shall be at least 200 mm horizontally from the edge of the closest burner or at least 1,5 m measured
from the floor. If a heat deflector is installed above the burner, such as a cooker hood, the electrical point
can be installed above or behind the heat deflector (see figure 36 and figure 37).

Figure 36 — Typical Installation using a flexible hose and solid pipe

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Figure 37 — Typical installation for gas container directly connected to hob by means of a flexible
hose

9.2 All electrical installations shall be carried out by a registered electrical person as required by the
relevant national department (see foreword).

10 Ongoing inspection and repair

10.1 Inspection
The user shall be informed that appliances, components, of the installation and the distributing system shall
be inspected at regular intervals (not exceeding five years). These inspections are necessary to ensure that
all components are operating effectively, and that the system is leak-free.

10.2 Repair

10.2.1 Improper repair or adjustment of LPG installation components can result in hazardous conditions.
Only a registered installer or a registered appliance technician, appropriate to the appliance being installed,
shall therefore carry out such repairs. This is inclusive of the removal of appliances from a gas system.

10.2.2 Where such appliances are removed from the installation or where an installation has not been
completed, all open ends shall be permanently capped using a screwed plug or a cap specifically designed
for the purpose, pending the extension or completion of the installation. The use of wooden and similar plugs
shall be strictly prohibited.

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10.2.3 The manifold system shall be maintained on a planned inspection basis at intervals not exceeding
five years starting from the date of manufacture.

10.2.4 Repair and maintenance shall only be carried out by a registered installer and the defects in the
installation shall be rectified in accordance with the requirements of this part of SANS 10087.

10.2.5 Flexible pigtails shall be inspected for signs of rupture, cracking, chafing, and perishing and shall
be replaced if necessary. Pigtails that are over 5 y (as indicated by the date mark on the hose/brass fitting,
also refer to 5.6) shall be replaced.

10.2.6 The brackets that secure the manifold shall be checked for soundness.

10.2.7 The pipework shall be checked for corrosion and identification.

10.2.8 All valves shall be checked for free and full range of movement, leakage, positive shut off, corrosion
and mechanical damage.

10.2.9 The hydrostatic relief valve on liquid manifolds shall be inspected for corrosion and for any ingress
of foreign bodies into the operating mechanism. The relief valve shall be replaced if it exceeds 5 y from the
date of manufacture.

10.2.10 The regulator shall be checked for corrosion and mechanical damage. Where corrosion or
mechanical damage is found, the regulator shall be replaced or refurbished.

10.2.11 If gauges are fitted, they shall be checked for correct operation, and the gauge faces shall be
cleaned.

10.2.12 The system shall be leak-tested at all joints using a leak detection solution or system. All joints
where leaks become evident, shall be tightened or remade after the system has been depressurized.

11 Decommissioning of LPG installations

11.1 Where an installation or part of an installation is no longer in use, any associated equipment shall be
removed from such premises by a registered installer.

11.2 Before the removal of an installation or part of an installation, the registered installer shall ensure that
the removal of such a system shall not affect the safety of any person, the safe working of any part of the
installation (should it only be removed in part), or any other LPG installation.

11.3 Removing the entire installation involves removing at least the container, regulator, manifold, vaporizer,
appliance connection, and any related signage. As much of the pipework as possible shall be removed and all
open ends of any remaining pipes shall be permanently capped using a screwed plug or a cap specifically
designed for the purpose.

11.4 On completion of the decommissioning, the registered installer shall notify the body appointed by the
Chief Inspector of the relevant national department (see foreword), as well as the local authority if such
installation was required to be registered (see 5.3.6), of such removal.

11.5 For such modification or the removal of an installation, an installation report shall be issued.

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Annex A
(normative)

In-situ container filling requirements

A.1 General
This part of SANS 10087 applies to situations where the containers are installed on a customer’s premises
in their normal fixed location and are filled on site directly from a road tanker.

A.2 Containers
Containers can be filled in situ, subject to the following conditions:

a) an individual container shall have a water capacity exceeding 120 L, up to and including 500 L;

b) each container shall be fitted with an approved pressure relief device;

c) each container shall have an automatic shut-off valve which shall operate at the maximum allowed liquid
level (80 %) applicable to the container being filled;

d) each container may be fitted with a float level gauge device;

e) vent filling should not be allowed;

f) In the case of direct filling, such containers shall be restrained that they remain upright in the event of a
break away. In the case of remote filling, the filling point shall be firmly secured; and

g) Each container shall be placed at least 100 mm from any wall or obstruction, including another container,
so as to allow for the inspection of the container (see A.3) to be conducted and shall have a clearance of
at least 1 m to the front of the container for accessibility.

A.3 Filling
A.3.1 General
A.3.1.1 Any person filling a dumpy container shall be fully trained.

A.3.1.2 The pre-filling inspection and actual filling of containers shall be done in accordance with the
relevant clauses of SANS 10087-7.

A.3.1.3 The dumpy container shall not be due for a periodic inspection or testing.

A.3.1.4 Any permission to fill the container shall be granted by the owner of the container in writing, since
the container history is an essential reference for correct filling.

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A.3.2 In-situ Container filling

A.3.2.1 Filling operations shall not be conducted by a single operator unless the container being filled is
visible to the operator while positioned on the truck. All persons carrying out the filling operation shall be
fully trained in accordance with SANS 10087-3 and SANS 10087-4.

A.3.2.2 Filling of containers shall not be carried out at night or in poor lighting conditions, unless all
essential gauges, connections, and valves are illuminated by suitable lighting. The lighting shall comply with
electrical standards for the defined hazardous atmosphere zones.

A.3.2.3 The vehicle shall be so positioned that its hose is within easy reach of the filling connection point.

A.3.2.4 The hand brake of the vehicle shall be on, and shall carry chocks which shall be used to prevent
the vehicle from rolling when parked. The engine of the vehicle shall not be running, except when it is needed
to operate the pump, and the bonding cable shall be attached.

A.3.2.5 One of the extinguishers shall be removed from its mounting and kept at a ready position whilst
the operator remains in attendance.

A.3.2.6 Before starting the filling operation, the surroundings, the vessel, and the connections shall be
visually inspected to ensure that there are no unusual or hazardous situations and conditions.

A.3.2.7 Warning notices, in accordance with SANS 1186-1, PV1 (smoking prohibited), PV2 (fire or light or
both prohibited), PV3 (thoroughfare for pedestrians prohibited) shall be prominently displayed in addition to
signage fitted to the vehicle.

A.3.2.8 Before connecting an LPG delivery hose, it is important to ensure that the operator and the storage
container are at the same electrical potential. The operator will achieve this by touching the container with
a bare hand while holding the nozzle of the hose delivering the LPG. This precaution prevents the possibility
of an ignition spark caused by the discharge of static electricity that may have built up in the operator’s body.

A.3.2.9 When filling operations are commenced, a further examination for leakage at connection points
shall be carried out.

A.3.2.10 When gauges indicate that nearly the required amount of LPG has been transferred to the
storage vessel, the flow shall be shut off.

A.3.2.11 After the completion of the transfer of LPG, all connections shall be disconnected and a full
inspection shall be made to ensure that the facility is safe and the vehicle is in a fit condition to be driven
away.

A.4 Vehicle bonding and earthing

A.4.1 Earthing
A.4.1.1 The pipework at the bulk vehicle off-loading point shall be earthed.

A.4.1.2 The earthing conductor shall be attached to the pipes as close as possible to the coupler where
the hose will be connected.

A.4.1.3 This earth point can either be in the form of an earth spike driven into the ground at a convenient
position as close as possible to the loading point or an earthing conductor connected to the pipework and
to the equipotential earthing system.

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A.4.2 Bonding

A.4.2.1 The vehicle bonding cable shall be attached to the off-loading earth point.

A.4.2.2 The bonding cable shall be the first connection made to the earth point (before any hoses are
attached) and it shall only be removed after all hoses have been disconnected.

A.5 Positioning of vehicle during in-situ filling

The road tanker shall be positioned as follows:

a) All practical steps shall be taken to park the tanker away from public roads. Only rigid tankers may be
used to fill from the roadway, and cognisance shall be taken of the restrictions contained in the relevant
national legislation (see foreword),

b) Warning signs complying with SANS 1186-1 shall be displayed indicating no smoking, no naked flame,
no unauthorized entry, and no cellular phones allowed,

c) Road tankers shall be at least 3 m away from any container and fill point (or both),

d) Consideration shall be given for electrical zoning (see SANS 10087-3),

e) The tanker shall be parked so that it can be readily driven or towed away in an emergency without
recourse to reversing,

f) The tanker shall not obstruct entrances to buildings or obstruct fire escapes and shall be located as far
as practical from open doorways,

g) No delivery hoses shall pass through any buildings or over, or under any wall or fence, and

h) Filling across a pavement or public walkway is only permitted when approved by the local authority and
under conditions specified by the local authority.

A.6 Supervision of road tanker

Any road tanker exceeding 10 000 kg of LP gas shall be under constant supervision in accordance with
SANS 10231.

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Annex B
(informative)

Occupancy classification in accordance with SANS 10400-A

Table B.1 gives the occupancy or building classifications in accordance with SANS 10400-A.
Table B.1 — Occupancy or building classifications in accordance with SANS 10400-A

1 2
Class of
Occupancy
occupancy
A1 Entertainment and public assembly
Occupancy where persons gather to eat, drink, dance or participate in other recreation.
A2 Theatrical and indoor sport
Occupancy where persons gather for the viewing of theatrical, operatic, orchestral, choral,
cinematographical or sport performances.
A3 Places of instruction
Occupancy where school children, students or other persons assemble for the purpose of tuition
or learning.
A4 Worship
Occupancy where persons assemble for the purpose of worshipping.
A5 Outdoor sport
Occupancy where persons view outdoor sports events.
B1 High risk commercial service
Occupancy where a non-industrial process is carried out and where either the material handled
or the process carried out is liable, in the event of fire, to cause combustion with extreme rapidity
or give rise to poisonous fumes, or cause explosions.
B2 Moderate risk commercial service
Occupancy where a non-industrial process is carried out and where either the material handled
or the process carried out is liable, in the event of fire, to cause combustion with moderate rapidity
but is not likely to give rise to poisonous fumes, or cause explosions.
B3 Low risk commercial service
Occupancy where a non-industrial process is carried out and where neither the material handled
nor the process carried out falls into the high or moderate risk category.
C1 Exhibition hall
Occupancy where goods are displayed primarily for viewing by the public.
C2 Museum
Occupancy comprising a museum, art gallery or library.
D1 High risk industrial
Occupancy where an industrial process is carried out and where either the material handled or
the process carried out is liable, in the event of fire, to cause combustion with extreme rapidity or
give rise to poisonous fumes, or cause explosions.
D2 Moderate risk industrial
Occupancy where an industrial process is carried out and where either the material handled or
the process carried out is liable, in the event of fire, to cause combustion with moderate rapidity
but is not likely to give rise to poisonous fumes, or cause explosions.
D3 Low risk industrial
Occupancy where an industrial process is carried out and where neither the material handled nor
the process carried out falls into the high or moderate risk category.
D4 Plant room
Occupancy comprising usually unattended mechanical or electrical services necessary for the
running of a building.

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Table B.1 (concluded)

1 2
Class of Occupancy
occupancy
E1 Place of detention

Occupancy where people are detained for punitive or corrective reasons or because of their
mental condition.
E2 Hospital
Occupancy where people are cared for or treated because of physical or mental disabilities and
where they are generally bedridden.
E3 Other institutional (residential)
Occupancy where groups of people who either are not fully fit, or who are restricted in their
movements or their ability to make decisions, reside and are cared for.
E4 Health care
Occupancy which is a common place of long term or transient living for a number of unrelated
persons consisting of a single unit on its own site who, due to varying degrees of incapacity, are
provided with personal care services or are undergoing medical treatment.
F1 Large shop
Occupancy where merchandise is displayed and offered for sale to the public and the floor area
exceeds 250 m2.
F2 Small shop
Occupancy where merchandise is displayed and offered for sale to the public and the floor area
does not exceed 250 m2.
F3 Wholesalers’ store
Occupancy where goods are displayed and stored and where only a limited selected group of
persons is present at any one time.
G1 Offices
Occupancy comprising offices, banks, consulting rooms and other similar usage.
H1 Hotel
Occupancy where persons rent furnished rooms, not being dwelling units.
H2 Dormitory
Occupancy where groups of people are accommodated in one room.
H3 Domestic residence
Occupancy consisting of two or more dwelling units on a single site.
H4 Dwelling house
Occupancy consisting of a dwelling unit on its own site, including a garage and other domestic
outbuildings, if any.
H5 Hospitality
Occupancy where unrelated persons rent finished rooms on a transient basis within a dwelling
house or domestic residence with sleeping accommodation for not more than 16 persons within
dwelling unit.
J1 High risk storage
Occupancy where material is stored and where the stored material is liable, in the event of fire, to
cause combustion with extreme rapidity or give rise to poisonous fumes, or cause explosions.
J2 Moderate risk storage
Occupancy where material is stored and where the stored material is liable, in the event of fire, to
cause combustion with moderate rapidity but is not likely to give rise to poisonous fumes, or cause
explosions.
J3 Low risk storage
Occupancy where the material stored does not fall into the high or moderate risk category.
J4 Parking garage
Occupancy used for storing or parking of more than 10 motor vehicles.

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Annex C
(informative)

Testing the adjustment of burners

C.1 Check the operation of each burner in every appliance and ensure that the aeration controls are
correctly adjusted and locked.

C.2 Check the performance of the thermostats on ovens with a suitable thermometer.

C.3 Ensure that the pilot burner and flame failure devices function correctly.

C.4 Check all water heaters for water discharge temperature and ensure that their adjustments are
correctly set.

Annex D
(informative)

Determination of pipe sizes

D.1 Calculation of pipe size in relation to demand rate

D.1.1 To determine the size(s) of pipe required in a gas pipe system, it is necessary to establish the
amount of gas (expressed in terms of MJ/h) that passes through each section of pipe when all the appliances
are turned full-on.

D.1.2 The rating of each appliance is given in the manufacturer’s service manual or on the appliance data
plate. The ratings given in table D.1 may be used as a guide.

D.1.3 The principles used to establish the required pipe diameter is commonly called the "Index Length
Method". Another term for this is the "Longest Length Method". As the descriptive name indicates, it uses
as the starting point for establishing the pipe diameter required per section, the pipe run in metres to the
most remote appliance from the low-pressure regulator.
The pipe size for each section shall be determined using the longest length of piping from the point of
delivery to the most remote outlet and the load of the section. This means from the outlet of the low-pressure
regulator to the connection point of the appliance furthest from the regulator outlet.

D.1.4 The practical effect of this is that if there are three appliances to be installed, measure the distance
that each appliance is from the low-pressure regulator. For example, we have one at 10 m, one at 5 m and
one at 12 m. Then the Index Length to be applied when using the pipe sizing tables below would be 12 m.
This figure would be used for all the individual appliances, with the only difference between them when
reading the tables being the actual gas demand for each appliance.

D.1.5 In the following examples, the pipe length per section is given. However, this is only given to easily
identify the longest total run in order to establish the Index Length that is used in reading the pipe sizing
tables. The individual pipe section lengths are not referred to when determining from the pipe sizing tables
the actual pipe diameter required per section. Only the Index Length is used.

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D.1.6 The important figure per individual section is the total gas demand that each section is required to
carry.

D.1.7 Always carry out this exercise on each installation to ensure that the pipe diameter per section has
enough capacity to carry the gas demand. Failure to do this can easily result in the pipe being too small to
supply sufficient gas to meet the appliance demand.

D.1.8 When a pipework system is designed, provision should be made for additional appliances which
might be installed at a later date, and pipe sizes should, therefore, be large enough to cater for such future
extensions.

D.1.9 The pipe sizing tables below refer only to copper or steel pipe. For information on pipe sizing tables
for other pipe materials such as composite pipe or corrugated stainless steel pipe, refer to the
manufacturer’s published tables.

Table D.1 — Appliance ratings

1 2

Appliance Typical rating MJ/h

Gas stove, normal domestic 42

Gas stove, large domestic 63
Gas hob 35
Portable hotplate (2 burner) 16
Instantaneous water heater-multi point heater (14 L) 117
Instantaneous water heater-multi point heater (11 L) 90
Instantaneous water heater-single point or sink heater 37
Storage water heater – large (135 L) 95
Storage water heater – medium (80 L) 90
Storage water heater – small (60 L) 58
Gas light 2
Refrigerator 2
Space heater – large size with flue 40
Space heater – size flueless 30
Space heater – portable e.g. roll about heater 15
NOTE 50 MJ/h = 1 000 g/h (1 000 g/h lpg = 50 MJ/h heat output).

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Example A is a fully worked example of a basic layout involving three different appliances each with its
own gas demand.

NOTE An allowance for bends, elbows, and T-pieces, is included in tables D.2 to D.10 (inclusive).

Example B

The objective of this example is to

a) explain the process to establish the index length, and

b) having established the Index Length, identify the minimum pipe diameter per identified pipe section by
using the relevant pipe sizing table.

For the purposes of the exercise it is to be assumed that

a) the installation is low pressure, and

b) the piping material is copper.

NOTE The information below refers to figure D.1.

Step 1

Find Index Length =AB + BC + CE + EF = 13 m

Ignore the lengths CD and EG as these branches do not contribute to the calculation of the index length.

Step 2

Find total gas demand for each section

AB + BC = AC = 95 + 35 + 2 = 132 MJ/h

CD = 95 MJ/h

CE = 35 + 2 = 37 MJ/h

EF = 2 MJ/h

EG = 35 MJ/h

Step 3

Find the row to match the Index length using table D.2 for a low-pressure installation in copper pipe. As our
index length is 13 m we shall use the row for 15 m. Never size down always use the next higher figure if
your measured index length falls between two figures.

The index length is used to all the succeeding length references. The section lengths are not used in
determining the pipe diameter to be used.
Step 4
Now that we have identified the row in table D.2 select the pipe diameter for the sections as listed in step 2.

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Then: AB + BC = 132 MJ/h

Reading along the row for 15 m in table D.2 and taking note that the rule is to always go to the next higher
figure if the rating you are trying to match falls between two figures, we require a pipe diameter for that
section of 22 mm.

Then: CD = 95 MJ/h

Reading along the row for 15 m in table D.2 we require a pipe diameter for that section of 22 mm.

Then CE = 37 MJ/h

Reading along the row for 15 m in table D.2 we require a pipe diameter for that section of 15 mm.

Then EF = 2 MJ/h

Reading along the row for 15 m in table D.2 we require a pipe diameter for that section of 9,5 mm.

Then EG = 35 MJ/h

Reading along the row for 15 m in table D.2 we require a pipe diameter for that section of 15 mm.

Figure D.1 — Pipe sizing

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Table D.2 — Low pressure pipe sizing — Copper pipe

pressure drop 0,25 kPa

1 2 3 4 5
Index Pipe diameter in mm
length 9,5 15 22 28
m MJ/h MJ/h MJ/h MJ/h

3 48 199 495 1 057

6 33 137 340 726

9 27 110 273 583

12 22 94 233 499

15 20 84 207 442

18 18 75 188 401

21 17 70 173 369

24 16 65 161 343

27 15 60 151 322

30 14 57 142 304

38 12 51 126 269

45 11 47 114 244

53 N/A 42 105 225

60 N/A 39 98 209

75 N/A 35 87 186

90 N/A 32 78 167

NOTE 1 The flowrates above do not include any loses for bends and fittings.

NOTE 2 For pipe runs with bends or fittings, the following can be added:

a) 1 m per elbow tee; and

b) 0,6 m per long bend.

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Table D.3 — Low pressure pipe sizing — Schedule 40 pipe

pressure drop 0,25 kPa

1 2 3 4

Index length Pipe diameter in mm

15 (1/2) 19 (3/4) 25 (1)
m
MJ/h MJ/h MJ/h

3 308 644 1 219

6 212 443 834

9 170 356 670

12 145 304 573

15 129 270 509

18 117 245 460

21 107 225 424

24 100 209 394

27 94 196 370

30 89 186 350

38 78 164 310

45 71 148 281

53 66 137 258

60 61 127 241

NOTE 1 The flowrates above do not include any loses for bends and fittings.

NOTE 2 For pipe runs with bends or fittings, the following can be added:

a) 1 m per elbow Tee; and

b) 0,6 m per long bend.

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Table D.4 — Low pressure pipe sizing — Corrugated stainless steel pipe
pressure drop of 0,250 kPa

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Length of straight pipe in metres
DN 2 5 6 8 10 15 20 25 30

mm LP Gas flow — MJ/h

12 120 77 70 61 55 45 39 25 32

15 268 173 159 138 124 103 89 80 74

22 591 379 347 301 271 222 193 173 159

28 1 070 676 617 534 477 390 337 301 275

35 1 903 1 145 1 035 883 780 623 531 469 424

40 3 701 2 329 2 124 1 831 1 640 1 336 1 155 1 032 941

50 8 535 5 410 4 941 4 282 3 832 3 132 2 714 2 429 2 218

DN
35 40 45 50 55 60
mm
12 30 28 26 25 24 23

15 68 64 61 58 55 53

22 147 138 130 124 118 113

28 255 238 224 213 203 194

35 389 362 339 319 303 289

40 871 814 767 727 693 663

50 2 054 1 922 1 813 1 720 1 641 1 571

For high pressure requirements the supplier shall be consulted.

NOTE 1 The flow rates above include losses for four 90 ° bends and two end fittings.

NOTE 2 For tubing runs with additional bends or fittings, add 1 m per fitting or bend.

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Table D.5 — Low Pressure pipe sizing — Pex composite pipe

pressure drop of 0,250 kPa

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

LP Gas flow — MJ/h

Pipe
(+) metres per
Nom. Dia. Length of straight pipe in meters
fitting
(mm)a
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

16
168 102 76,3 62,1 52,9 46,4 41,5 37,7 34,7 1,7
(8,5)
20
374 230 173 141 121 106 95,4 86,9 80 1,4
(11,0)
25
663 440 346 291 255 229 209 193 180 0,8
(14,2)
32
1 240 861 693 594 527 478 440 409 384 0,6
(20,0)
40
2 920 1 880 1 450 1 210 1 050 939 852 783 727 N/A
(26,0)
50
5 270 3 540 2 800 2 370 2 090 1 880 1 720 1 590 1 490 N/A
(34,5)

*Size (+) metres per

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
(mm) fitting

16
32,2 27,4 24 21,5 19,6 18 16,7 15,6 14,6 1.7
(8,5)
20 (11,0) 74,3 63,5 55,9 50,2 45,7 42 39 36,5 34,4 1,4
25 (14,2) 169 148 133 121 112 105 98.3 92,9 88,3 0,8
32 (20,0 363 322 292 269 251 235 222 211 202 0,6

40 (26,0) 680 590 526 477 438 406 380 358 339 N/A
50 (34,5) 1 400 1 230 1 110 1 010 942 880 829 784 746 N/A
a) The values in brackets indicate the PEX fittings mean bore sizes in mm.

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Table D.6 — Low pressure pipe sizing — HDPE pipe

pressure drop — 0,25 KPA
(MJ/h)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Nom Length of straight pipe
Diam m
(DM)
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
20
40 569 384 305 259 228 205 188 174 163
3966 2698 2151 1831 1615 1458 1336 1239 1160
63 13496 9211 7359 6273 5541 5006 4593 4263 3992
90 44511 30468 24386 20814 18404 16641 15281 14192 13295
75340 51635 41358 35319 31242 28258 25957 24113 22595
110 204280 140313 112534 96191 85149 77065 70825 65825 61705
160
Length of straight pipe
m
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
20
40 153 135 121 111 102 96 90 85 81
1093 963 868 796 737 690 649 615 585
63 3763 3321 2998 2749 2550 2387 2249 2131 2029
90 12541 11080 10012 9188 8529 7987 7531 7140 6801
21317 18841 17031 15636 14519 13599 12825 12163 11587
110 58236 51513 46594 42800 39761 37258 35151 33347 31781
160
Length of straight pipe
m
65 70 75 80 85 90 100 120 140
20
40 77 74 71 69 68 66 63 58 54
559 536 515 496 479 464 437 393 360
63 1940 1860 1789 1725 1667 1613 1520 1370 1256
90 6504 6239 6003 5790 5596 5420 5109 4612 4229
11082 10633 10232 9870 9542 9242 8714 7869 7218
110 30404 29181 28087 27101 26205 25387 23946 21640 19862
160
Length of straight pipe in metre

m
160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320
20
40 51 49 47 45 43 41 40 39 38
333 311 293 277 264 252 241 232 223
63 1164 1088 1025 970 923 882 845 813 783
90 3922 3670 3459 3277 3120 2982 2860 2750 2652
6697 6269 5909 5601 5333 5098 4890 4703 4535
110 18440 17269 16284 15441 14709 14066 13495 12985 12524
160
NOTE 1 The flow rates indicated above do not include any losses due to bends and fittings.
NOTE 2 For pipe runs with bends or fittings, the following may be added:
a) 1 m per elbow or Tee; and
b) 0,6 m per long bend.

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D.2 Two-stage regulation

D.2.1 The installation of a two-stage system with one high-pressure regulator at the container to
compensate for varied inlet pressures, and one low pressure regulator at the building to supply a constant
delivery pressure to the appliances, helps ensure maximum efficiency and trouble-free operation. This type
of installation is preferred when the appliances are a long way from the containers. In a single stage system,
the transmission line piping between the container and the appliances shall be large enough to
accommodate the required volume of gas at a maximum pressure drop of 0,28 kPa.

D.2.2 In contrast, the line between the first and second stage regulators in two-stage systems can be a
smaller diameter as it delivers gas up to 150 kPa to the second stage regulator. Therefore, in addition to the
improved performance reliability regarding pressure at the appliance(s), the savings in piping costs would
often be found sufficient to pay for the second regulator.

D.2.3 Table D.7 to table D.10 (inclusive) give pipe sizes for first stage high pressure installation with an
assumed inlet pressure of 100 kPa and a 10 % pressure drop at the end of the line.

NOTE The total length of piping given is from the outlet of the first stage regulator to the inlet of the second stage
regulator (or to the inlet of the second stage regulator furthest away where multiple second stage regulators are
installed).

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Table D.7 — High pressure pipe sizing — Copper pipe

pressure drop 10 kPa

1 2 3 4 5

Index Pipe diameter

length
mm
m 9,5 15 22 28
MJ/h MJ/h MJ/h MJ/h
3 544 2 279 5 650 12 084

6 373 1 569 3 890 8 300

9 300 1 261 3 116 6 667

12 257 1 081 2 671 5 703

15 228 955 2 364 5 056

18 206 865 2 141 4 579

21 190 796 1 972 4 219

24 176 741 1 834 3 992

27 165 694 1 728 3 678

30 156 656 1 632 3 447

38 139 582 1 442 3 085

45 125 527 1 304 2 788

53 116 484 1 198 2 565

60 107 452 1 124 2 385

75 95 400 991 2 120

90 86 363 898 1 919

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Table D.8 — High Pressure Pipe Sizing — Schedule 40 pipe

pressure drop 10 kPa

1 2 3 4
Index Length
Pipe diameter

mm
m
15 (½") 19(¾") 25(1")
MJ/h MJ/h MJ/h
3 3 519 7 367 1 3886
6 2 417 5 067 9 540
9 1 940 4 070 7 653
12 1 664 3 477 6 551
15 1 473 3 085 5 809
18 1 336 2 798 5 268
21 1 230 2 576 4 844
24 1 145 2 396 4 505
27 1 071 2 247 4 229
30 1 013 2 120 3 996
38 899 1 876 3 540
45 814 1 707 3 201
53 748 1 569 2 947
60 696 1 452 2 745
75 617 1 293 2 427
90 560 1 166 2 505

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Table D.9 — High pressure pipe sizing — Composite pipe

Pressure drop — 10 kPa

1 2 3 4 5

Length of Pipe nominal size

pipe run
mma
m
16 20 25 32

LP gas flow (MJ/h)

2 2 255 3 617 8 538 1 6495

4 1 525 2 421 5 774 1 1042

6 1 211 1 932 4 584 8 766

8 1 021 1 637 3 923 7 578

10 909 1 444 3 409 6 586

12 810 1 294 3 099 5 927

14 752 1 182 2 817 5 443

16 683 1 096 2 626 5 048

18 646 1 037 2 436 4 705

20 609 966 2 305 4 409

25 542 848 2 013 3 889

30 483 764 1 830 3 500

35 444 700 1 661 3 246

40 411 659 1 541 3 019

45 381 605 1 465 2 801

50 357 573 1 359 2 664

55 343 539 1 286 2 495

60 325 515 1 223 2 397

70 300 511 1 135 2 197

80 275 441 1 042 1 998

90 259 409 981 1 872

100 241 383 919 1 773

120 216 346 828 1 596

140 201 318 752 1 451

160 184 298 698 1 345

a The values in brackets indicate the PEX fittings mean bore sizes in
millimeters.

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Table D.10 — High pressure pipe sizing — HDPE pipe

Pressure drop — 10,0 Kpa
(MJ/h)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Nom Length of straight pipe
Diam m
(DM)
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
20
25 3251 2240 1801 1542 1368 1240 1141 1062 998
7696 5303 4264 3652 3239 2936 2702 2515 2363
32 18198 12548 10088 8641 7663 6947 6394 5950 5597
40 33387 23024 18510 15855 14061 12747 11732 10918 10272
60957 42047 33803 28954 25678 23278 21424 19939 18767
50 112984 77970 62684 53692 47616 43165 39729 36974 34827
63
75 181952 125593 100970 76699 76699 69530 63994 59557 56121
90 292918 202262 162607 123520 123520 111975 103060 95913 90435
110 497178 343591 276228 209829 209829 190217 175072 162932 153843
160 1333879 922538 741668 563388 563388 510730 470067 437469 413613
Length of straight pipe
m
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
20
25 943 837 760 700 652 611 578 549 524
2233 1984 1801 1659 1545 1449 1370 1302 1242
32 5291 4708 4283 3950 3677 3448 3261 3100 2959
40 9711 8642 7864 7253 6753 6332 5988 5693 5435
17742 15799 14386 13273 12359 11585 10958 10419 9949
50 32931 29357 26766 24713 23015 21566 20404 19405 18534
63
75 53069 47336 43184 39885 37149 34803 32933 31324 29921
90 85529 76358 69731 64441 60027 56220 53211 50622 48363
110 145538 130205 119182 110286 102763 96177 91082 86689 82852
160 391388 350844 321854 298204 277943 259956 246315 234539 224240
Length of straight pipe
m
65 70 75 80 85 90 100 120 140
20
25 502 483 465 449 435 422 399 362 333
1190 1144 1102 1065 1031 1000 945 857 790
32 2836 2726 2628 2539 2458 2384 2255 2047 1886
40 5209 5007 4827 4664 4515 4379 4142 3761 3466
9535 9167 8837 8539 8267 8019 7585 6890 6351
50 17766 17083 16470 15915 15411 14950 14145 12856 11855
63
75 28684 27583 26594 25701 24888 24145 22848 20772 19158
90 46370 44595 43001 41560 40249 39050 36961 33620 31018
110 79463 76443 73730 71274 69039 66993 63447 57775 53346
160 215137 207016 199714 193103 187081 181567 172052 156841 144933

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Table D.10 (concluded)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Nom Length of straight pipe

Diam m
(DM) 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320
20 310 291 275 261 249 239 230 221 214
25 735 690 652 620 592 567 545 525 507
32 1757 1650 1560 1483 1415 1356 1303 1256 1214
40 3229 3032 2867 2725 2601 2492 2396 2309 2230
50
63 5917 5558 5255 4995 4769 4570 4392 4233 4090
11048 103981 9817 9333 8911 8540 8210 4913 7646
75 17857 16781 15871 15089 14409 13809 13275 12797 12364
90 28919 27181 25712 24449 23349 22379 21516 20742 20042
49768 46799 44287 42125 40239 38577 37096 35768 34567
110 135292 127282 120494 114647 109545 105042 101030 97428 94170
160

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Annex E
(normative)

Flue design

E.1 Flue design for appliances with atmospheric burners

E.1.1 Introduction
E.1.1.1 Table E.1 to table E.10 (inclusive) have been calculated to allow for approximately 50 % burner
excess air and approximately 100 % draught diverter dilution air.

E.1.1.2 Flues required to convey flue gases with greater quantities of excess air, dilution air, or other
combustion products are to be designed for the total quantity of flue gas discharge, using sound engineering
practice.

E.1.1.3 Table E.1 to table E.7 (inclusive) show the extent and limitations of natural draught flues, relative
to the thermal input, height, total length, diameter and other important factors to suit a wide variation in flue
configuration.

E.1.1.4 Table E.8 shows equivalent sizes for round and rectangular flues.

E.1.1.5 Table E.9 shows the relationship between percentage carbon dioxide (% CO 2), volume of flue gases
and amount of excess air.

E.1.2 Factors influencing flue design

E.1.2.1 Heat loss

E.[Link] In determining the correct size and configuration for a flue, the heat losses that will occur due to
the materials used and the environment in which the flue will be located shall always be considered. Since
the motive force in a flue is due to the heat of the flue gases, the ideal conditions are those in which heat
losses from the flue are very low.

E.[Link] Materials which are insulated against heat loss (e.g. certified twin-wall flue) or materials of low
thermal conductivity are particularly suitable when the flue is located outdoors or if it is very long.

E.[Link] Non-insulated flue materials, when located indoors and not exposed to draught, can be classified
as ‘low heat loss’ when applying the flue tables indicated in this part of SANS 10087. When located outdoors,
the same materials are classified as "high heat loss".

E.1.2.2 Resistance to flow of flue gases

E.[Link] The resistance to the flow of flue gases shall be considered in the design of the flue. The
capacities shown in table E.1 to table E.9 (inclusive) with laterals make an allowance for two 90° changes
of direction.

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E.[Link] When more than two 90° changes of direction are required, the flue shall be sized using one of
the following methods:

a) A 10 % capacity reduction is made to the table for each additional bend or change of direction (e.g. one
additional change, 90 % of table capacity or two additional changes, 80 % of table capacity).

b) Increase the flue diameter from the draught diverter outlet size to one size larger.

NOTE For calculation purposes, the flue capacity will be increased by approximately 60 % of the difference in capacity
of the actual appliance or draught diverter flue size, and the capacity of a similar flue one size larger. Any further increase
in size is not recommended because it will not have a similar corresponding effect.

E.[Link] When using the tables to determine the flue size for wall furnaces and room heaters (excluding
forced air central heaters), the appliance gas consumption should be regarded as 40 % greater than the
nominal figure on the data plate. For example, a wall furnace with a gas consumption of 40 MJ/h would need
to be sized for 40 × 1,4, that is, 56 MJ/h.

E.1.3 Designing individual appliance flues

E.1.3.1 Design procedure

E.[Link] The procedures for using the tables E.1 to E.9 (inclusive), whether for low heat loss or high heat
loss, are identical.

E.[Link] Use table E.2 or table E.3, as appropriate, based on the type of material selected and the location
of the flue in regards to heat loss.

STEP 1 Determine the total flue height (H) of the system and the length of any lateral (see figure E.1.)

STEP 2 Refer to table E.2 for low heat loss situations or table D.3 for high heat loss situations. Read down
the ‘Total height of flue’ column at the left of the appropriate table until a height equal to the height
of the flue or the next lower flue height figure is listed.

STEP 3 Select the horizontal row for the appropriate 'Length of lateral' (L). (Zero for straight vertical
systems).

STEP 4 Read across to the first column that shows a capacity equal to or greater than the appliance gas
consumption (after any factor indicated by E.1.2.2 has been applied).

STEP 5 If the flue diameter shown at the top of the column listing the appliance gas consumption
(or corrected gas consumption) is equal to or larger than the appliance flue outlet, use the
diameter indicated in the table.

If the diameter indicated is less than the appliance flue outlet size, the smaller diameter may be used only
where

a) the flue height is greater than 3 m,

b) flues exceeding 300 mm in diameter are not reduced by more than two sizes (600 mm to 500 mm is a
two size reduction), or

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c) flues 300 mm in diameter or less are not reduced by more than one size (200 mm to 175 mm is a one
size reduction).

However, under no circumstances shall a 75 mm flue be connected to an appliance having a 100 mm flue
outlet. Contact should be made with the technical regulator if a greater heat input into a flue is required.

E.1.3.2 Example of flue design for individual appliance flue

E.[Link] Water heaters should be installed with a flue configuration as shown in figure E.1. The total height
shall be 2,5 m while the lateral length is 600 mm, and the gas consumption of the appliance is 120 MJ/h.

E.[Link] The appliance flue connection (draught diverter) is 125 mm diameter. The flue will be located in
a duct within the building except for 600 mm through the roof.

STEP 1 Because the flue will be inside the building, the appropriate table will be table E.2.

STEP 2 Under the column headed ‘Total height of flue’ locate 2,5 m.

STEP 3 Locate the line in the next column corresponding to a lateral of 0,6 m.

STEP 4 Reading across the line to the right, note that the figures in the first two columns (i.e. 42 and 79)
are less than the appliance gas consumption (120 MJ/h). The figure in the third column is greater
than the appliance gas consumption and so the diameter (125 mm) at the top of this column would
be suitable. Therefore a 125 mm diameter flue would be used.

E.[Link] If it is essential to locate the 2,5 m vertical flue on an external wall using non-insulated materials,
then table E.3 should be consulted. Adopting the former procedure, table D.3 indicates that a 150 mm
diameter flue would be required.

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Figure E.1 — Individual appliance flue

E.[Link] The common flue tables, table E.4 to table E.7 (inclusive), apply when the individual draught
diverter outlets from appliances connected to the common flue are within range of table E.1. Use table E.4
to table E.7 (inclusive) as appropriate for low heat loss or high heat loss situations.

E.[Link] If the largest draught diverter outlet exceeds the range specified in table E.1, increase the flue
connector rise by an additional 300 mm beyond what is indicated in table E.4 and table E.6, (see figure E.4).

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Table E.1 — Common flue-maximum draught-diverter size

1 2
When the smaller draught The larger diverter diameter
diverter diameter is shall not exceed
mm mm
75 200
100 250
125 300
150 400
175 450
200 500
250 600

E.1.4 Performance of common flue

E.1.4.1 General

E.[Link] The effective functioning of a common flue system depends on the precise design of the flue
connector. This component connects each appliance from the draught diverter outlet to the common flue
(see figure E.2 and figure E.3).

E.[Link] The flue connector configuration in diameter, lateral, rise and total length is of major importance
not only to prevent spillage at the appliance draught diverter but also to contribute to the correct performance
of the common flue. In all cases the flue connector diameter shall be equal to or larger than the draught
diverter outlet size.

E.1.4.2 Flue connector-change of direction

Tables E.4 and E.6 allow for two 90° changes of direction, and if a further change of direction is necessary,

a) provide the next size larger flue connector,

b) increase the flue connector rise by 300 mm, or

c) deduct 10 % for each additional change of direction from the listed capacity in the relevant table.

E.1.4.3 Resistance to flow of flue gases — Manifolds and laterals

E.[Link] Where a common flue has a manifold or lateral at the base (see figure E.3) the design shall allow
for additional resistance to flow due to the change of direction. The (L) lines in table E.5 include an allowance
for this increased resistance.

E.[Link] The length of a manifold or lateral shall be as short as possible, and designed in accordance with
tables E.2 and E.3. Where these tables do not cover the particular installation, the lateral flue shall not
exceed 50 % of the total flue height.

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E.[Link] Where two or more appliances are installed to operate simultaneously, and not independently,
the manifold and vertical flue can be designed as an individual appliance flue using table E.2 or table E.3.
In this instance, the manifold is treated as a lateral length in design.

E.1.5 Design of common flue — Appliances at different levels

E.1.5.1 Design factors

E.[Link] The flue extending from the first or lowest appliance connector to the common flue can be
designed as an individual flue up to the first interconnection or tee. The flues from other appliances
connecting to the common flue should be designed using the common flue tables (see table E.5 and
table E.7).

E.[Link] In applying the tables to several appliances installed at different levels, the ‘total height of flue’ is
the rise in the flue connector plus the vertical height between the connection to the common flue and the
next connection above (see figure E.2). The top floor appliance has a total flue height that is the rise in the
flue connector plus the vertical height from the connection with the common flue to the flue terminal.

E.[Link] When using the tables for several appliances installed at varying levels, the "total height of flue"
includes the rise in the flue connector plus the vertical height between the connection to the common flue
and the next connection above (see figure E.2). For the top floor appliance, the total flue height comprises
the rise in the flue connector plus the vertical height from the connection with the common flue to the flue
terminal.

E.[Link] If the total height of the top appliance’s flue is insufficient, consideration should be taken to
providing a separate flue for that appliance.

E.[Link] Where the diameter of the common flue is more than seven times the diameter of the flue
connector, the rise of the flue connector is to be increased by 300 mm as indicated in figure E.4.

E.1.5.2 Example of flue design for appliances at different levels

E.[Link] Water heaters are to be installed on each of the four levels in a building (see figure E.2). The
height between floors shall be 3 m and each appliance shall have a 100 mm flue outlet and a gas
consumption of 50 MJ/h. The length of each lateral is 600 mm.

STEP 1 The lowest appliance flue is designed using table E.2. For 0,6 m lateral and 3 m total height, a
100 mm flue diameter has a capacity for a gas consumption up to 85 MJ/h which is above that
required (i.e., 50 MJ/h).

STEP 2 The tee connection to receive the second appliance flue and the next section of common flue
shall have capacity to serve the two appliances i.e. 100 MJ/h, but first the flue connector size is
determined.

E.[Link] From table E.4, under 'Least total height' locate 3,0 m. Reading across, note that with 0,3 m flue
connector rise, a 100 mm flue has capacity for 53 MJ/h, which is adequate.

STEP 3 The common flue size to carry 100 MJ/h is determined next. From table E.5, under 'Least total
height', locates 3,0 m. As the common flue is vertical, without change of direction and the
appliances are individually attached, Type V (for vertical) applies.

Read across to the right to find that a 125 mm common flue is satisfactory up to 131 MJ/h.

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STEP 4 The third appliance is now considered for addition to the common flue, which then requires
capacity for 150 MJ/h. Two alternatives may be considered:

a) Design the third section of common flue using the same total height between connections as previously,
i.e., 3 m on the assumption that the top floor appliance will be connected to the common flue.

b) Design on the basis that the top floor appliance will not be joined to the common flue but flued separate ly.

E.[Link] After the increase in the total flue height above the third appliance. With the assumption that it is
now 6 m, according to table E.5, the following alternatives shall be considered:

a) For alternative (a) with a 'Least total height' of 3.0 m, a 150 mm common flue would be suitable, with a
capacity of up to 188 MJ/h.

b) For alternative (b) with a 'Least total height' of 6,0 m, a 125 mm common flue would be suitable, with a
capacity of up to 169 MJ/h.

NOTE This illustrates the increase in capacity through additional total height. The choice between the two alternatives
may be decided on the grounds of economy and availability of space.

E.1.5.3 Alternative method using oversize common flue

E.[Link] An alternative approach to designing flues for high-rise buildings is to install an oversized common
flue with a constant diameter along its entire length. The connectors are then designed as individual flues,
classified as self-venting (see figure E.2).

E.[Link] The common flue acts as a duct for the conveyance of flue gases but not necessarily contributing
to satisfactory draught in the flue connectors.

E.1.6 Design of common flue — Appliances at same level

E.1.6.1 Total flue height

When applying the tables to multiple appliances installed at the same level, the "total flue height" is
calculated as the rise in the flue connector to the manifold, plus the vertical height between the flue connector
and the top of the common flue (see figure E.3).

E 1.6.2 Example of flue design for appliances at same level

Four water heaters are to be installed on the ground floor of a four-level building, connected through a
manifold to a common flue (see figure E.3). Each appliance has a 100 mm flue outlet, a gas consumption
of 50 MJ/h, and will operate independently.

Due to space constraints, the flue connector rise is limited to 600 mm, with a spacing of 750 mm between
connectors.

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STEP 1 The flue connector size is determined from table E.4. The total height from the appliance draught
diverter to the flue terminal is 18 m. In order to have a rise in the manifold it is assumed that the
connector rise of the appliance farthest from the common flue is 300 mm.

From table E.4, with a total height of 18 m and a rise of 0,3 m, a 100 mm diameter flue connector has a
capacity of 70 MJ/h, which is adequate.

STEP 2 The manifold shall be sized as a common flue since all appliances do not operate simultaneously.
Using table E.5, the type L line is used. For a total height of 18 m, on the L line, a 150 mm diameter
flue has a capacity of 273 MJ/h that is greater than the total appliance gas consumption of
200 MJ/h. A 125 mm diameter flue cannot be used as it has a capacity of only 188 MJ/h.

STEP 3 Ensure the manifold length 'A' (see figure E.3.) does not exceed 50 % of total flue height.

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Figure E.2 — Common flue for several appliances installed at

different levels and using self-venting flue connectors

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Figure E.3 — Common flue for several appliances installed at the same level

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Figure E.4 — Combining a small flue into a large flue

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Table E.2 — Individual appliance flues low heat loss materials and environments (indoor locations
or insulated flues)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Total Length Capacity of flue
height of
of flue lateral MJ/h

Diameter of flue (D)

m m mm
H L 75 100 125 150 175 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
2 0 49 91 149 216 301 390 601 897 1234 1614 2068 2564 3112 3714
0,6 38 71 111 166 229 301 480 686 939 1234 1561 1952 2342 2817
1,5 34 64 106 157 216 288 459 665 918 1213 1551 1920 2332 2796
2,5 0 53 99 164 248 338 438 696 1023 1393 1836 2342 2901 3545 4231
0,6 42 79 127 190 261 340 543 786 1076 1414 1794 2226 2701 3218
1,50 40 74 121 181 252 329 531 772 1066 1403 1778 2205 2685 3210
3,0 0 56 106 175 269 364 475 760 1118 1530 2031 2585 3218 3914 4695
0,6 44 85 136 206 288 375 591 897 1192 1561 1994 2469 2996 3576
1,5 42 81 131 197 279 364 578 879 1173 1541 1974 2443 2971 3566
4,5 0 61 118 197 301 411 554 886 1308 1815 2395 3060 3819 4653 5592
0,6 51 98 158 237 333 437 712 1039 1424 1867 2384 2954 3598 4304
1,5 47 94 154 231 323 422 696 1029 1396 1844 2358 2930 3571 4280
3,0 44 87 147 220 307 399 670 1013 1359 1805 2314 2889 3526 4239
6 0 64 126 213 324 454 607 981 1424 2005 2659 3429 4283 5254 6330
0,6 54 106 175 263 365 496 797 1161 1604 2110 2711 3376 4125 4959
1,5 51 101 169 254 356 482 779 1142 1578 2085 2683 3348 4093 4919
3,0 46 94 158 241 339 467 749 1102 1540 2047 2638 3302 4041 4853
4,5 41 89 151 230 329 450 728 1076 1504 2018 2605 3261 4010 4844
9 0 68 135 232 354 501 686 1118 1635 2289 3081 3977 5011 6172 7488
0,6 59 118 195 295 416 564 913 1382 1899 2511 3218 4020 4906 5908
1,5 55 114 190 288 406 553 898 1360 1873 2479 3186 3991 4876 5857
3,0 51 106 180 275 391 536 875 1323 1828 2427 3133 3945 4826 5772
4,5 – 100 172 263 377 517 850 1287 1785 2374 3081 3897 4776 5686
6,0 – 95 162 250 362 499 827 1250 1741 2321 3028 3851 4726 5602

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Table E.2 (concluded)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Total Length Capacity of flue
height of MJ/h
of flue lateral
Diameter of flue (D)
m m mm
H L 75 100 125 150 175 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
12 0 70 139 241 372 528 723 1203 1825 2532 3408 4110 5560 6858 8292
0,6 62 124 209 314 443 611 1013 1498 2110 2806 3608 4537 5549 6668
1,5 57 120 203 306 435 599 1005 1478 2079 2767 3569 4492 5502 6623
3,0 54 114 194 296 422 581 965 1457 2031 2703 3505 4418 5427 6549
4,5 50 108 184 286 410 562 936 1414 1875 2639 3401 4346 5351 6477
6,0 – 101 176 275 398 544 907 1382 1931 2595 3376 4273 5275 6404
18 0 – 143 249 394 564 770 1319 2026 2847 3851 5001 6330 7786 9495
0,6 – 132 225 348 496 686 1118 1693 2374 3186 4136 5233 6467 7803
1,5 – 126 217 342 487 674 1104 1674 2351 3159 4104 5203 6422 7762
3,0 – 120 207 331 474 656 1078 1643 2313 3113 4051 5154 6346 7680
4,5 – 115 196 321 460 638 1054 1612 2276 3068 3998 5105 6292 7611
6,0 – – 186 310 446 621 1030 1518 2238 3033 3946 5056 6195 7536
7,6 – – 175 300 433 603 1005 1550 2200 2977 3893 5005 6120 7640
24 0 – – 252 405 580 797 1361 2131 3038 4115 5381 6805 8440 10286
0,6 – – 229 369 522 721 1208 1836 2595 3503 4547 5750 7111 8651
1,5 – – 217 363 514 711 1194 1817 2571 3474 4514 5712 7071 8605
3,0 – – 206 352 501 695 1171 1785 2533 3427 4459 5650 7006 8529
4,5 – – – 331 476 664 1125 1723 2455 3333 4352 5524 6875 8376
6,0 – – – 342 488 679 1148 1757 2492 3379 4406 5587 6941 8452
7,6 – – – 321 464 648 1102 1691 2416 3285 4298 5462 6810 8300
30 0 – – – 422 591 812 1382 2163 3112 4273 5592 7069 9073 10867
0,6 – – – 396 538 739 1234 1920 2690 3693 4853 6119 7596 9284
1,5 – – – 382 531 730 1223 1902 2670 3666 4816 6085 7556 9238
3,0 – – – 368 519 716 1204 1873 2638 3622 4756 6030 7991 9161
4,5 – – – 354 507 703 1186 1842 2604 3578 4696 5976 7424 9084
6,0 – – – – 496 689 1167 1812 2571 3534 4635 5921 7359 9007
7,6 – – – – 484 675 1148 1783 2538 3490 4574 5866 7292 8930

9,1 – – – – 473 661 1129 1753 2506 3446 4515 5806 7227 8853

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Table E.3 — Individual appliance flues high heat loss materials and environments
(outdoor locations with non-insulated flues)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Total Length Capacity of flue
height of MJ/h
of flue lateral
Diameter of flue (D)
m m mm
H L 75 100 125 150 175 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
2 0 41 74 122 179 245 329 528 791 – – – – – –
0,6 33 58 99 149 205 274 438 654 – – – – – –
1,5 30 54 93 135 187 255 411 633 – – – – – –
2,5 0 44 80 133 195 266 359 572 860 1224 1604 – – – –
0,6 34 64 108 162 222 300 476 717 1023 1340 – – – –
1,50 31 59 100 149 205 279 454 684 995 1308 – – – –
3,0 0 47 89 146 213 294 392 639 962 1393 1846 2279 3102 – –
0,6 37 71 117 177 246 328 563 802 1161 1540 2005 2585 – –
1,5 34 64 110 161 227 305 506 764 1129 1505 1965 2541 – –
4,5 0 52 96 159 235 329 445 722 1097 1530 2099 2722 3418 4241 5180
0,6 41 76 129 196 274 369 601 913 1277 1751 2268 2849 3534 4326
1,5 37 71 116 179 253 343 570 870 1242 1712 2236 2801 3479 4271
3,0 32 61 109 167 235 325 542 839 1182 1646 2152 2722 3387 4178
6 0 56 107 172 266 361 496 812 1255 1772 2416 3165 3988 4937 6066
0,6 44 84 143 222 302 414 676 1044 1477 2015 2638 3323 4115 5064
1,5 40 78 130 203 279 384 644 997 1438 1973 2587 3264 4051 4998
3,0 34 69 121 188 260 364 602 960 1372 1899 2500 3165 3946 4885
4,5 — 58 110 172 241 344 580 918 1319 1825 2416 3075 3890 4779
9,0 0 59 114 193 291 405 558 926 1445 2026 2775 3608 4558 5697 7227
0,6 46 89 156 243 338 665 770 1203 1688 2310 3007 3798 4748 6014
1,5 – 82 145 222 312 433 732 1139 1646 2260 2948 3735 4677 5934
3,0 – 72 132 207 289 409 692 1108 1572 2173 2849 3629 4558 5803
4,5 – – 119 187 272 386 659 1055 1509 2094 2754 3518 4442 5676
6,0 – – 109 172 253 363 629 1013 1445 2015 2659 3408 4326 5549
15 0 – 127 222 327 467 622 1034 1635 2321 3165 4115 5275 6583 8229
0,6 – 100 180 274 390 519 865 1361 1931 2638 3429 4399 5486 6858
1,5 – – 168 247 361 500 823 1298 1880 2578 3362 4333 5407 6763
3,0 – – 154 233 335 481 770 1255 1794 2479 3249 4220 5275 6604
4,5 – – – 211 308 429 744 1192 1725 2384 3139 4093 5138 6467
6,0 – – — 195 291 405 707 1139 1656 2289 3028 3967 5001 6330
24 0 – – – – – – – – 2659 3587 4695 5855 7332 9115
0,6 – – – – – – – – 2216 2986 3904 4959 6119 7638
1,5 – – – – – – – – 2156 2919 3776 4879 6024 7524
3,0 – – – – – – – – 2057 2806 3703 4748 5866 7332
4,5 – – – – – – – – 1978 2701 3576 4600 5718 7174
6,0 – – – – – – – – 1899 2595 3450 4452 5570 7016

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Table E.4 — Maximum flue connector pipe carrying capacity — Low heat loss materials and
environments

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Least Common Capacity of flue
total flue type MJ/h
height
m Diameter of flue (D)
m mm
H L or V 100 125 150 175 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
1,5 L 51 80 115 157 206 327 480 665 876 1118 1403
V 63 100 145 196 255 404 578 793 1036 1308 1614
1,8 L 55 87 123 169 222 343 494 747 976 1234 1524
V 69 109 155 211 274 433 620 860 1124 1419 1751
2,4 L 61 96 137 188 243 385 549 837 1092 1382 1709
V 77 120 172 235 306 491 688 962 1255 1593 1962
3,0 L 66 103 150 204 264 417 599 913 1192 1509 1862
V 83 131 188 255 332 522 751 1050 1372 1735 2142
4,5 L 77 120 173 236 306 485 692 1063 1387 1757 2173
V 96 152 217 295 385 596 870 1222 1593 2015 2490
6,0 L 85 134 192 264 343 538 768 1188 1551 1962 2427
V 108 169 242 327 427 675 966 1361 1783 2258 2785
9 L 99 155 223 306 396 622 890 1400 1830 2310 2859
V 124 195 281 380 496 781 1081 1609 2099 2659 3281
12 L 111 173 249 338 443 696 997 1574 2057 2606 3218
V 138 214 311 427 554 865 1245 1809 2363 2986 3693
18 L – 188 273 371 485 760 1161 1846 2405 3049 3766
V – 236 342 464 607 950 1456 2121 2764 3505 4326
24 L – – 290 395 515 807 1300 2057 2690 3408 4199
V – – 363 494 644 1008 1625 2374 3091 3914 4842
30 L – – – 404 528 823 1408 2258 2943 3724 4600
V – – – 505 659 1029 1762 2585 3376 4273 5275

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Table E.5 — Maximum common flue carrying capacity — Low heat loss
materials and environments

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Least Capacity of flue
total MJ/h
height Common
flue type Diameter of flue (D)
m mm
H L or V 100 125 150 175 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
1,5 L 51 80 115 157 206 327 480 665 876 1118 1403
V 63 100 145 196 255 404 578 793 1036 1308 1614
1,8 L 55 87 123 169 222 343 494 747 976 1234 1524
V 69 109 155 211 274 433 620 860 1124 1419 1751
2,4 L 61 96 137 188 243 385 549 837 1092 1382 1709
V 77 120 172 235 306 491 688 962 1255 1593 1962
3,0 L 66 103 150 204 264 417 599 913 1192 1509 1862
V 83 131 188 255 332 522 751 1050 1372 1735 2142
4,5 L 77 120 173 236 306 485 692 1063 1387 1757 2173
V 96 152 217 295 385 596 870 1222 1593 2015 2490
6,0 L 85 134 192 264 343 538 768 1188 1551 1962 2427
V 108 169 242 327 427 675 966 1361 1783 2258 2785
9 L 99 155 223 306 396 622 890 1400 1830 2310 2859
V 124 195 281 380 496 781 1081 1609 2099 2659 3281
12 L 111 173 249 338 443 696 997 1574 2057 2606 3218
V 138 214 311 427 554 865 1245 1809 2363 2986 3693
18 L – 188 273 371 485 760 1161 1846 2405 3049 3766
V – 236 342 464 607 950 1456 2121 2764 3505 4326
24 L – – 290 395 515 807 1300 2057 2690 3408 4199
V – – 363 494 644 1008 1625 2374 3091 3914 4842
30 L – – – 404 528 823 1408 2258 2943 3724 4600
V – – – 505 659 1029 1762 2585 3376 4273 5275

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Table E.6 — Maximum flue connector pipe carrying capacity — High heat loss
materials and environments

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Least total Commo Capacity of flue
height n flue MJ/h
type
m Diameter of flue (D)
mm
H L 75 100 125 150 175 200
1,8 to 2,4 0,3 22 42 72 108 154 216
0,6 30 56 91 131 188 248
0,9 36 64 103 155 215 290
4,5 0,3 24 46 81 123 189 253
0,6 32 59 97 141 205 280
0,9 37 68 108 164 228 314
9,0 and 0,3 26 52 89 136 200 285
over 0,6 33 61 102 153 223 311
0,9 38 72 113 173 245 339

Table E.7 — Maximum common flue carrying capacity —

High heat loss materials and environments

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Least Capacity of flue
total MJ/h
height
Diameter of flue (D)
m mm
H 100 125 150 175 200 250 300
1,8 51 82 117 164 216 338 –
2,4 58 94 135 185 247 385 533
3,0 62 100 143 200 264 417 591
4,5 75 121 177 241 322 506 728
6,0 84 136 196 274 359 580 833
9,0 – 155 227 317 422 686 992
15,0 – – – 380 517 855 1255

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SANS 10087-1:2024
Edition 7

Table E.8 — Equivalent sizes for round and rectangular flues

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Round Rectangular flue sizes
flue
diameter mm
mm
100 100 × 100 – – – – – – – –
125 125 × 100 100 × 125 – – 75 × 200 – – – –
150 200 × 100 150 × 125 125 × 150 100 × 175 100 × 200 – – – –
175 275 × 100 200 × 125 175 × 150 150 × 175 125 × 200 – – – –
200 375 × 100 275 × 125 225 × 150 225 × 175 175 × 200 150 × 225 – – –
225 500 × 100 375 × 125 300 × 150 250 × 175 225 × 200 200 × 225 – – –
250 – 475 × 125 375 × 150 300 × 175 275 × 200 250 × 225 200 × 250 – –
300 – – 500 × 150 425 × 175 350 × 200 350 × 225 300 × 250 250 × 300 –
350 – – – 600 × 175 500 × 200 475 × 225 450 × 250 350 × 300 300 × 350
400 – – – – 700 × 200 600 × 225 575 × 250 450 × 300 400 × 350
450 – – – – – 850 × 225 725 × 250 575 × 300 500 × 350
500 – – – – – – 975 × 250 750 × 300 625 × 350
NOTE Sizes outside of those indicated are not normally used.

124
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SANS 10087-1:2024
Edition 7

Table E.9 — Flue gases — Relationship between % CO2, volume flow rate and % excess air

1 2 3
CO2 Volume Excess air
% L/s/MJ/h %
10 0,10 33
9 0,11 50
8 0,13 67
7 0,14 90
6,7 0,15 100
6 0,17 120
5 0,20 170
4,4 0,23 200
4 0,25 230
3,3 0.30 300
3 0,33 400
2,2 0,45 500
2 0,50 570
1,7 0,60 700
1,2 0,80 1 000
1,0 1,00 1 200
0,8 1,20 1 500
0,6 1,60 2 000
0,5 2,00 2 600

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Copying and network storage prohibited.
You can make one paper copy of the standard; No paper copy may be photocopied or reproduced in any way.

SANS 10087-1:2024
Edition 7

Bibliography
ASME B 16.5, Pipe flanges and flanged fittings NPS ½ through NPS 24.

ASME B 16.21, Nonmetallic flat gaskets for pipe flanges.

ASME-BPVC 7, Construction of pressure vessels.

BS 1600, Specification for dimensions of steel pipe for the petroleum industry.

BS 5292, Specification for jointing materials and compounds for installations using water, low-pressure
steam or 1st, 2nd and 3rd family gases.

BS 6891, Specification for the installation and maintenance of low pressure gas installation pipework of up
to 35 mm (R114) on premises.

BS 7838, Specification for corrugated stainless steel semi-rigid pipe and associated fittings for low-pressure
gas pipework of up to DN 50.

EN 16125, LPG Equipment and Accessories – Pipework systems and supports – LPG in liquid phase and
vapour pressure phase.

EN 1762, Rubber hoses and hose assemblies for liquefied petroleum gas, LPG (liquid or gaseous phase),
and natural gas up to 25 bar (2,5 MPa) – Specification.

EN 16314, Gas meters – Additional functionalities.

ISO 3821, Gas welding equipment – Rubber hoses for welding, cutting and allied processes

NFPA 54, National gas fuel code.

SANS 1774, Liquefied petroleum gases.

SANS 4633/ISO 4633, Rubber seals – Joint rings for water supply, drainage and sewerage pipelines –
Specification for materials.

SANS 10019, Transportable pressure receptacles for compressed, dissolved and liquefied gases – Basic
design, manufacture, use and maintenance.

SANS 10108, The classification of hazardous locations and the selection of apparatus for use in such
locations.

SANS 10400-K, The application of the National Building Regulations – Part K: Walls.
SANS 50334, Gas pressure regulators for inlet pressures up to 100 bar.

HSNOCOP 38, In-situ filling of LPG cylinders.

AS/NZS 5601.1, Gas installations – Part 1: General installations.

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