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Experimental Research Methods Explained

Chapter 10 discusses pre- and true experimental research methods, highlighting the differences in design characteristics, such as random selection and assignment. It outlines various experimental designs, including one-shot case studies and pretest-posttest control groups, while addressing threats to internal and external validity. The chapter emphasizes the importance of maximizing validity through randomization and control groups to ensure reliable and generalizable results.

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4 views16 pages

Experimental Research Methods Explained

Chapter 10 discusses pre- and true experimental research methods, highlighting the differences in design characteristics, such as random selection and assignment. It outlines various experimental designs, including one-shot case studies and pretest-posttest control groups, while addressing threats to internal and external validity. The chapter emphasizes the importance of maximizing validity through randomization and control groups to ensure reliable and generalizable results.

Uploaded by

Vi Phạm
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Chapter 10

Pre- and True Experimental Research Methods


Determining Cause - Effect Relationships

Vaccine

Negative

Patients
Determining Cause - Effect Relationships

Placebo

Positive

Control Group

Vaccine
Negative

Experimental Group
Random selection and Random assignment
Pre-experimental designs are characterized by
✓ No random selection of participants from a population
Pre-Experimental Designs
✓ No random assignment of subjects/individuals
✓ No control group

One-shot case study design


Pre-experimental designs are characterized by
✓ No random selection of participants from a population
Pre-Experimental Designs
✓ No random assignment of subjects/individuals
✓ No control group

One-group pretest – posttest design


True experimental designs are characterized by
✓ Random selection of participants from a population
TRUE Experimental Designs
✓ Random assignment of subjects/individuals
✓ Control group

Pretest posttest control group design


True experimental designs are characterized by
✓ Random selection of participants from a population
TRUE Experimental Designs
✓ Random assignment of subjects/individuals
✓ Control group

Pretest posttest control group design (>1 treatment/experimental group)


True experimental designs are characterized by
✓ Random selection of participants from a population
TRUE Experimental Designs
✓ Random assignment of subjects/individuals
✓ Control group

Posttest-only control group design


True experimental designs are characterized by
✓ Random selection of participants from a population
TRUE Experimental Designs
✓ Random assignment of subjects/individuals
✓ Control group

Solomon four group design


Internal Validity and External Validity
• Internal validity is synonymous with control.
• External validity is synonymous with generalizability.
• History (extended period of time & other
events’ influences)
• Maturation (natural changes over time)
Threats to • Selection (no random selection)
Internal • Testing (effects of pretest)
Validity • Instrumentation (inaccuracy of scoring
procedures)
• Regression (extreme scores move toward the
mean)
• Mortality (drop-outs)
• Multiple treatment interference (combined
Threats to effects)
• Reactive arrangements (Hawthorne effect,
External participants’ knowledge of the experiment)
Validity • Experimenter effects (effects caused by the
researcher’s involvement in the research)
• Pretest sensitization (the effects of pretest)
Increasing Internal &
External Validity
To maximize the internal validity:
• Randomly select participants from a
population
• Randomly assign them to groups
• Use a control group.

To increase external validity:


• Reduce the researcher’s involvement in
the experiment as much as possible
• …
• Internal Validity: Control
• External Validity: Generalizability
• Too much control → difficult to replicate the
conditions in other settings → less
generalizability
• Randomization
Controlling
• Matching
Extraneous
Variables • Use homogeneous groups (members
of population are very much like)
• Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA)

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