Basic Test Instruments

I. Definition
Ohmmeter- is an instrument used for measuring dc resistance.

Electronic Volt Meter (EVM) – this employs transistor in its circuitry.

Operation & Application of

Ohmmeter
1. Before taking an ohmmeter resistance measurement, the position should be
confirmed to be on zero of the top ohm-scale.
2. With the positive & negative ohm-terminals shorted together the pointer
moving toward zero-ohm is adjusted by the turning the zero-ohm adjustment
to the right or left in order to place it exactly to zero at right.
3. The ohmmeter pointer must be adjusted each time the ohmmeter range is
moved.
4. Since the ohmmeter scale is non linear, it is apparent that the best
measurement accuracy will be realized if a ranged that provides indication
on the right-hand half of the scale is used.
5. When testing polarized resistance like transistor, diodes & electrolytic
capacitors, the V.O.M. polarity of terminals must be reversed.
6. The V.O.M. uses its resistance range (Rx10) for transistor tests, & the pointer
must be exactly adjusted to zero before connecting a transistor for
measurement.
1
 7. The polarity switch can be used to reverse the polarity of the test voltage
applied across the component whose resistance is to be measured.
8. The negative (-) common jack or terminal finishes positive voltage.
9. The positive voltage (+) jack at terminal provides negative voltage.
10. Besides measuring resistance, the four ohm ranges check line continuity,
short circuit, dc resistance of a tr4ansformer, front to back resistance ratio of
a semiconductor diode or transistor junction.

OHHMETER READING
Note: Before taking a resistance measurement using V.O.M. the meter
pointer should be confirmed on zero at the top ohm scale (with + & - Com test
leads shorted together) by tuning the zero-ohm adjustment to the right or left in
order to place it exactly to zero at right. The pointer be adjusted each time the
range is moved.

1. When the V.O.M. is set to its Rx1 position, we read the scale directly.
2. If the instrument is operated on its Rx1 range, we multiply the scale
reading by 10.
3. We multiply the scale reading by 1000 if Rx1K range is in use.
4. If the V.O.M. is operated on its Rx10K range, we multiply the scale reading
by 10,000.

DC Voltmeter Reading
(Note: Observe & correct polarity of the instrument when measuring DC
voltage. Use voltmeter range where you can get the maximum pointer
deflection without going off scale. If the voltage is completely unknown, always
get the selector range switch to the highest range & gradually switch to the
next lower range, if the meter pointer moves less than 1/10 of the full scale)

1. When operating on the 0.1 volt range, we utilize the 10 volts scale & move
the decimal point two places to the left.
2. If the instrument is operated on its 0.5 range we utilized the 50 volt scale &
move the decimal point two places to the left.
3. When the V.O.M. is set to its 2.5 volt range, we utilized the 250 volt scale &
shift the decimal point two places to the left.
4. If the dc voltmeter function of the V.O.M. is operated on its 10 volt range, we
utilized the 10 volt scale & read it directly.
5. When the V.O.M. is set to its 50 volt range, use the 50 volt scale & read the
scale directly.
6. If the range is operated on its 250 volt range, we read 250 volt scale directly.
7. To read values on the 1000 volt range, we utilized the 10 volt scale & shift
the decimal point two places to the right.

AC Voltmeter -An instrument used for measuring AC voltage.

AC Voltmeter Reading
(Note: Use AC voltage range where you can get the full-scale deflection without
going off scale. Always set the selector range switches to the highest range (if the

2
voltage is completely unknown) and gradually switches to the next lower range, if
the meter pointer moves less than 1/10 of full scale.)

1. When operating on the 10 volt range, we utilized the 10 volt scale & read the
scale (red) directly.
2. If the instrument is operated on its 50 volt AC range, read the red 0-50 scale
directly.
3. When the V.O.M. is set to its 250 volt AC range, use the 0-250 scale & read it
directly.
4. To read the voltage in the 1000 volt AC range, read 0-10 scale & move the
decimal point two places to the right.

DC Current Meter (Ammeter)

Ammeter- is an instrument used for measuring electric current. Its basic unit of
measurement is milli-ampere & ampere represented by the capital letter A. The
most frequently used measure of current in electronics is the milli-Ampere (mA).

DC Current Meter Reading:

(Note: Observe correct polarity of the instrument when measuring DC current. Be
very careful against overloading your meter. If you are in doubt of approximate
reading, always start with the highest range. If the pointer deflects left across zero
point just reverse the connections; no damage to the meter if this occurs).
1. When operating on the 50 μ-A range, we utilized the 0 to 50 (black) scales
and read the scale directly.
2. To read current in the 2.5 milli-Ampere range, read the black 0-250 scale and
move the decimal point two places to the left.
3. If the instrument is operated on its 25 mA range, read the black 0-250 scale
and move the decimal point just once to the left.
4. When the V.O.M is set to its 0.25 A range, read the black 0-250 scale and
move the decimal point three places to the left.

II. Resistors

Overview
The main purpose & usage of a resistor is to control or limit the amount of
current in a circuit. This lesson provides a simplified study of types of resistors,
color code chart, interpretation of color code, metal film, resistor code number,
decoding a carbon resistor, tolerance, coded value, measured value, interpretation
3
of minimum tolerance, potentiometer, trimmer and rheostat. You will find that the
resistance value of a resistor is either imprinted on the body of the resistor or
determined by means of a color code.

Decoding a carbon resistor

1. Assuming that you have a resistor with Brown, Black, Red, and Gold bands
arranged in the order shown below:

2. Firstly, turn the resistor so that

the band which is nearest to one of the resistor ends is to your left as you
decode it.
3. First significant color or the “A” band is Brown and it has numerical value of
“1”, the “B” band, the second significant color, is “Black” and has a
numerical value of “10” which must be multiplied by “100” since the “C”
band is Red, the ohmic value of the resistor then will be 1000 ohms.
4. The tolerance is 5% upon observing that the D band is Gold. This means
that the manufacturer assures that the actual ohmic value does not vary
more than 5% and therefore is somewhere between 950 and 1050 ohms.
(Note: Some Carbon resistors do not have a D band. The absence of a D
band indicates that the tolerance is 20 %.)

Carbon (Composition) Resistor Color Code Chart

4
 FIRST 2ND TOLERANCE
COLOR MULTIPLIE
SIGNIFICANT SIGNIFICANT 
CODE R
FIGURE FIGURE
BLACK 0 0 1
BROWN 1 1 10 1 %
RED 2 2 100  %
ORANGE 3 3 1,000  %
YELLOW 4 4 10,000  %
GREEN 5 5 100,000
BLUE 6 6 1,000,000
VIOLET 7 7 10,000,000
GRAY 8 8 100,000,000
WHITE 9 9 1000000000
GOLD 0.1  %
SILVER 0.01  %
NONE  %

Metal Film Resistors

Instead of color code, some resistors, specifically metal film types are
marked with a number and/or letter code to indicate the ohmic resistance and
Tolerance value. Always put in mine that the capital letter R, K, and M indicate
both the multiplier and location of the decimal point in the resistance value.
The last letter represents the tolerance value.

SYMBOL MULTIPLIER TOLERANCE

F ±1%
J ±5%
K 103 ±10%
M 106 ±20%
R 100
6 ±2%

Examples: Find the exact resistance reading of the resistor using number/letter
code.
1.
RESISTANCE
READING
CODED VALUE 5.6

MULTIPLIER 1

TOLERANCE 1 %

2.

5
 RESISTANCE
READING
CODED VALUE 6.8

MULTIPLIER 1000

TOLERANCE 2 %

3.
RESISTANCE
READING
CODED VALUE 1.2
1,000,00
MULTIPLIER
0

TOLERANCE 5 %

4.
RESISTANCE
READING
CODED VALUE 3.3 K

MULTIPLIER 1,000

TOLERANCE 10 %

5.
RESISTANCE
READING
CODED VALUE 4.7 K

MULTIPLIER 1,000

TOLERANCE 20 %

The Resistance of a Resistor

This lesson outlines the basic principle of resistance. When a power supply is
applied into a circuit, electrons will begin to flow throughout the entire circuit, and
this flow of electrons is called current. As they flow through a certain circuit, the
electrons which make up the current give up some of their energy to the main
solid structure of the material.

Steps in measuring Resistance

1. Set the function switch of the V.O.M. to the ohm range.
2. Adjust the zero-ohm control to set the meter pointer exactly at zero position at
the right side of the ohm scale before using the ohmmeter function of a V.O.M.
(Note: Always set the ohmmeter function switch to the lowest range. If the
meter pointer remains motionless, gradually adjust to higher range).

Resistor and its Tolerance

6
 Tolerance- is a small but permissible amount of deviation from the color code
value. The first three color bands determine the value of resistor. The fourth color
band indicates the tolerance value.

An example of a fixed resistor is a Carbon composition resistor.

Power Wattage Rating

1. The power or wattage rating can be identified by their physical structure or
size. The larger the physical size of the resistor, the larger the power rating.
2. Ballast or wire-wound resistors are physically larger with higher power ratings
than carbon resistors.
3. High wattage resistor can be operated at higher temperature.

How to read Tolerance value on Carbon Resistors

1. Determine the coded and tolerance values of a carbon composition resistor.
2. Solve for the maximum and minimum tolerance.

Maximum Tolerance= Color Code Value + [Color Code Value + % Tolerance]

Minimum Tolerance= Color Code Value - [Color Code Value + % Tolerance]

Example 1: Blue-Gray-Black-Gold= 68 x 100= 68
7
 Maximum= 68+ [0.05x68] =71.4
Minimum = 68–[0.05x68] = 64.6
Example 2: Yellow-Violet-Gold-Gold= 47 x 0.1= 4.7
Since Gold is equal to ±5%
Maximum= 4.7+ [0.05x4.7] = 4.935
Minimum = 4.7– [0.05x4.7] = 4.465
Resistance of a Variable Resistor
In Electronics, variable resistors are use extensively in addition to fixed-
value resistors. The potentiometer and rheostat are two types of resistors. Typical
examples of potentiometer are: the contrast and brightness control of television
receivers and the volume control used in radio. Variable resistors value in ohms
can be varied if you wish since they are constructed as such and much as their
name suggest.

Rheostat- is a two-terminal device whose circuit symbol is shown below.

It has a peak value of ohmic resistance as specified by the manufacturer.

Also as specified by the manufacturer, a rheostat has a minimum value of
resistance and it is usually zero ohms. The arrow head pt.C indicates a mechanical
means of adjusting the rheostat so that ohmic resistance measured between A and
B can be set to any intermediate value within the range of variation.

Potentiometer- is a three-terminal device. Its circuit symbol is shown below.

The resistance between points A and B is fixed. The variable arm of the
potentiometer is point C. The arm is a metal contactor which moves along the
uninsulated surface of the resistance element, selecting different length of
resistive surface. The longer the surface between points A and C, the greater the
resistance in ohms between this two points. Similarly, the ohmic resistance value
between points B and C varies as the length of element inch led between those
points. If the center arm of one of the end terminals are connected into the circuit
and the other end terminal is left disconnected, this variable resistor
(potentiometer) may be used as a rheostat. Connecting one piece of hook-up wire
between the arm and one of the end terminals is another method of converting a
potentiometer into a rheostat.

8
III. Capacitors-is an electronic device which can hold and accumulate electrical
energy in an electrostatic field.

Capacitor Terms:
1. Dielectric- the insulating material which separates the two electrodes of
a capacitor.
2. Capacitance- is the quantity of electrical energy that the capacitor will
store when a certain value of voltage is applied to it.
3. Capacitance is dependent upon:
a. Constant of dielectric material.
b. Thickness of the dielectric.
c. Area of the plates.
Notes:
 The higher the dielectric constant, the thinner the dielectric (the closer the
plates are to each other.
 If the plate area is larger, the capacitance of the capacitor will be larger; the
capacitance of the capacitor will be greater.
 The ability of a capacitor to store electrical energy (namely the capacitance) is
measurable, and it is expressed by the unit called the Farad.
 Microfarad is more commonly used in practical radio, TV and other electronic
circuits.
 F- microfarad, pF- Pico farad
 A series connected capacitor with an AC circuit will function very much,
allowing current to flow throughout the circuit in controlled amounts.

Capacitor Color Code

1. To determine the capacitance value (in Pico farads) of molded mica, tubular
ceramic, and molded paper capacitors use a capacitor color code.
2. Colored dots is noted (for molded mica), colored dashes (for tubular ceramics)
and the colored bands (for molded paper). The same numerical values are
assigned for the First and Second significant figures as given in the resistor
color code.
3. Molded Mica: The A and the B dots indicates the significant figures, the C
dot the multiplier, and the D dot, the tolerance value, the E dot the voltage
rating and the F dot the standard under which it is coded.

9
4. White (F dot) represents that the unit is made according to the EIA (Electronic
Industries Association) specifications.
5. Black (F dot) shows that the unit is made according to the JAN (Joint Army-
Navy) specifications.
6. Tubular Ceramic: The A, B and C bands are interpreted the same as the
molded mica. The D band is the tolerance, and the E band indicates the
voltage rating.

7. Molded Paper

Obviously there are two color bands (E and F) to the extreme right and an
“outer foil indicator” G to the extreme left. The E and the F bands indicate
the voltage rating and are read from right to left. The E and the F bands
indicate the voltage rating and are read from right to left. Hence, the F is the
first significant voltage figure and the E is the 2nd significant voltage figure.

Note: In order to properly decode the capacitors, they must be positioned exactly
as shown in the drawings.

Decoding a Molded Mica

1. Position the capacitor so that the arrow points from left to right are visible.

10
2. From left to right are the second and third dots on the upper row.
3. Row of dots below the arrow is read from right to left, and we must multiply the
2nd and 3rd digit by the C dot which gives us a capacitive value in Pico farad.
4. Dot in the middle of the bottom row or the D dot indicates the tolerance value.
5. The bottom row, the dot at the extreme left is E. The E dot represents the
voltage rating.

Ceramic Disc capacitor and its code

1. Pico farads are signified by whole number markings.
2. A decimal number of notations indicates microfarad, hence 0.001 signifies
0.001 microfarad or 0.001F.
3. Sometimes ceramic disc capacitors are coded with three numbers
consecutively. The significant digits are indicated by the first two figures. The
3rd digit signifies the multiplier or represents the number of zeroes after the 1 st
two digits.

11
4. Some Capacitors like Polyester, Mylar, Ceramics and tantalum manufactured in
Asian countries may have codes with different meaning.
Example:

Molded Mica Capacitor Code

A B C D E F
Color st
1 digit 2 nd
digit Multiplier Tolerance Voltage Specification
Rating
Black 0 0 100 JAN
Brown 1 1 101 JAN
Red 2 2 102 JAN
Orange 3 3 103 JAN
Yellow 4 4 104 JAN
Green 5 5 105 JAN
Blue 6 6 106 JAN
Violet 7 7 107 JAN
Gray 8 8 108 JAN
White 9 9 109 EIA
Gold 0.1 ±5% EIA
Silver 0.01 ±10% EIA
No Color ±20% EIA

Tubular Ceramic Capacitor Color Code

A B C D E
Color st
1 digit nd
2 digit Multiplier Tolerance Voltage
Rating
Black 0 0 100
Brown 1 1 101
Red 2 2 102
Orange 3 3 103
Yellow 4 4 104
12
 Green 5 5 105
Blue 6 6 106
Violet 7 7 107
Gray 8 8 108
White 9 9 109
Gold 0.1 ±5%
Silver 0.01 ±10%
No Color ±20%

Checking good Capacitor with an Ohmmeter

1. The condition of a good electrolytic capacitor can be checked by connecting
the ohmmeter test leads across the capacitor.
2. The meter pointer moves quickly toward the low resistance side of the scale
and then gradually recedes towards infinity as shown in the figure below.

3. Reverse the ohmmeter test leads

for the opposite polarity. The meter pointer deflects towards the low
resistance and then gradually returns toward infinity.

13
Checking shorted Capacitor with an Ohmmeter
1. If an ohmmeter reading immediately goes practically to zero and stays there,
the capacitor is shorted. This effect is more common with paper and
electrolytic capacitors.

2. Reverse the ohmmeter test leads

for the opposite polarity. A shorted electrolytic capacitor has practically zero
resistance in the reverse direction.

Checking open Capacitor with an Ohmmeter

1. When checking the condition of an electrolytic capacitor, just connect the
ohmmeter test leads across the capacitor in one polarity as shown below.
14
2. If the Capacitor shows no further charging action but just reads very high or
infinite (∞) resistance the Capacitor is Open.

3. Again, reverse the ohmmeter test leads for the opposite polarity. An open
capacitor has infinite (∞) resistance.

Checking leaky Capacitor with an Ohmmeter

1. Leaky condition of an electrolytic capacitor can be checked by connecting
the ohmmeter test leads across the capacitor in one polarity.
2. The ohmmeter resistance reading of a leaky capacitor is low but not zero.

3. Again reverse the ohmmeter test leads for the opposite polarity. If the
capacitor shows charging but the final
resistance reading is appreciably less than
normal, hence the capacitor is leaky.

15
IV. Diode- a solid state semiconductor device (consisting of two electrodes),
that permits the flow of current in only one direction.

Checking good diode with an ohmmeter

1. Connect the ohmmeter test leads across the diode in one polarity.
Ohmmeter range used is Rx1 or Rx10 as the case may be. (Note: Determine
the correct polarity of the ohmmeter test leads. Always zero the meter
16
 pointer before checking by turning the zero-ohm adjustment in order to place
it exactly to zero at right).
2. The forward resistance reading of a good diode is low but not zero.

3. Then, reverse the ohmmeter test leads for

the opposite polarity. A good Silicon diode should have at least infinite (∞)
resistance reading in the reverse direction.

Checking Shorted diode with an ohmmeter

1. Just follow the steps in checking good diode.
2. When the ohmmeter resistance reading indicates a very low or zero
resistance, the diode is shorted.

3. Again, reverse the

ohmmeter test leads for the
opposite polarity. A
shorted diode has
practically zero resistance in
reverse direction.

17
Checking Open Diode with Ohmmeter
1. When checking the condition of a solid-state diode, connect the ohmmeter
set lead across the diode in one polarity.
2. If the ohmmeter resistance reading indicates an infinite (∞) resistance the
diode is open.

3. Again, reverse the ohmmeter test lead for

the opposite polarity. An open diode has infinite (∞) resistance in the
reverse direction.

Checking Leaky Diode with an Ohmmeter

1. Leaky condition of a solid-state diode can be checked by connecting the
ohmmeter test leads across the diode in polarity
2. The forward resistance reading of a leaky diode is low but not zero.

18
 3. Reverse the ohmmeter test leads for the opposite polarity. The reverse
resistance of a leaky diode is low but not zero.

V. Transistor- an electronic device which

provides oscillation, amplification, switching and rectification of electrical
current. The principal semiconductor materials used are Germanium and
Silicon.

2 kinds of Transistor
1. PNP
2. NPN

Identifying the Base

1. Set the ohmmeter to Rx10.
2. If you are using an Asian made multi-tester like SANWA or SUNWA
interchange the test leads of your meter and rely to the color code of your
test leads.

3. For PNP transistor

a. Collector-base- Low but not zero. (Note: The negative test lead is
connected to the base and the positive test lead to the collector).

19
 b. Emitter-base- Low but not zero. (Note: The negative test lead is
connected to the base and the positive test lead to the emitter).

4. For NPN transistor

a. Collector-base- Low but not zero. (Note: The positive Test lead is
connected to the base and the negative test lead to the collector).

20
 b. Emitter-base- Low but not zero. (Note: The positive Test lead is
connected to the base and the negative test lead to the emitter).

 Note: Emitter-Base
resistance is greater than collector-base
resistance.

Checking good Transistor

1. Collector-Base- Low but not zero for forward bias and very high resistance
when connected in reverse-bias.

21
2. Emitter-Base- Same as in step number 1, but resistance is greater.

3. Collector-Emitter- very high resistance.

4. Emitter-Collector- very high resistance.

Checking open Transistor

1. Collector-Base- very high resistance for both forward and reverse biasing.

2. Emitter-Base- Same as in step number 1.

3. Collector-Emitter- very high resistance.

4. Emitter-Collector- very high resistance.

Checking shorted Transistor

22
1. Collector-Base- very low resistance for both forward and reverse biasing.

2. Emitter-Base- Same as in step

number 1.

3. Collector-Emitter- very low

resistance.
4. Emitter-Collector- very low resistance.

Checking leaky Transistor

1. Collector-Base- Low but not zero for both forward and reverse biasing.

2. Emitter-Base- Same as in step

number 1.

23
 3. Collector-Emitter- Low but not zero.
4. Emitter-Collector- Low but not zero.

VI. Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) - is a special diode that can be switch
on by applying a signal voltage to the gate electrode.
In an SCR, large current can be turned “ON” and “OFF” by the application
of small amount of power and with no moving parts. It is a unidirectional
electronic device that permits the flow of electric current in only one
direction. Basically, SCR is used as an electronic switch.

Checking good SCR

with an Ohmmeter
1. Set the range to R x 1.
2. Apply the positive test lead to the anode and the negative test lead to the
cathode.

24
 3. The reading must be infinite (∞) and the biasing is forward.
4. To make sure if the gate junction is operating properly, short the gate
terminal to the anode and the ohmmeter resistance reading should be zero
ohm (forward bias).

 Note: Releasing the gate from the

anode while test lead is connected to
anode and cathode will not change the condition of the reading in the
meter.

Checking open SCR with an Ohmmeter

1. When checking the SCR with an ohmmeter, connect the negative test lead
to the cathode and the positive test lead to the anode. An open SCR will
indicate an infinite (∞) resistance reading.
2. The SCR is defective or probably open, if the device cannot be triggered or
turn “ON”

Checking shorted SCR with an Ohmmeter

1. When checking SCR with an ohmmeter, simply connect the negative test
lead to the cathode and the positive test lead to the anode. A shorted SCR
will indicate a zero resistance reading.
2. The anode-cathode junction is possibly shorted if the SCR is possibly in the
“ON” condition without a trigger voltage applied to the gate terminal. To
confirm this defect, the procedure may be repeated with the anode-
cathode voltage polarity reversed.

 Note: Anode is positive (+) and cathode is (-)

25
 Transformer Design and Rewinding
I. Important Symbols for Transformer calculation.

NP- Primary Turns APP- Average Primary Perimeter in

NS- Secondary Turns Inch per Turn
EP- Primary Voltage in volts ASP- Average Sec. Perimeter in
ES- Secondary voltage in volts Inch per Turn
T/V- Turns per Volt PMin. - Minimum Perimeter in inch.
WP- Power Capacity in Watts PMax. - Maximum Perimeter in inch.
AC- Area of conductor in Cir-Mils LP- Length of Primary coil in Feet
K- constant = 7.5 for 60 cycles LS- Length of Secondary coil in Feet
= 12 for 25 cycles PAVE. - Average Perimeter in inch.
= 9 for 50 cycles C.A. - Core Area.
IP= for Pri. current in Amperes x- Thickness of the coil
IS= for Sec. current in Amperes WtP- Weight of the Pri. conductor
Wts- Weight of the Sec. conductor

II. Design Formulas

1. C.A.= Width x Thickness 8. PMin= a+b+c+d

EP 9. PMax. = PMin. + 8x

2. NP= K x C. A.
T NP P Min +P Max.
3. V= EP 10. PAVE. = 2

T P Min. +P Ave.
4. NS= V x ES 11. A.P.P.= 2

5. W P= (32 x P AVE .+P Max.

C.A .
K )2 12. A.S.P.= 2

WP 13. LP= NP x A.P.P.

6. IP= EP

WP 14. LS= NS X A.S.P.

7. IS= ES

Formula for calculating the Area in Circular-Mils of a conductor.

 I x 750 CM/Amp.- Intermittent Duty (3-4 hours)

26
 I x 800 CM/Amp. to 1000 CM/Amp.- Heavy Duty (4-12 hours)
 I x 1000 CM/Amp. To 1100 CM/Amp.- Continuous Duty (24 hours)

III. The Core of a Transformer

27
A= a + 2x, B= b + 2x, C= c + 2x

IV. Sample Computation

Design a Step-Down Transformer of 230 volts input and an output of a) 15
volts, 20 volts and 30 volts for multi-taps. b) 0-12 volts and 0-30 volts for
multi-winding. Assume a core area of 1 ½” x 1 ½”.

Given:
C.A. = 1 ½” x 1 ½”
EP= 230 volts

Required:
a. Secondary voltage for multi-taps of 15 volts, 20 volts and 30 volts.
b. Secondary voltage for multi-windings of 0-12 volts, and 0-30 volts.

Solution:
For Multi-Taps

a. Calculate the core area

C.A. = 1 ½ x 1 ½ = 9/4 inch2

b. Calculate the Primary Turns

EP 230 volts
NP= K x C . A . = 7.5x 9/4 sq. inch = 766.667 Turns

T
c. Calculate the number of V

T N P 766 . 667 Turns Turns 10 Turns

V = E P = 230 volts = 3.333 Volt or 3 Volt

d. Calculate the number of turns in the secondary.

T 10
NS15 = V x ES= 3 x 15 volts = 50 Turns

T 10
NS20 = V x ES= 3 x 20 volts = 66.667 Turns
T 10
NS30 = V x ES= 3 x 30 volts = 100 Turns

28
e. Calculate the Power Capacity
C.A . 9/ 4
WP= (32 x K )2 = (32 x 7 .5 )2 = 92.16 watts
f. Calculate the Primary Current

W P 92 .16 watts
IP= E P = 230 volts = 0.401 Amperes

g. Calculate the Secondary Current using the largest voltage tap.

WP 92 .16 watts
IS= E S = 30 volts = 3.072 A

h. Get the size of the wire of the Primary. Choose from intermittent duty,
heavy duty or continuous duty. Assuming continuous duty, calculate the
area of the conductor to be used.

Let
ACP be the area of the conductor of the Primary in Circular Mils and
ACS be the area of the conductor of the secondary in Circular Mils.

C ircular−Mils 1000 CM
ACP = IP x Amperes = 0.401 x A mperes = 401 Cir-Mils

From the Table it has been found that 401404, therefore use 24 AWG.

i. Get the size of the wire of the secondary winding.

C ircular−Mils 1000 CM
ACS = IS x Amperes = 3.072 A x A mperes =3072 Cir-Mils
3072 Cir-Mils3260 Cir-Mils, therefore use 15 AWG
29
 j. Calculate the length of the wire of the Primary if x= ½”

PMax. = PMin. + 8x = 6 inches + 8(1/2”) = 10 inches

Calculate the Average Perimeter.

P Min +P Max. 6 +10 inches

PAVE. = 2 = 2 = 7 Tu rn

P Min. +P Ave. 6 +8 inches

A.P.P. = 2 = 2 = 7 Turn

inches 1ft
LP= 766.67 Turns x (7 Turn x 12inches ) = 447.224 feet

k. Calculate the weight of the Primary winding in kilos.

1 lb 1 Kg
WtP= 447.224 Ft x 817 . 7 Ft . x 2. 205 lb = 0.248 or ¼ kg

l. Calculate the length of the wire of the Secondary

P AVE .+P Max. 8 +10 inches

A.S.P. = 2 = 2 =9 Turn
inches 1 Ft .
LS= NS X A.S.P. =100 Turns x (9 Turn x 12 inches )= 75 Ft.

Note: The #15 AWG has an equivalent ft/lb of 101.4. Therefore

1lb . 1 kg
WtS= 75 Ft. x 101 . 4 x 2. 205 lb = 0.335 kg

30