Evolution Mechanism of Evolution

lveye' means tovnrolt'afundolo

Lottn Rovd. wo
.
EvolutHon to another,
to a gadua chage from
one form
It refers
n i u i q Orgunisms itime
Tnelemerts Tfime
Oreanic Cbioloskal) evolutin
Inogonie Evouhon

Conapt 2: charles Daroin

Conupt of Orgunic evdluton fist given by Charles Dearoin Sinply
means descert h modittcation
olocbriur of Orgcunic euolusiisn gates
-trat the þresut-day conn
This
Kave 'orttateol kom eailier simplr kmi ok Lk duauhe
orgnisms
Courge o zges b paoc~s ok gradual eha
do,volukion s dektned a s tha. cequenees ot gradualcAavgeswbieh
i n tw ogantsm& ou milUton ak syeass f Ledd to
takos plau.
Onlgin ok nee species,
Mechanism of evolouion

(12 vec wsh veardVairiou

hBetHes pres

) Plant Aiseosk
i) Deas deulo
Survad aluoUaRiehn Dets pabudehm l
advanpges
Red du t0 olecreaJt un
Lottes develelo ren u e e d
makrnl to buhes
Let
Colrvoriahas
Acaokt:klephent fot eelepopulthn
qreen Yec
Jerpordin
colo lueRe lont dise
Qurvtvof mare Bue
betu'u\huþopulaHn
L mst
chayd coder chascckrigts
ADund
rom nomal reolto blut

Oruus not abu tosu o a peiod off,

behls mgreenjesve3.
Populeh anbie. wazshev Inkerkd Acquired
not predatd acuiderts
So, i Sumali popuahon
reen Red Betu Can charge the eqery ot
Som (DNA
a l t y

betus osulehon,edui hee

genes ih a pieru eey
urvied
selukd oua n o survival advenrge to possos.
brun betts nakualey Husut eiman. taul
Ped hehs,
(Natnal selehon)
AGeneke drnft.
 . Do tai less miu hant tailles pgenY?
Q. Djuence betroeen Tnheited acqdred tsais
o Chartes 'Robert Darotns
s h t p : H, Ms. B e e o SocctuAvuicn
j a v e tden. o F ortgin of sþeiee buy naturl Selecion
H I s h e o{ v f u n t e l l s Aoo lifeevolued fren Stnpla to moe

CompleUPudms.
Daroin's "book The Orcotn of speies'poviodles evtolena in
Suppct of Qvolution byWahz selechon
oasc concebt ojf Thee of Natual selechien
1. OvebrodukiM: orRan isms reproduce to inera7se their ppuulaion
gemetcruy o have envmous þoenHalot ktus
-Cons tonu o nurbern þofula hon Gire Lunit du to limied avziabilty ot
esoulcos,
[Link] LLisknce: It InterseftSgg:btemnbet
tncudes -kIntpsfeific SAmi pares
Envîroinenf indidus f evivn
[Link]: essenfad kor beHer
adabtons to Soroeundiups
fttvonsmi E
Survival ekthe (aHest q nakual seleciom: Only thasevarietvns to fherrfge.
wet variaHoms orqanismy cokch possess
ale sulecked n natu
to breed. f aliouna
varlah'n leadd to Oiginok neuospeeies
o
Denet ok Dar oiniam:
1 arotn ns wnable To expNiun ¥hi Caus o vouRiaton 7 meckanism a
ikeaiante
9aroin ns urwbls fo denfai betoeen Stmtic a prminal laiadigns
0Dcroin a s urmbu to
plain prescnt f 0 Overspeiralizd oson,
 ORIG! NfE VOL UTI onl oFL tFE
e fioiton eije:
f s the ,livu
þrert that
datingiihes betroesn
Lvig nsn-
ulfving Organisms Ke undamenlal cKrumateetisties that
makk++ dtfferent pon non- Itving matter.
Tsefurdamentall chavncleristtu uil:
> þresence q Potpblrgm btologist
So. intnis eontent
+cetluta. do qanidaticn
dekined Life nshe tnheres
Ntohon Crt ty of rg Orgni MA to
Metabotism t i s e Yke outsnle tntoias
Cooth CAiht, coreen grses o r f o ) tor

>Kesponse to
environ Mend f o u g k chemical heaion2
boligm) in
a Coro|led
Cm
manner.

[Link] eutrnta
Afdefining life" let's atlenpt to
originated
) hoo,
Ren
ker F where the lfe 9uisu t o -he loreut t a
dinmþle orms n e
tthow h e ginrn
vevut Comkled oygnlsmk
wide

oomatin o O Sola SHsm

ofuntverse bua bia bag
Bang heony JS bya, origin
Ltermonddeas. ezsloien)oka derse erity

makuial rebulry
r o e w oct numeros pie wsokCoamit
ondensed. P ornized.
nko grosps ok sus
SCooy
Calilb Galaries.
lky daySur is
m
T h e Mi
O Galacru is caked Akash Gznga
nitltons Galay
of t s o ou
of the h e r reshethve natn anteCekar
Sn elnguuidh orbitiy Plvmels
S o l i Systtr
slerend Qet. censttkou,
Avucy:
idenc Solov Sqkm 4.6 6 a caiad
cosmiedust rgas
pro spinning
Clad
of
O nebur,
Solar
teadsto oings ofclau
clou cardensed,
e. Cond ene a fvmsCauk
d u Partles
wt m s Cadente fuufm un.

a l n cgineay had salid mas called Fhosphere Serrounded by gnseru evelepe oaed
amosphee.
 TKeor ieson Origin {ife
Theory S p e c i z l Creation

Dtyine Life
Supemamal
PoLce

Hindu MlAd
christan belak LoTd B1ahma
niverse,
Cad Created v
Otsk
Plans 7 a i m a L
aout teated
csld ao'i H {ii
n
human beuirgs adha irn man
Scr do Many ch wo ma

Adam Eve ISmsn

wor n

Pwely nelEgous csnabt not

based on Scert fse daa.
Fum
ponBaneow geretrion Snts Life o6iginated
2 Theory of s is81pn neau
m a t e z i a s - bingenes
living.

Fly larvae develob oom rot te Alea river.

cocodiles foem motst
SotlCmud) ok
q5, Sna k e s f
Lous aseur o esperimentally þaud
Ne T5is
Tbis idea reseted
oas b
NO °as pro-tss f haERa, die fyon pde -ezotip
Hhat mtcroerganlsrks, dock
thitr Klnd. pre
mtroorgenims ek
acerjakkd -that LEKe osénmtes m
Sinuthen, t t i uidely
enastrq ik hcogenes2s
Thu thoy sMabs
-tat Lit
o/ Interplanetay theom: vaiiocs pares ot
8. CoCmoKotc e u e - l kinesin
oiginakcd Ondd or Ralkh yrom 8onii
Couldhaue c o h o d t h basen
nturze and i t
C ould

t galavy E
>Asstnt pores o eads
Other Kesny 6ody in m

Spores greuo
ewolved 'unto Vauious puisfij kos

This then alto called they o feneic

o l eecause o a zads ika lowtnp. odiatin) in.
UU
1 u Comit Ennplonby
lock o amosphere Space
eifseme driuer
Ahoaen ic or naturaliAuc thas chemic md Orcqin okufo
J t s n o o coell
ccelotcd f t t e originaded. om inemMmat
: hem tcal ne~HonÍarn the "primtive enrth.
matfr by
hischept ons put oaia. by Atexander'T. opamln z
J0.S. Haldane erdependentf.
earth tprn
must have wlsen on the pr imttive.
JBS Haldane: tfe " a prgreskuut a i e s ok
coltecion ol chumitaluinth c
chemfcal eackions Okieh, at
Atoms Combine into inorgani. modeales
tnto Limpls. Orgoanit,Lerprads
Chosganic molecandes
unto Oomln Orgrrsc
Sinilu oganic mburdt cnpud
folyrci)
P o s nto xggugrte?
mattes
into iuig
oagcunizecl
RTus
2oth are
condikind en t primtive
that t h
Haldane Sloeulatdl tvday.
condihonsuu sen
Ja psm
th
F Oxen
in molecabas ktmrs
Amosphae
cons *hghy neducarg
8 mo vailrble

Compounds Ch,,
2 cH,,2
G2ases f mozgrnit
sadiations,
dergy
tron solas or vo leanit oruphn
ihig
mole cu
2nanic meleculas

Sittyauds

wkrauk
Glle
lucircl

um Organic umbends ainino aLids

V R n i c boesis

TKe Seactons t t a t led Tht o m o

Piuinas Pnes
0ganic Compowds þauty
eccued. "in pr im frue
ostohere biut mainty
n cems
-those
bsence aL eclucing atmesphere bresened
bounds o n
eoy
Supper to h y -the ua povided by stunler L
Mato Harold C. Ury in 193. U
Mer
 cenditios that
zpparatul fT stimulate
esignae tass o o rimitive
enrth.
etisded
haght
to have
in 2 2:1
Circwlated mix. ok CH N ? H,
phis
velpouses
H o Orter patus
at femlo belo Joo'
This mix. Oas M a s n t e i n d

n
Prouids enengy kU inftnothorn ok

nd oka weeu IS oF Corbn frm mehane

sinpu i comondi
Comuertd

SEmple pl pu
icline
AAs
s
ompeunos

u c k o n Octans Poyeocads

Pofophd

com Ogane polymus

lpidu
Tue poymus dut Fo nucleotils
A u l e c . aLcs
(ntumoleculaltntkeains

eanter
telloical
ormid laje
calued OcoacervaBes.

Theae Corcervates latr

oganized iutv livung matke u n
eah
Can {2 arise
rek m tddcganie moleles cd
no
nrtuue even-teday
coud be ormed in Cenmborurttd3
chemical combounds
e hadidtins, baut
tene
he o u l t a v o i u t
be trken up f dgraled
by Lightning potrnacus
e bxidation

i o undthgo m t r o o r o n f e m s ,
microggenions
n he
oy Aving n T ug bohe
resene o tree o to þreidat He
Ths, rai thoughE
t presert
eath inoganic mokud
a t . the
ortginally
auho um p but on
enftoday's
odnys
it
s d t h ike
ddsth
Ths,Lfe ( a i o g e r e i ), , bu
eslth Clogresi)
ol ine'primive Le
fnthe þre- eidtapg
mes ony
 Speciation:
It delined as the evolutOD .fomakon ot neo biologiCa!
sprcies, sually by uision o a i r g l r strciesnto tuuo omoRa
genehcally distnones.
zlong uith h e °6 genticdaiftmiaezaio
S d a t i sn oeeus
hehon,
hatutal
aeisalatik p

Tnro: Onigin ok neo s b e i e s Y h e existrg one. due to

Tebroctive isolation o a a t t ofllatin uolnd

peiafim.
I t h e above contet, cwe have fust discunmd So fauia
Miuovoluhn.

Miroovolubion nekeos to the Ojgin og neuo variateds due to

hat
aphentan o Smau B t segniftcat Ynsiis en indtvtcluals
tmaly ckap he comnon hainteststics ttsoiks) o a paatiua.

NeNe muttism
Cause Microevolutin Gene necsrbintion
e2: Pesticidle nesiskanCs., high emp. Holexanu et
bg Mterbevoutin thus, does not propery explain koo n e sfecces
aise o o m h e exictirg omes.

Macroevolution, on -the otter Rond, involues ontgen o nd

Speies, geneaa FAigkes tacna

Mechanism_ok specimton

Mauntpin

ayge

Poeulehan f
{eedon neorhyhuushes
-

lm om bushes
.R tnat lasgspeplehon
d uieled
ib
lbcHis

orAles Subhoblatis
Caledckmes

u t t i

bth
Suppopulehu D wle {umal
yo orhyan adaukow
onm euik y
min h e m . b e t H s r d u uS y u o

r e t n l t r rbekuuw
y d e n e s

uno
retettu
n tsolated

n
l o o

in
n
C
u
 A
Af ter {euo generations,genetie drift i l l necumuatt dyfecem va
in ench he tuuo eaphialy seprinted ub-joopuegr
Natual Suloetim may
ay in thece
also obelata Stmulrterouly n
aU
gecgnkAically tsalrked Sub-oopulredioks.
foth o{one, fn one gecgs1mpkuz negin, crouts
kitkd gles oherbad n
ase.
dystematial
he ots gecgronthient degton nokue
change owiu humbe
croutL u
high.
Consequent,
he
Cveen colos bocliy vanition o i l net be sele cted
kirst eognathital ngiom wkio tt eotlt be str
Selecked at +tL
n tL na,
dthe2gnhical
both
Sete.
genetie odnatt
Make Hege r nakqad seleeion
9ecgaaphtdhy isdatedsub-popudeins to beceme mose f MaTo
kytesant krdh ezh ether.
y timatey geproducfive tsoRaion occuls betueen trdiuidualot duo

AS a
nesult, the a Urble to
nepsroduce eusn
ththey happen o
Neet lomkooo.
These -tuo
grousHen tsahsomto new speces,
Pct les eetles oprsn dayge
wn
Loekies But
Subpohudehin
Grenhi Ateo
fenerkn Sukpopo

()Geogip
4 . l l e d ye a e s Ce

C r o
qreentolr
setu
i d n a t n a l s e l e o h n

tual
lasgriv
Lesds o fnhn
ho
eleea
Vcolhm
Cro
n o s u tc h a n e O C e t u y

ry,Shony
c e e r d .

spltttng u he of one
sfpecles tnte tuo e r m o r e
Specicion
Sopecies o anomaHn o e Spetes Tnto z nuo spets oe
to gecqa}hienl bzrir vebnd..A
loeoLod ek imi d
igolahn. speesB
ulth tinmi dont repwdua
Speies amontmseluy

Ppulehion
Subjak speies C
A-1)
e i r t M d u to eegrmphiat bmuth. euufrduckiet tzo(nkia.
 Th, sbeciaion ozan be detined a2
0%igin one species fpvrn the
pre ekestnq one
Spedes is a Aop o Ongantams 4hat have an abiühyto reoly
interbreed th ndtu
Mahatan fopulcdion odabt euiu surhn
Speuiaian leedchato
a Þ v e evoluchen aaeu to
duhNUhogud hat enasu Surv
Mernkes enviromdt
plahm eograpkic Populehion donotodebfuu, De
bamiel cond hns
(Sqpevesy Outima
m
df fermdt poprlehan hat
P t po pudetiono
Developmunt at repmdHve (solahon her vnablh kontrbes
hay an
foms y beriien
basu tortmahn ok a n nvther.

h e Speies.

+ Kepraduehve Ezolakon nekrs t o the mechnimbuch Check

he populakuns ohtuuo dektent gaoups n ihterbrecdg.
Kproductue tcotdhon m - Ktpen n

)Tenporal csolaHon : I t u-the faihre ok tuo g oups o indhvedah

to tnterbreed because heyr breed rit Ahte«HmesU(sersc) ok
he yer. ok theuu dikkrea in stze e Aptu othegenitan.
i) lehviolal isolaton; Tt prevens CoterbreediotuD Youps
olue to dikbeneus t n O u t s b p # Maling behoio
va period dunin ga deuple deuulefo a usnankc elehonste
befure gy mane
in mating,
i) Phy2io logiCal csolahen Tt u ktiorl lnempartibiity
6 i ppduetion f Sunvival okgametes
Mechantczl isolntton: I t is d i k k n a in Size os pucka e
gent talia tte, mísmatthecd aitur)
0, Chrenosym. numle
harge in DNA
viy Notual eltian
evoluin
Ths, key featuak i modun Conapt on au:

Genefic varjahcns
Natual Selechon

Conenehe doft Cin Cmals popuhons)

Reproduutive tsolaton.

O 1ene þoo: Sun-total oaibe genes o r lieles Aound in a

interbreede
Populerkion
Csere flo0: mo vemert o aieles osAenes beluoeer tobulations okthe a n
themeuls
Cpecies by mignton ok thdtutduals ècan xterbreed ana
o u h dhf: rorg n e frequry by chm4 in a aanauu populetlon du to a d a
Evoltion f clsstfitaton;
organisms UutDAo
the zmangemunt o t
Tcsication 7rekess to
/CAesinianfes Uz Plzij then in
on the basts of stt lanities
Sb-groabs
that neveals their relotionsktps.
iehachy or
a u detemined on t h basis ok þreAenu
Simijatifies f dissimlatties
aban ot charantenistics in the oh s.

details ok ertiral f nnal

ok orqanismi relerto
th
Chasasterutsties
anothur,
behavtou +hat distingulsh tham krm
onn
apeasanw
J t ncludes aruhalCbasic) dltimd chalackesistice
ard

Derieved ahaockeritics
Apcestolarbaste
ehatater istics y develop dun to ewolutionag
present n all charge n aneestal tbasi
members oka poblation chakerisrcs
evolutoan c A n dlereed
foms baste boedy desa cholotisto nesJLEL Ln ovmatien
o&mauer Juhoroups.
Kese cksotvistis oorganigmi dso

CelL Cbosic unit ok living orgariw)

Eukaryotes frokaryotes
on-uclezted ceA
CNuclentedcoll

Unicel ular
Mulkicellula

OGanGMA
JonphojoOsms
osuntheHc .NFoedas
Omarb
0unigms
Asial
TSsuefeuovgendeu
[Link]
Photosynthetic
.lants
Ogantms
OoGansAtUm eqmenkraa
Cellnce
eve

NO: Move Commen chaiotevs

25
ore ,closely related
ancotvr, RSTg
mse recenty enegadkrom dommon
 rolutist RelahonshA:
Ancest
Kelionsae b betuon Aitteunt
Sþeeiel -he
Brother Str ganlsms
s or

closerelatton bsis of heir evoluHonar

(som parerk)
C o n be tozecd. bqustdyirg
mmmane
i f H e s inditent oduirns
(l4Cousin Conmon ekaourckeealus 2n dalkaouk
also relattd ane edenees e thair
organlsms
Lut les han the Coetmon curCtt
ter brother
Decous. causin tauo
Kesn
CommS) aneestvs eir
u eeord
9undpaunts, ün
Jqereiation bekose her,
not in the ftrst ove.

classi ficadium ok sprces i6 injak

a
neoton oheirevoludionany
Henu,
nelahorship ies
u th necetcemmon ancestoys
0 e lan thuu build cap mal roups o
s ,

hen Sutes-g9oubs oF hese groupe

usi}h more distant Cemman Ancestne
nd So tn.

Evtdences +hathe|k T91aing Evolutconar Relatimshilea

Eudenus
) Morpho logkol ANatem+tal
and Evidenes,
i Embryologt cas
Palaenteloatcal Eviclenres

1 MorpholoqicalTAhatmical Evidere
i m f r H e s iD Hhe erenal&
baed sn

These eviden ces

re
K{nds DF ogan+sms.
the diFFerert
intenal /eatwres op

ay vatiatal Dians
Homologaus Orqans Similar kuncions but
Tho pns Uhih occuz
2n hedLced fesn andae
O r 9 a n g u i t h stmilar
doen°Origin. seless t o H possesscs
to fhi
hemologous
rnntemal mas he3a L o o k $imilaz _btt arabricuy bt s

fully elevelopas, furionlu

butdilkrin unhon P mapheloRtcly sidHerent
e n a i sfruiture SuperptiNy reratd ferms azu ultes
Cmmon Znceston bu
Common aneeztoy Tci¬vergent
no
houo Conuergerd orluhin
vetg e
eotuhian eq, Wisdomteetn
demeth 2mok
(3oé)))
Comueead tetovmiyng S aud tony leos)wutes
Cemm&n fAincAoS. Tal bone
excessint bool thai
 Planbs
of Homalogous ops Animas
foream ohuman
Dngs o bat, M[o Sane bosie
Human Grastr)
FLpposi o okals Hose runnt)
Skdetrl elkmets
& frelubs ot voHbats Plan
cohal (Spimm
hatFy
s i c patken ok feselimb bones Humerus
ius AL ha Jtwilo
Ulna OHgin ? ntermal
Carpals
Metacarbals
Phalases
ldentiky an eyolutiana relationship
So, Homologous Organs Aelps us to
betuotenbrbprvkdte tsjeant speeues.
+horns Bougenyilea d i e s oan the endril ek
Ln plank, ok Smiler zditary
both z e Laated
Cucbitz tvuHans, b t cansdend a s Komologous dogpn
Jerdrils ane.
PoscHon. So +hsns a

eg of Anogous ogans
cockrozth ? human
oF
bee q Sesspio
Stng ok
btre 4 batterk
0 ngs o at # birdi
ras ot bet
7 tnNec ae dikeaunt an Orig tn Stuchua
tdirg ok bsols
hapeaporm &me kunchon.
whils i n tnsects ao tna
tn modiked korelimbs
In birds, w
ane

e r i e n s t o n maole uup ok hitin ASsocinted i+%

emembranoti2

Aes muscles, Wugk of

b» h
pejm Same kenHm ie.
flying
bird aue analp qous ogan,
tOings ok bak z urg o{K belmgrted hnger kut
0ia bat Rove ein folds petthed mad kaus
a teothen Covennp. ethey Look Similag od
a Coman

birds
a s e dutteut
Ce. fytng but heir orign
.

hn
DoTe Molaculos Pylogeny: thus mre PNA Si mikhy

mose closely related

 Embryoloqtcal evidences
.Embyolesy rekers To
Study of developrment of au
enbryo o oon
from tiüzeol egg to yourpe
Ory embruyos of nli 4he ver-le brnkes vesembla. in shrpe stouture
, The resembleahce O e y embryos o f i h , Sameder, ttoi se, chik
rabbitr man is so close.+hn ct u venyde f 4 u t t to Aistings
h e n r m erch ot{ her.

ThesStmiartty zMg the. cary embryos chows fhet rli th

Vestebiates hakl euofvdd Frm conmn Uantesfos.

Ernst Hreckel: proposed alnw wkrh is kJn Biogenee Iaa,

Otgeny beapkegeny oOn ogeny recmpttuntes phyogpny
merms an oqnisms rebeats anc estsal h tstoy
ding its embryonic devetopmeut
Ohtgo: 'je Aistv of n individuml rnma
L Phylogery: Evolutionvy htty of the rmee of the
Zolutien_byge3: Comblex oigans þrecnt i body o Compex
ulticeulor orgontsms ase hot formod by 1 Stnqte DwAchms in.
S gla geesation bcce au Creaked s louoy F slost coith evoluionn Soveral
geraHons,
s o may intrmediate stqes duuing poces ok Eoluion So, euouiot of
e adaex organs aluways occySradualy èn a number ok S t e

plonerla -`mpu £yar

athers Balay : Fr LACalehn
Later: useke kfugt
Papotologica! Evtdlence OCu i Sodimentary (ecord.

Study past ufe. baseel on fossi)re cwrd,

Yenains ok dead animals plants tnat Cue
Provtle renofe
d i r e t t

i d e n t
e v o l u t i o n .
PCst

Repiles: Fenthed Winged chqes

Archaeeplerj KAves: feotheel coig
feothers altathd to
setn Forel mbs used
ko ahdrg 7 possy 1
y e clewd hsed

Lelngeheo beats teesth om both pauds

 Formotion of ye by fossils:
nerlebrade snCearbed die buaied in send
more
Sond attumulata qiane s4snes forms under
fesaue
miltons ok yeors later
oinosaurs laung im avea die a thuir body bure
Lno meudA
Mud cmprened in rock
eros m foilu
TOCk eboses A en
DemingaHan of ge oE pssil

Relzhve adtozive isotpe

Possis newnain dose radioahu tsotpe datuq ot
to -theSuntaca O m 5 Fosstls, ratio kdehere tstofes
recontthanhe Fossilsuooe l a a elemant s usd i datu
Gind ndauer log Jossil mrerial.
e Carbon-dahng
Ufanium 2þotsum dr-krng.

Artrecizl selatton:
t u the 1ocess by ohick selects prtC) Lselto Kim s
man
improvtng the qualtias ok domestinted pinnk 4 an1mels.

Cous milk yielding, inebresd Suollen pzt: koblsabi

co ild czbbrg plJank lergr lezves le-t-kzle
mpestanu of AHfiual selection: Veneile vesed
Caulsflouses
Caly SkAu Place Red cabbee
By A+fiial elechon, znimals CPegmenttio
Udstanu blo eaues)
6edes h o bton zble te praduce zmproed vanetres ot Seumizl AomeHcc
Fnimals Svel zs cows, dogs, horses. .

.Plant brodiy
Afu Nawnal Selehisn
maual phenmeNn
Annf process
Conpolled by mm eonducAba nautui on RKgo scnla
hoit seluu or e o hkna bertketv si
human . Resalts a e ateueal a
Results ase nhieued in
a
Jorreso defte
volution srould not be Equztedwi th Pngress'
ekkienE
nov e l i m i m t i m o older o)es
Evolutin P progress
Evolutisn d os connuation ok oldd speves
Spoves o
OCCwence ot pwsital
blariers
upon reproduche
Fomttn of neo cheues depends Taenetic drft

diRottin.
Zvolutin does not p1oceed centinuosy in a paatiukm.
and the shapeg
oution sCmsly thu qenuakisn diuesik
Uenvtr ormontas eleAion.
ot th divesitiy by
Evolutisn;
Pgressive and Retroaressive

rm oE Smp Bmutunna m
formok
Mofe complex
Compla sfsueu
5 u u o krom Complex>Smple
Sple Ssuchuns
FleRtes fom Piegbirds
Simp nplex berols
Formof amthibim
pomishs

Evolettan is not alwrys proaressive, E<pln.

Nott
tosis
évotutHmmy tools Tema dakin
H u m a n Evotukin: Studed DNA S

Caxol NAtia-uWsteno Surnz-sAtR.

Ana
Caous Ltnnaus: Homo opiehs (uoisua)
Astaler

Cor ous Lenneaus publishe Ris rder ahou esio.

7 a s ancestp y book "The cesentoff
Man,

Ehroooay:Compzatve study o human baiugs nd inferothonct

ezh other zmd envi rnmet