10/10/2080 COMPUTER

Kapindra Upreti

Report prepared by: Kapindra Upreti

ABSTRACT
In the society of ours, is it true really that computers and information technology have contributed
immensely to the way we learn? After observing and reading various educational and scanning the
environment research has shown that the educational systems have greatly been impacted by
computers and information technology. With the growth of technology, the ways we learn have
been improved tremendously. Innovative technologies have contributed to the innovation of
learning in the education area and outside.

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Report prepared by: Kapindra Upreti
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This is to acknowledge all those without whom this report would not have been reality. Firstly, I
would wish to thank our Fundamental of computing technology(FOCT) Er. Prakash Bhattarai who
gave his immense support, dedicated his time towards it and made us understand how to make this
report. Without his guidance, the report would not have been complete. The source of the books
and internet is the Independent.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... I

ACKNOWLEDGMENT .............................................................................................................. II

TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................ III

LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... IV

LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ V

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................... VI

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1

1.1. Introduction to Computer ............................................................................................................................... 1

1.2. Capability and Limitation of Computer ........................................................................................................... 1

CHAPTER 2: EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER .......................................................................................... 3

2.1. Mechanical Era................................................................................................................................................ 3

2.2 Electro-Mechanical Era .................................................................................................................................... 5

2.3. Electronic Era (Table about generation of Computer) ..................................................................................... 7

CHAPTER 3: CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER ................................................................................... 8

3.1 On the basis of Working ................................................................................................................................... 8

3.2 On the basis of size .......................................................................................................................................... 9

3.3 On the basis of Purpose ................................................................................................................................. 10

CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................. 11

REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................. 12

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Abacus ............................................................................................................................. 3
Figure 2 MARK-I .......................................................................................................................... 5
Figure 3 (ABC) .............................................................................................................................. 5
Figure 4 ENIAC ............................................................................................................................. 6
Figure 5 EDSAC ............................................................................................................................ 6
Figure 6 EDVAC ........................................................................................................................... 6
Figure 7 Classification of Computer .............................................................................................. 8

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Generation of Computer ................................................................................................... 7

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
IBM International Business Machines Cooperation
ABC Atanasoff Berry Computer
ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator
EDSAC Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer
EDVAC Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
UNIVAC Universal Automatic Computer
PARAM PARAllel Machine
PC Personal Computer
CPU Central Processing Unit

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Report prepared by: Kapindra Upreti
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1. Introduction to Computer
A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own
memory that can accept data (input), process the data according to specified rules, produce
information (output), and store the information for future use.

They are used to type documents, send e-mail, play games, browse the Internet, create
presentations, event invitations, and listen to music or watch videos.

A computer will accept data in one form and produce it in another form. The data is normally held
within the computer as it is being processed.

Program: A computer Program is a set of related instructions written in the language of the
computer & is used to make the computer perform a specific task (or, to direct the computer on
what to do).
A set of related instructions which specify how the data is to be processed.
A set of instructions used to guide a computer through a process.

Data: Is a collection of raw facts, figures or instructions that do not have much meaning to the
user.
Data may be in form of numbers, alphabets/letters or symbols, and can be processed to produce
information.

1.2. Capability and Limitation of Computer

Capabilities of a computer system are the qualities of the computer that put it in a positive light and
make the user experience more efficient.

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Speed: Speed means the duration computer system requires in fulfilling a task or completing an
activity. Generally, humans take into account a second or minute as a unit of time.

Accuracy: Accuracy means the level of precision with which calculations are made and tasks are
performed. Errors attributable to hardware are generally distinguished and corrected by the
computer system itself. The computers rarely commit errors and do all types of tasks precisely.

Reliability: Reliability is the quality due to which the user can stay dependable on the computer.
Computers systems are well-adjusted to do repetitive tasks. Hence, the industry in such situations
has a backup facility to take over tasks without losing much of the time.

Adaptability: Adaptability of computer system means the quality of it to complete a different type
of tasks: simple as well as complex. Computers are normally versatile unless designed for a
specific operation. A computer system can replace the functions of all these specialists because of
being very versatile.

Storage: Storage is the ability of the computer to store data in itself for accessing it again in future.
Nowadays, apart from having instantaneous access to data, computers have a huge ability to
store data in a little physical space.

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CHAPTER 2: EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER
2.1. Mechanical Era

Abacus

The abacus is a calculating device used for performing the simple operations such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division. It is still used in some parts of the world. Abacus is a
frame with sliding upper beads and lower beads on the vertical rods that are arranged in series.

Figure 1 Abacus

Napier’s Bone

John Napier, a Scottish mathematician invented principle of logarithm in the year 1614 AD. After
that with the same principle he invented small device containing 10 rods engraved with numbers
called Napier’s Bone in the year 1617 AD. With the invention of Napier’s Bone people can
perform multiplication faster.

Slide Rule

William Oughtred, an English mathematician invented a machine called Slide Rule in the year
1620 AD. It had 2 rulers engraved with numbers and people could use for multiplication and
division also for roots, logarithms. It is first analog computing device.

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Pascaline

Blaise Pascal-a French mathematician invented in the year 1642 AD. He invented this machine to
help his father’s profession, it could do addition and subtraction. It was first functional automatic
calculator which can do addition and subtraction directly and multiplication division could be done
by repeated addition and subtraction.

Stepped Reckoner

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, a German mathematician invented a digital mechanical calculator
which was modified version of Pascaline called Stepped Reckoner. It could perform addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division.

Charles Babbage

Charles Babbage was a professor of mathematics at Cambridge University. He invented Difference

engine and it used to work with steam in the year 1822 AD. Then in the year 1833 AD he invented
Analytical engine, it was interconnected maze of gears, cams. But he was unable to complete due
to lack of technology. Analytical engine used to work in IPO (Input Process and Output) So, he is
called as father of computer science.

Lady Augusta Ada

Lady Augusta Ada is said to be First Computer Programmer as she developed first program for
Analytical engine developed by Charles Babbage. She suggested Charles Babbage to use Binary
System fir programs and data to be fed in the Analytical Engine.

Tabulating Machine

Dr. Herman Hollerith and American census statistician invented Tabulating Machine in 1886. It
was the first machine to make practical use of punched card in data processing. Herman Hollerith
established the Tabulating Machine Company and later it was merged with other companies and
formed International Business Company (IBM). (Pudasaini, Computer Science-I, 2021)

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2.2 Electro-Mechanical Era

Figure 2 MARK-I

MARK-I

It is the first electro-mechanical computer developed by Howard Aiken in 1937. The machine was
5ft long, 3ft wide and 8ft high and used in 18000 vacuum tubes. The machine took 1 second to
perform 3 mathematical calculations.

Atanasoff Berry Computer (ABC)

In 1942, J.V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry in 1942 developed Atanasoff Berry computer. It was
developed to solve simultaneous equation.

Figure 3 (ABC)

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator)

In 1946, this machine was developed by John Mauchlay and J. Presper Eckert. It used decimal
number system for calculation. This machine can calculate 300 times faster than any other machine
of that time. This machine was used in military operation for firing ballistic missiles.

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 Figure 4 ENIAC

EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer)

This machine was developed by Maurice Wilkes and his team in 1949. 3000 vacuum tubes and
consumed 30KW electric power.

Figure 5 EDSAC

EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)

This machine was developed by John Mauchlay, John Presper Eckert with assistance of John von
Neumann in 1952. This machine was the first machine that could store programs in it with the help
of binary digits. (Goel, 2010)

Figure 6 EDVAC

UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)

This machine was first developed by John Mauchlay and J. Presper Eckert in 1951. This was the
first computer developed for commercial use.

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2.3. Electronic Era (Table about generation of Computer)

Table 1 Generation of Computer

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CHAPTER 3: CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER
A computer is a device that transforms unusable data into information. According to the set of
instructions the user gives it, it processes the input and generates the desired outcome. Modern
digital computers are classified on the basis of their size and capacity.

Figure 7 Classification of Computer

3.1 On the basis of Working

1. Analog: An analog computer is a form of computer that uses the continuously-changeable
aspects of physical fact such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the
problem being solved. Anything that is variable with respect to time and continuous can be
claimed as analog just like an analog clock measures time by means of the distance traveled
for the spokes of the clock around the circular dial.

2. Digital: A computer that performs calculations and logical operations with quantities
represented as digits, usually in the binary number system of “0” and “1”, “Computer capable
of solving problems by processing information expressed in discrete form. from
manipulation of the combinations of the binary digits, it can perform mathematical
calculations, organize and analyze data, control industrial and process.

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3. Hybrid: A computer that processes both analog and digital data, Hybrid computer is a digital
computer that accepts analog signals, converts them to digital and processes them in digital
form.

3.2 On the basis of size

1. Super computers: The super computers are the highest performing system. A
supercomputer is a computer with a high level of performance compared to a general-
purpose computer. Supercomputers actually play an important role in the field of
computation, and are used for intensive computation tasks in various fields.
e.g.: PARAM, jaguar, roadrunner.

2. Mainframe computers: These are commonly called as big iron; they are usually used by
big organizations for bulk data processing. the research and development worked
continuously over the years and the mainframes of today are far better than the earlier one’s
efficiency.
E.g. IBM z Series, System z9 and System z10 servers.

3. Mini computers: These computers came into the market in mid 1960s and were sold at a
much cheaper price than the main frames, they were actually designed for control,
instrumentation, human interaction, and communication switching as distinct from
calculation and record keeping, later they became very popular for personal uses with
evolution.
E.g. Personal Laptop, PC etc.

4. Microcomputers: A microcomputer is a small, relatively inexpensive computer with a

microprocessor as its CPU. The previous to these computers, mainframes and
minicomputers, were comparatively much larger, hard to maintain and more expensive.
E.g. Tablets, Smartwatches etc.

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3.3 On the basis of Purpose
1. General Purpose Computer: A general-purpose computer is built to do a variety of common
tasks. Computers of this type have the ability to store multiple programs. They can be applied
in the workplace, in science, in education, and even at home. Such computers are adaptable,
but they are also less effective and move more slowly.

2. Specific Purpose Computer: A single specific task can be handled by a specific-purpose

computer, which is designed to execute a certain task. They aren’t made to manage several
programs. They were therefore not adaptable. Since they are made to handle a specific task,
they are more efficient and faster than general-purpose computers. These computers are
utilized for things like airline reservations, air traffic control, and satellite tracking.
(Pudasaini, Computer Science-I, 2021)

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CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION
Computer is a very essential thing in our life. During the past 10 years, the use of computers in
education has increased dramatically and a wide range of educational computer programs are now
widely available for individual and classroom use. However, there has been very little research
reported on the effectiveness of such use.

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REFERENCES
Goel, A. (2010). Computer Fundamentals. New Delhi: PEARSON INDIA.
Pudasaini, D. (2021). Computer Science-I. Kathmandu: Buddha Publications [Link].
Pudasaini, D. (2021). Computer Science-I. Kathmandu: Buddha Publication Pvt. Ltd.

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