Formulae
General Physics
Note: All quantities highlighted in bold and underlined are considered a force
Quantity Formula
Speed 𝑠
𝑣= 𝑡
where v is speed, s is distance and t is time
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
𝑎𝑣𝑔. 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
Acceleration: ∆𝑣
𝑎= ∆𝑡
where a is acceleration, v is velocity and t is time
Weight 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 where W is weight, m is mass and g is gravitation force
(9.8m/s or N/kg)
Density 𝑚
ρ= 𝑣
where ρ is Density, m is mass and v is volume
Spring Constant 𝐹
𝑘= 𝑥
where k is constant, F is force and x is unit extension
Force 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 where F is force and m is mass and a is acceleration
Moment 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 × 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑣𝑜𝑡
Momentum 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣 where p is momentum, m is mass and v is velocity
Impulse 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 = 𝐹∆𝑡 = ∆𝑚𝑣 (change in momentum)
Resultant Force ∆𝑝
𝐹= ∆𝑡
where F = force, p = momentum and t = time
Kinetic Energy 𝐸𝑘 =
1
𝑚𝑣
2
2
Change in GPE ∆𝐸𝑝 = 𝑚𝑔∆ℎ where m = mass, g = gravity and h = height
Work 𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑 = ∆𝐸 where d = distance, E = Energy
Efficiency %=
(𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡)
(× 100%)
(𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡)
(𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡)
%= (𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡)
(× 100%)
Power 𝑃 =
𝑊
=
∆𝐸
𝑡 𝑡
Pressure 𝐹
𝑝= 𝐴
where p = Pressure, F = Force and A = area
Pressure in Liquids ∆𝑝 = ρ𝑔∆ℎ where ρ is Density
Not Required as of 2026-28 syllabus:
2
𝑚𝑣
𝐹= 𝑟
Thermal Physics
Convert b/w Kelvin and Celcius 𝑇 (𝑖𝑛 𝐾) = θ (𝑖𝑛 º𝐶) + 273
For Fixed Mass of gas at constant temperature 𝑝𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Specific Heat Capacity 𝑐=
∆𝐸
𝑚∆θ
Waves
Wave Speed 𝑣 = 𝑓λ where v = wave speed, f = frequency and λ = wavelength
Refractive Index 𝑐
𝑛 = 𝑣
where n = refractive index, c = velocity of light in vacuum and
v = velocity of light in medium
1
𝑛 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐
where c = Critical Angle
* 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖
𝑛 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑟
where i = Angle of Incidence and r = Angle of Refraction
Snell’s Law * 𝑛1 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ1 = 𝑛2 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖
*Snell’s Law is not specifically mentioned in the syllabus, however, it is still useful and the equation 𝑛 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑟
is derived from
Snell’s Law
Definitions
General Physics
Thermal Physics
Waves
Other things to Memorise
General Physics
Thermal Physics
Waves