●​ 3.

1 m informal settlers in Metro Manila HOUSING AND GOVERNMENT AND ITS DELIVERY SYSTEM
●​ housing backlog is 3.7 million ●​ NSP has remained the key housing agenda of government
●​ Metro Manila's backlog projected to approach 500,000 units.
●​ backlog in providing land security and housing for the poor, hindered by financial constraints, land ●​ MINISTRY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS (MHS) in 1978, which was served as the umbrella
availability, and unclear land use policies. organization of all shelter agencies evolved since the 1950’s.

HOUSING PROBLEMS/ SOCIAL ISSUE

●​ Money NATIONAL HOUSING AUTHORITY (NHA),
●​ Availability of land ●​ in charge of social housing production specifically upgrading of sites and services

Other issues hampering pro-poor land and housing programs: HUMAN SETTLEMENTS DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION (HSDC),
●​ High transaction costs due to the confusing and unclear land use policies ●​ also into shelter production and New Town and Estate developments
●​ Non-cooperation of land owners to engage in the Community Mortgage Program (CMP)
NATIONAL HOUSING COMMISSION (NHC)
●​ Misinterpretation and/ or non-implementation of local government units (LGUs)
●​ supports the HSDC and NHA in shelter production
●​ Other problems pertaining to housing is the provision of land and housing to internally displaced
persons (IDPs) due to natural hazards and armed conflicts HUMAN SETTLEMENTS REGULATORY COMMISSION (HSRC),
●​ regulates subdivision development and socialized housing construction

HOMELESSNESS NATIONAL POLLUTION CONTROL COMMISSION (NPCC)

AFFORDABILITY AND DELIVERY NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING COUNCIL (NEPC)

●​ ECONOMIC GROWTH is seen as a fundamental solution, boosting household income and
housing affordability. HOUSING FINANCE CORPORATION (HFC),
●​ Short-to-medium-term solutions include increasing housing credit availability, reducing land and ●​ provides mortgage insurance or guarantees to encourage private banks and financial institutions to
production costs grant housing loans on easy terms of payment

GOVERNMENT STRATEGIES NATIONAL HOME MORTGAGE FINANCE CORPORATION (NHMFC),

●​ The NATIONAL SHELTER PROGRAM (NSP) serves as the country's comprehensive approach to ●​ acted as a secondary market for housing mortgages
aiding low- and middle-income families in securing affordable housing.
​ HOME DEVELOPMENT MUTUAL FUND (HDMF),
●​ provident savings fund maturing after 20 yrs
GOVERNMENT’S ROLE
●​ Constitution mandates the government to provide decent and affordable housing
●​ NSP has been the primary housing agenda since 1978 PHYSICAL CONFIGURATIONS AS OUTCONES OF SOCIO ECONOMIC SYSTEM
●​ creation of the Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council (HUDCC) tasked with
AN OVERVIEW OF THE SPATIAL POLICY ON ASIAN AND EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
coordinating shelter agencies for NSP implementation
●​ Predominantly Christian country (93% of the populations)
●​ ARMM (autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao) suffers underdevelopment
 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL (RDC)
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS AND SPATIAL PLANNING SYSTEM ●​ (NCR, ARMM, CAR)
●​ Decides how plans should be implemented in regional and municipality level
GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES:
1.​ Provinces and highly urbanized cities OTHER POLICIES WITH SIGNIFICANT TERRITORIAL EFFECTS
2.​ Cities (component cities) and municipalities.
INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER STRATEGY
CITY
ANNUAL INCOME : 100 million Pesos PHILIPPINE DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2011-2016 (PDP)
POPULATION: at least 150,000 inhabitants
CONTIGUOUS TERRITORY : 100 sqkm ●​ sets out "Industrial Cluster Strategy" to promote creation industrial clusters reflecting industrial
activity and infrastructural character respective domestic area which will contribute to the creation of
MUNICIPALITY regional wealth through export
ANNUAL INCOME: 2.5 million Annual income
●​ In this strategy, through developing industrial clusters, the government intends to promote fostering of
POPULATION: 25,000 inhabitants
inter-business cooperation between small and medium tiny companies to strengthen network toward
CONTIGUOUS TERRITORY: 50 sq km
collaboration, and this is based on the understanding that the past development policy had lead the country
to "fall into the path of a trickle-down jobless growth"
3.​ Barangays (the smallest administrative unit)
TRICKLE-DOWN
●​ economic thought that expresses vitalization of economic activities of large enterprises and
PLANNING SYSTEM wealthy class will make astream of wealth pouring down on to low-income class that will finally
●​ Entails spatial planning and socio economic development planning bring benefit to the whole nation)
BEHAVIORAL ASPECT OF HOUSING
SPATIAL PLANNING
●​ largely public sector function to influence the future spatial distribution of activities surroundings play a significant role in shaping our behavior and perspectives.
●​ Aims to create rational territorial organization of land use
PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
●​ To improve the impact of the other sector policies on land use
●​ Promoting sustainable development and improving quality of life. ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI
●​ Size and ht of space
MEDIUM-TERM PHILIPPINE DEVELOPMENT PLAN (MTPDP) ●​ Color
●​ National program that oulines policies thee president wishes ●​ Temperature
●​ Major policy initiatives, socioeconomic strategies, and major national program ●​ Noise
TERRITORIALITY
NATIONAL ECONOMIC AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM (NEDA ) ●​ Behaviors
●​ Coordinates with related agencies in formulating plans ●​ Attitude towards physical space
●​ Drafts for the national development plans ○​ Regular use
○​ Protection, personalization
○​ Marking of territory
 PRIVACY BUNGALOW
●​ Solitude ●​ Most common type of occupancy
●​ Intimacy ●​ Bengali style (hindi word Bengali)
●​ reserve ●​ they are easier and less expensive
●​ senior friendly house, maintenance and movement
CULTURAL ASPECT
The cultural perspective of housing is the influence that changed us to what we are today TOWNHOUSE
●​ Traditional Filipino Houses ●​ Common type of home
●​ Traditional Elements ●​ Found in the early residential developments in urban areas
●​ House Features ●​ Urban feel without having to live in the city center
●​ Transition To Modern Amenities
●​ Verandahs And House Aesthetics CONDOMINIUMS
●​ Cleanliness And Housekeeping ●​ Taken over major cities as a result of comfort and convenience
●​ Floor Maintenance ●​ Ideal residence for city dwellers
PHILIPPINE PERSPECTIVE ON HOUSING
Based on the results of the 2020
EVOLUTION OF RESIDENTIAL DWELLING ●​ single type of building/housing unit (90.3%)
The history and culture of the Philippines are reflected in its architectural heritage, withnumerous influences ●​ apartment /accessoria/rowhouse(6.7%),
from other nations paving the way for the contemporary designs we see today ●​ duplex houses(1.9%)
FOUR MAIN PERIODS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY ●​ multi-unit residential building or commercial/industrial/agriculturalbuilding house,including condominium
●​ Spanish Rule (1521 – 1898) (377yrs) or condotel(1.1%)
●​ American Rule (1898 – 1946) (48 Yrs)
●​ Japanese Occupation (1941-1946) (5 Years) HOUSING IN THE PHILIPPINES
●​ Philippine Self Rule (1946-Present) (78 Years)

HOUSING NEEDS
BAHAY KUBO ●​ Housing units required in the housing market area to accommodate household growth, homeless people
●​ First filipino homes and households that aresubstandard

BAHAY NA BATO HOUSING DEMANDS

●​ Spanish colonial era – masonry construction ●​ Total number of households in a defined housing market area that would potentially move into the
●​ Roads, bridges,infrastractures proposed new or renovated housing units
●​ Adobe walls as its structural foundation and wood as the main materials
HOUSING SUPPLY
TSALET ●​ Quantity of housing units available to households or consumers at a given period and a given price level
●​ American occupation- architectural advancements
●​ emphasized sanitation which had paved the way for the introduction of the toilet via a cubeta (pail
HOUSING DEFICIT
conservancy system)
●​ Occurs when housing demand is greater than housing supply
●​ Well planned neighborhood which is primarily called sanitary barrio, or a tsalet
HOUSING BACKLOG
●​ Occurs following an accumulation of housing deficits MODULAR HOUSING COMPONENTS

HOUSING SURPLUS ●​ covers the manufacture of modular housing components preferably using indigenous materials
●​ Occurs when housing supply is greater than housing demand ●​ include roof/framing systems, wall/partition systems, flooring systems, door/window systems, and
finishing/ceiling systems
●​ Application for registration must be accompanied by an endorsement from Accreditation of
HOUSING BACKLOG
Innovative Technologies for Housing(AITECH).
●​ 3.9M units as of 2011
●​ 6.5M units as of 2024 (informal settlers and low income earner across the country)

HIGHEST HOUSING DEMAND HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT COORDINATING COUNCIL

●​ ECONOMIC HOUSING ●​ Created thru Executive Order No. 90
(450,000 – 1.7M) as of 2011 ●​ highest policy making and coordinating office on shelter
●​ umbrella organization which consists of heads of four housing agencies
HOUSING MARKET
●​ 3,164 PLAYERS (Subdivision and housing developers) HLURB (HOUSING AND LAND USE REGULATORY BOARD)
●​ engage in shelter production, focusing its efforts to provide to homeless, low-income Filipino families
HUDCC - Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council
SHDA – Subdivision and Housing Developers Association PAG-IBIG FUND
●​ provide its members w/ adequate housing through an effective saving scheme
●​ Financial Institute, The Industrial Sector, The Government, Filipino People
HOUSING IN THE PHILIPPINES
SOCIALIZED HOUSING NHA (NATIONAL HOUSING AUTHORITY)
●​ 450,000 Pesos and below
●​ Nat’l Gov’t agency tasked as the planning, regulatory and quasi-judicial body for land use development
and real estate and housing regulation
ECONOMIC HOUSING
●​ price range from 450,000 Pesos but not exceeding 1.7m HGC (HOME GUARANTY CORPORATION)
●​ Focuses on promoting home ownership to middle and low income families
LOW COST HOUSING
●​ more the 1.7m but less than 3 million Pesos

POLICIES - IPP 2014 - 2016 CULTURAL BELIEFS IN HOUSING (REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS)

ECONOMIC AND LOW-COST HOUSING
Development of a new settlement through joint venture arrangements with any of the following: ●​ more advantageous if two faces of the house take in the morning sun.
1.​ Local Government Unit, ●​ the more windows your residence has (or the larger they are), the better the chances of your house
2.​ Affiliate or other related enterprise of the BOI(Philippine Board of Investments) registered entity, absorbing natural and spiritual graces
3.​ Developer accredited by the HLURB.
BONTOC BAYAMBANG, PANGASINAN
●​ front door of the house must face against the flow of a nearby river ●​ it is commonly believed that termites (anay) will not enter the house if the bottoms of all wooden posts are
first charred.
ROMBLON
Others swear by the potency of rock salt sprinkled generously in all footing excavations as preventive measures
●​ the roof of the house must slope following the direction of the incline of the nearby mountains
against anay infestation.

CORDILLERA Old people also cautions against cutting old posts for reuse so as not to lose one’s wealth
●​ ridge of the roof is always positioned at right angles to the ridge of the mountain on which the house
stands.
STAIRS
An orientation towards the east is also required for stairs
IBALOIS
●​ ample space underneath their houses elevating their floors to accommodate the future tomb of owner
●​ make roof is not higher than theirs, otherwise, their lives will never progress or will always be worse.
ILOCANOS
●​ position their stairs so that they rise with the morning sun
●​ sibling’s house must not be built so close to that of his parents

POSTS PANDI, BULACAN

●​ believe that a stairway facing east is considered bad luck because, they say, anything facing the early sun
SOUTHERN TAGALOG dries up ahead of all others
●​ clockwise manner of raising the posts
If there is no way one can make the stairs face east, at least make them face any nearby mountain.
ROMBLON
●​ make the house windproof If one’s lot abuts a river, position the stairs in a way that they are facing upstream.

TAUSUGS if the proposed house is beside the sea, or if one is building a beach house, plan the stairs in such a way that they
run parallel with the shore
●​ equate the building of a house to the development of a fetus

not advised to place a large window in the wall directly facing the stairs so that good fortune will not easily go
CAGAYAN VALLEY out that window
●​ the first post to be raised is the one positioned nearest to the northeast and done after the footings have
been sprinkled with wine. Most Western countries consider it bad luck to walk under a ladder
BATAAN
●​ caution against having a solitary post in the middle of a room that bring misfortune TAGALOGS
●​ This belief is also common in Tagalog areas and it is said that posts situated this way augur a “heavily laden”
●​ never use the space beneath the stairs as a sleeping quarters.
life (mabigat ang kabuhayan)

ILONGGO
YAKANS
●​ The underside of wooden stairs of houses are usually completed covered not because of peeping Toms but
●​ do not use crooked wooden posts especially the ones with knotholes in them because they are said to
because the Old folks say so
symbolize death
For business establishments, especially the small ones, the cashier or the place where money is kept should not be ILOCANOS
located under the staircase. ●​ do not want basements altogether because of the belief that only coffins should be found under the
ground.
In homes, neither should rice be kept there because it translates to treading on the grace of God
STA. MARIA, BULACAN
The stairway should not be positioned at the center of the structure so as not to divide the building into two equal
●​ advise that the floors of the living and dining rooms must be of the same level. They say the imaginary
parts.
“ball of fortune” must be able to freely roll across both floors.

Dried umbilical cord of a son or daughter of the house owner inserted in the staircase will strongly bind the
Overly ornate living and dining room ceilings, especially those with cornices, moldings, and other superficial
stringer with its supporting girder
decorations are avoided as it tends to make the ceiling look like a coffin.

ORO(GOLD) PLATA(SILVER) Even the “mansard” or flat type of roof invented at the turn of the century are avoided as it reminds people of a
MATA(DEATH) coffin
●​ It also applies to walkways that are made of individual flagstones or the popular circular or square slabs of
pebbled concrete or even an entire concrete walkway or ramp BED ROOMS
It is advised that one must plan the doors of one’s bedrooms in such a way that when it is opened, one would face
YAKANS OF MINDANAO neither the foot nor head of the bed.
●​ however, believe in odd numbering of steps.
●​ require an odd number of bedrooms. Neither should you put any bed under a cross beam, regardless of whether the beam is of wood or concrete, and
position the bed so that the occupant will not be lying perpendicular to the beam.
CHINESE FILIPINOS
●​ on the other hand, count their steps by fours For houses with second floors, it should be observed that no drainage pipe runs inside or under the floor where
the bed is located.

DOORS Do not place bedrooms in the basement portion of the house. It is always preferred (luck-wise) that the bedroom
●​ should not face each other floor is higher than the living room.
●​ people in the north associates this with the easy passage of a coffin through two doors that directly face
each other. DINING ROOMS
●​ Most regions in the country also avoid positioning the main gate of the lot opposite the main entrance PAMPANGOS love to cook (and eat), so most of their dining rooms are situated in the sunniest and brightest
of the house itself locations of the house.

STA. MARIA AND SAN MIGUEL, BULACAN ILOCANOS, on the other hand, prefer subdued lighting because they consider eating a solemn occasion
●​ however, wide doors facing each other are considered lucky
OTHER CULTURAL BELIEFS
One’s door also should not directly face one’s neighbor’s to avoid future conflicts
PAMPANGOS IN CENTRAL LUZON
LIVING ROOMS ●​ Palm fronds are popular in Filipino houses especially for Roman Catholic families
Sunken rooms, like basements are looked at as pockets of caves where evil spirits can hide.
 ●​ In planning and designing the house, people should refrain from having their house in the shape of a ●​ A snake that enters the house brings good luck
cross as it will bring the residents bad luck. ●​ While number 7 and 11 bring good luck, number 13 is never used as an address number or the
●​ Doors should never face west number of a story in a building.
●​ An injury to a construction worker while a house or building is being erected is an omen of bad luck that
●​ Mirrors should never face a house’s main door because it is believed that the mirror will send out the
can be neutralized by killing a pig or a white chicken and sacrificing its blood to the spirits.
blessings
●​ A Balete tree is considered to be haunted and must not be cut down or else the spirits will attack the
●​ offer a pig or a chicken’s blood through pouring it to the foundations or posts construction workers as well as the owner of a house.
●​ done during construction is twisting the posts clockwise before cementing LECTURE 2. PHYSICAL CONFIGURATIONS AS OUTCOMES OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
●​ child will be lucky if his or her first ever extracted tooth is placed under a house’s roof
●​ People should never sweep the floor in the evening going to the direction of the main door PHYSICAL CONFIGURATIONS
1.​ LAND USE PATTERNS
●​ A house that is built in the middle of a crossroad and faces the dead end or what is called “tumbok” in 2.​ HOUSING DENSITY AND AFFORDABILITY
3.​ TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE
Filipino is said to be full of bad luck for its residence. 4.​ CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICTS (CBDS)
5.​ ZONING AND REGULATIONS:
6.​ GENTRIFICATION AND REDEVELOPMENT
ILOCANO 7.​
8.​
INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT
GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE DESIGN
●​ counterpart of the cornerstone laying ceremony, is to imbed the foundation posts with loose coins- for 9.​ URBAN SPRAWL VS. COMPACT DEVELOPMENT
10.​ SOCIAL SERVICES ACCESS
good luck. 11.​ ECONOMIC DISPARITIES
12.​ LAND VALUE AND SPECULATION
●​ A house must face east, if it could be helped. Sunshine entering the front door ushers in prosperity
●​ Doors inside houses must not directly parallel other doors
LECTURE 3. Philippine Perspective on Housing
●​ As for stairs, they should always turn right, that being the righteous path. This particular belief applies best
Philippine Housing Industry
to the marital bond. An opposite direction signifies infidelity.
Philippine housing sector
●​ Ilocanos of the northernmost oart of the Philippines tend to cut down aratiles trees growing in front of
their houses to prevent their daughters from being illicitly impregnated
Socialized Housing – is for projects costing ₱450,000 and below
●​ the posts should be turned clockwise before being permanently cemented and secured.
Economic Housing – covers the price range starting from ₱450,000 but not exceeding ₱1.7 million
●​ Erecting a house in front of a dead-end street will bring bad luck
Low-Cost Housing – defined as units sold for more than ₱1.7 million but less than ₱3 million.
●​ Doors should always be on the right side of the house and the stairs should always turn to the right
●​ Doors should not be built facing each other for it portends that money will come easily but also rush out
quickly.
LECTURE 5.
●​ Septic tanks must not be constructed higher than the ground for it would demand sacrifice in human
life.
FINANCING
●​ critical to the implementation of any housing program
●​ The owner must transfer to the new house not later than six in the morning during the new moon to ●​ financing strategy must take into account the local economic conditions and governmental institutions
attract good luck and prosperity, and the first things that must be brought inside the house are salt, rice and
coins.
●​ No part of the house should cover or hang over the stump of a newly cut tree. Neither should a new
COOPERATIVES
●​ allow individuals to pool resources and strengthen their ability to build and invest
house overlap any portion of an old house ●​ receives external financial assistance such as grants and subsidies.
●​ A two-story building that is remodeled into a single story will shorten the lives of its occupants.
COST RECOVERY
●​ government or non-government organizations (NGOs) may collect rental or mortgage payments from participants that this payments
may cover part or all of development costs and are typically charged based on participants ability to pay
CREDIT LOW-COST BUILDING TECHNIQUES
●​ most critical obstacles to acquiring housing ●​ Cost-saving innovations include the use of inexpensive building materials, recycling of old building materials and the conversion of
●​ Cases in this section describe low-interest rate financing, mortgage guarantees and other financial innovations that increase access to nonresidential buildings to residential use
credit
LEASE CONSTRUCTION: TECHNOLOGY & METHODS
●​ can be a useful tool to achieve home ownership to people cannot afford a house but have income
●​ Housing projects may employ a variety of innovative technological approaches such as the use of solar energy systems and modular
two components: housing design to reduce costs and use available resources
●​ the rent
●​ an additional amount that will cover the total value of the house
SELF-CONSTRUCTION AND MUTUAL HELP
●​ Self-construction involving an exchange of residents’ free labor for free building materials can catalyze housing development, reduce
NATIONAL FINANCING construction costs, and promote home ownership and community involvement.
●​ fill the gap when the market fails to provide adequate housing ●​ community associations and the provision of technical training are important factors that facilitate self-construction.
●​ central government create different low-rate financing systems to promote housing programs.

SUBSIDES REHABILITATION
●​ Improvement and modernization of old buildings is, therefore, often more effective than demolition and new construction
●​ government or NGO to correct this market failure providing a grant to lower prices that this assistance can be made to the buyer, renter
or seller
NATURAL DISASTERS: REHABILITATION AND CONSTRUCTION
HOMELESSNESS ●​ Preventative measures include disaster-resistant technologies and appropriate planning techniques.
●​ Effective responses to disasters should include the timely rebuilding and improvement of housing and infrastructure and the provision of
The Best Practices described in this section are divided into three groups.
interim relief.
●​ addresses the immediate and basic needs of homeless people through direct intervention by the government
●​ helping those in need to obtain the skills and opportunities
●​ comprehensive safety net or proactive infrastructure that prevents homelessness from becoming epidemic. LOW INCOME AND AFFORDABLE HOUSING
●​ biggest challenge of each nation and government is finding inexpensive ways to fund housing for those unable to afford

DIRECT ASSISTANCE
●​ Government and NGOs can provide direct assistance to homeless people INFORMATIONAL AND COUNSELING SERVICES
●​ low-income households lack the information and assistance needed
●​ Counseling and training may empower residents to understand the legal and economic resources that are available to help them
INCOME GENERATION
●​ Income generation schemes can provide them with the ability to become independent and integrated
MIXED-INCOME HOUSING
●​ Economically homogeneous communities can perpetuate segregation and social and economic polarization
PREVENTION ●​ communities can produce benefits such as job creation and economic development for local resident
●​ intervention before a person becomes homeless
●​ may include legal advice, financial assistance and counseling
PLANNING AND COMPREHENSIVE APPROACHES TO HOUSING
CONSTRUCTION AND REHABILITATION DEVELOPMENT
●​ successful housing programs involve well- executed strategic or long range plans
●​ cost is a critical issue
●​ Involving community members in the planning process improves the responsiveness and appropriateness of plans
●​ New technologies to counteract problems arising from lack of funds, space and time.
●​ recycling materials and renovating existing buildings to rebuild housing, developers can cut costs and make optimal use of existing ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE PLANNING
resources. ●​ environmental conditions and limited natural resources affect the development of housing.
●​ Self-construction and partnership building have increased community participation, employment, and homeownership ●​ Housing developers should take care to make effective use of local resources and to create designs with environmental conditions in
mind.
INFRASTRUCTURE, SANITATION AND SAFETY ●​ Multi-sectoral collaboration can generate creative responses to housing problems, harnessing resources and talent from the private,
public and the non governmental sectors.
●​ Housing projects often lack clear and detailed strategies for the design of infrastructure.
●​ This growing trend has catalyzed entire communities, and has promoted greater understanding between sectors.
●​ housing projects can address sanitation and safety issues such as clean water, solid waste collection and crime reduction through
innovative planning and design. PARTNERSHIPS
●​ the resolution of housing problems is dependent on the reform and simplification of government regulations.
DISTRESSED AREAS ●​ Reform may seek to reduce bureaucracy and eliminate obstacles to creative responses.
●​ living in extreme poverty conditions, lacking basic needs
FREE LAND PLOTS 1. HOUSING AFFORDABILITY
●​ Lack of land security poses one of the greatest threats ●​ HIGH HOUSING COSTS VS. LOW INCOME: One of the biggest challenges is the mismatch between
●​ A number of innovative programs provide free land plots to address this problem and lay the foundation for sustainable communities. rapidly rising housing costs and relatively stagnant wages for the majority of Filipinos. Housing prices in
urban centers, particularly Metro Manila, have been rising faster than wages, making homeownership
SLUM, SHANTYTOWN, AND SQUATTER SETTLEMENT REDEVELOPMENT increasingly out of reach for low- and middle-income families. This leads to widespread housing insecurity, as
●​ problem of providing housing for families living in high poverty areas is one of the greatest challenges many Filipinos are forced to live in substandard or overcrowded conditions.
●​ employ innovative methods for constructing housing, building infrastructure, and providing social services
●​ LIMITED AFFORDABLE HOUSING SUPPLY: There is a significant shortage of affordable housing,
COMMUNITY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT especially for the lower-income population. The National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA)
●​ Creative strategies can generate jobs and income for residents, facilitate their entry into local economies, and meet housing needs. estimates that the country has a housing backlog of over 6 million units. Most developers focus on high-end
●​ Housing projects can be designed to address housing needs and catalyze community and social development simultaneously, residential properties, as these are more profitable, leaving a gap in affordable housing for the middle and
incorporating a variety of program components into their design.
lower-income segments.

COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AND CAPACITY BUILDING 2. URBANIZATION AND HOUSING DEMAND

Community participation ●​ RAPID URBANIZATION: The Philippines has experienced rapid urban growth with people migrating
●​ is often an integral element of successful planning and development projects from rural areas to urban centers in search of better employment opportunities and improved living
●​ gives voice to residents, enabling to advocate for themselves and influence their environment.
standards Metro Manila and other major cities like Cebu and Davao are facing a housing boom, but the
increase in population has outpaced the supply of affordable housing This has resulted in overcrowded living
Capacity building conditions, especially in informal settlements (also known as slums or 'squatter areas").
●​ provides the hard skills necessary for community members to work toward personal and community goals and improve socio-economic ●​ URBAN SPRAWL AND LAND USE: As cilles expand, housing developments often spread outwards
conditions for all.
(urban sprawl), leading to the loss of agricultural land and green spaces This sprawl further strains
●​ Providing information and training can help residents build and maintain their communities.
infrastructure and increases commuting times, which negatively impacts the quality of life for many workers,
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION who find themselves living far from their place of employment
●​ Involve the community in the planning and implementation stages
●​ includes participation in the identification of current problems 3. INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS (SQUATTER AREAS)
●​ design of a plan that includes feasible solutions
●​ INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS GROWTH: A significant proportion of urban populations in the
●​ special training programs can be provided to the residents, so that they can participate more actively.
Philippines live in informal settlements, often without secure tenure or access to basic services. These
CAPACITY BUILDING settlements typically lack adequate infrastructure like sanitation, clean water, and reliable electricity. They are
●​ To promote the long-term sustainability of housing projects, often situated in hazard- prone areas, such as along riverbanks, coastal zones, and garbage dumps. The
●​ play an informed and productive role in project development and implementation government has long struggled to address this issue due to limited resources and land-use policies that fail to
●​ projects include a variety of methods for building participants leadership, management and technical skills provide adequate housing for all segments of society. Eviction and Displacement: There have been efforts by
local governments to demolish illegal settlements in urban areas, often leading to mass evictions. While these
PARTNERSHIPS evictions are intended to address land issues, they can displace large numbers of people, further exacerbating
 homelessness and housing instability. Relocation programs have been criticized for their ineffectiveness and (SHFC), efforts la address the housing backlog have been fragmented and insufficient. Bureaucratic
for not providing adequate support to displaced families, who often end up in more remote areas without inefficiencies, lack of coordination between national and local governments, and political influences often
access to jobs and basic services. delay or hinder housing projects
4. LACK OF ADEQUATE ANCING FOR COW- INCOME HOUSING ●​ CORRUPTION IN HOUSING DEVELOPMENT: There are also concerns about corruption within
●​ LIMITED ACCESS TO CREDIT: Access to housing finance is a major barrier for low- and government housing projects, where funds intended for low-cost housing have been misused, leading to
middle-income Filipinos. While institutions like the Pag-IBIG Fund (the government-run savings and incomplete or poorly constructed homes Corruption and inefficiency in the allocation of land, construction
housing loan program) provide housing loans, they are not always accessible to those in need, particularly contracts, and relocation funds have slowed down efforts! reduce the housing backlog.
informal sector workers or those with low or irregular incomes. High Interest rates, short repayment periods,
and stringent eligibility requirements prevent many from qualifying for loans 8. SOCIAL INEQUALITY AND SEGREGATION
●​ DEVELOPERS' FOCUS ON HIGH-END MARKET: Most private developers focus on high-income ●​ SOCIOECONOMIC DISPARITIES: The gap between the rich and poor in the Philippines has a
housing, which is more profitable. This leaves the low-income housing sector underserved. There is significant impact on housing access. Wealthy individuals and corporations have greater access to housing,
insufficient investment in the low- cost housing market, and government subsidies or incentives for while the majority of Filipinos struggle to find affordable homes. Social inequality is exacerbated by unequal
developers building affordable homes remain limited. access to housing, especially in urban centers where the wealthier segments can afford upscale developments
while the poor are pushed into overcrowded informal settlements.
5. INFRASTRUCTURE CHALLENGES ●​ STIGMA AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION: Residents of informal settlements face social exclusion,
●​ INADEQUATE INFRASTRUCTURE AND UTILITIES: Even where housing units are available, the stigmatization, and discrimination. They are often perceived as being part of the "undeserving" poor and face
quality of infrastructure in low-income housing areas remains substandard. Many new housing challenges in accessing basic services or formal employment. This social marginalization further entrenches
developments are built in areas with insufficient access to roads, water supply, sewage systems, and electricity. poverty and inequality.
The lack of proper urban planning means that new developments may lack public transport access, increasing
the residents' reliance on private transportation, which is costly for many. 9. CULTURAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS
●​ POOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMS: A lack of efficient and affordable public transportation ●​ FAMILY AND COMMUNITY DISINTEGRATION: Housing instability can lead to family
systems is a major issue in urban centers like Metro Manila. Commuting times are long, and traffic congestion fragmentation, as individuals or families are forced to move frequently or live in overcrowded conditions.
is among the worst in the world. This affects people who live in more affordable housing options in This can negatively affect the social fabric, leading to a decline in community well-being.
peripheral areas but must travel long distances to get to work or access essential services. ●​ YOUTH MIGRATION: Young people, especially in rural areas, often migrate to urban centers in search of
better job opportunities. This contributes to urban overpopulation and the pressure on housing markets in
6. ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS AND NATURAL DISASTERS major cities.
●​ VULNERABILITY TO NATURAL DISASTERS: The Philippines is highly prone to natural disasters
such as typhoons, floods, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions. Informal settlements are especially vulnerable ADDRESSING HOUSING CHALLENGES IN THE PHILIPPINES
as they are often built in high-risk areas, such as flood zones, coastal areas, or landslide-prone slopes. ●​ To address the housing crisis in the Philippines, a comprehensive approach is required:
Inadequate housing design and weak enforcement of building codes make it difficult to withstand the ●​ Increase Affordable Housing Supply: The government must incentivize private developers to invest in low-
impacts of such disasters. and middle-income housing, while improving public- private partnerships for large-scale housing projects.
●​ CLIMATE CHANGE AND RISING SEA LEVELS: The effects of climate change are also exacerbating This includes reducing barriers to financing and land acquisition for affordable housing developments.
housing challenges Coastal communities are at risk due to rising sea levels, and many Informal settlements ●​ Better Financing Options: Expanding access to housing finance, especially for low- income workers, can help
along the coast face displacement. Rebuilding efforts after natural disasters are often slow, and many families bridge the affordability gap. Strengthening government programs like the Pag-IBIG Fund and creating more
are forced to rebuild in unsafe or unsustainable locations flexible loan products could help more people access homeownership.
●​ Improved Urban Planning: Investing in better infrastructure, including roads, public transportation,
7. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND CORRUPTION sanitation, and electricity, is crucial. Planning should prioritize mixed- use developments that integrate
●​ INEFFECTIVE HOUSING POLICIES. Although there are government agencies responsible for housing residential areas with workspaces, schools, and other services.
development, such as the National Housing Authority (NHA) and Social Housing Finance Corporation ●​
 ORGANIZATIONAL CHALLENGES
●​ is the difficulties or barriers employees face that prevent them from accomplishing their goals. In the ACCESS TO PREDEVELOPMENT AND RISK CAPITAL
workplace, problems can manifest in the environment and among team members and management. ●​ the capacity of the development community in the state and the need for a robust pipeline of projects to
●​ It is critical to identify the barriers that are currently impeding the efficacy of our housing delivery system. In realize our affordable housing goals, pre-development capital is key. They rely on developer fees to survive,
order to address the housing needs of Philippines residents and produce and preserve our affordable housing likewise, to meet the readiness requirements of most programs, they must risk hundreds of thousands of
stock. it needs a housing delivery system that is comprehensive, predictable,transparent, centralized, flexible, dollars on design, engineering and other project due diligence.
and accessible.
ORGANIZATIONAL CHALLENGES FOR EFFECTIVE HOUSING DELIVERY SYSTEM NEED FOR RENTAL SUBSIDIES
●​ LOCAL BARRIERS ●​ Most affordable housing developments targeting very low and extremely low income households need some
●​ FINANCE BARRIERS source of rental support to be self-sustaining in the long term and most Rental Assistance Program
●​ INDUSTRY CAPACITY
certificates cannot currently be project-based into developments. In any event, the current waiting lists for
LOCAL BARRIERS these programs (10 years in some cases) are a testament to the enormous need for this type of housing
assistance. Frequently, these types of rental subsidies are the only means to get very low income units into
LOCAL ZONING BARRIERS many proposed developments
●​ Zoning is the primary system by which municipalities maintain control and discretion over the pattern of
land development within their borders. Local practices can have the effect of increasing housing costs and REDUCTION AND INSTABILITY OF FEDERAL SUPPORT
effectively excluding prospective moderate-income households from locating affordable housing for purchase ●​ decrease in funding is in stark contrast to the societies investment in housing. In essence, a portion of the
or rent. society current investments are only compensating for federal funds that have been greatly curtailed .
●​ Insufficient operating subsidies available to be project base
LOCAL REGULATORY BARRIERS
●​ Regulations that affect housing prices occur in several categories, including building codes, environmental INDUSTRY CAPACITY
stipulations, impact fees, and administrative processes. These can create significant cost and bureaucratic HOUSING AUTHORITY CAPACITY
impediments to development. ●​ Redeveloping the housing portfolio will require more public housing authorities to expand their current role
of owner and property manager to include that of real estate developer. Most public housing authorities have
LOCAL INFRASTRUCTURE LIMITATIONS little experience with development and are struggling to manage on ever-shrinking and sequestered funding.
●​ Small towns often lack the basic infrastructure to develop higher density multifamily and affordable single
family homes. This includes sewer, water, roads, utilities, and access to public transportation. Some DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY CAPACITY
communities actively oppose constructing or upgrading this infrastructure in order to discourage new and ●​ The expanded resources available to affordable housing has resulted in more opportunities for funding than
denser development. there are ready projects. Similarly, the number of projects managed by any one firm has increased
dramatically, resulting in less complete applications and slower closing processes.
LOCAL OPPOSITIONS / “NIMBY’ *“NOT IN MY BACK YARD,” OR NIMBY
●​ is often articulated as a fear of loss of property value, negative impact on schools, increased demand on ACCESS TO TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
schools and other public services resulting in increased costs and taxes, and/or a general change or decline in
●​ technical knowledge is necessary for effective project from inception through occupancy and management.
the local quality of life.
Likewise, residents and housing authorities who are involved in the planning process of proposed
FINANCE BARRIERS redevelopment or disposition based on new statutory requirements do not have the technical assistance they
ALIGNMENT AND CLARITY OF FUNDING PRIORITIES need ensure proper processes are followed. An increase in staff resources, such as consultants, architects, and
●​ The magnitude and diversity of these needs, the breadth of available intervention strategies, and the reality of engineers, to assist these parties with their different needs can be useful in overcoming this barrier.
a finite level of resources , the government must adopt project evaluation criteria that for each competitive
funding program reflects multiple priorities.