ETHICAL STANDARDS IN WRITING A
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
FORMULATION OF A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
AND RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
Ethical Standards in Writing a Review of Related Literature
In research writing, systematic reviews of related literature require citation- proper
citation. Improper or no citation at all may fall under an ethical issue which we call as
intellectual dishonesty. There is a need to recognize the sources of the information
that we are citing, and there are proper ways to do this.
The primary ethical issue that we often encounter is the issue on plagiarism.
Plagiarism is defined as “using somebody else’s words, images, data, ideas, or other
original creations without acknowledgement or permission and claiming them as your
own original work.”
What is Citation?
A citation is the way you tell your readers that certain materials in your work
came from another source. It also gives your readers the information necessary to find
the source you used as it provides the following information:
1. The name of the author
2. The title of the work
3. The name and location of the company that published your copy of the source
4. The date your copy was published
5. The page numbers of the material you are borrowing
Styles of Citation
1. Chicago/Turabian Documentation Style- these are sometimes called
documentary note or humanities style. They place bibliographic citations at the
bottom of a page or at the end of a paper.
Example:
Steven Nadler, A Book Firged in Hell: Spinoza’s Scandalous Treatise and the Birth
of the Secular Age (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011), 8
2. American Psychological Association (APA) Style- provides a standard system for
giving credit to others for their contribution to your work. It’s what we call a
“parenthetical” documentation style, meaning that citations to original sources
appear in your text. This allows the reader to see immediately where your information
comes from, and it saves you the trouble of having to make footnotes or endnotes.
The APA style calls for three kinds of information to be included in in-text
citations. The author’s last name and the work’s date of publication must always
appear, and these items match exactly the corresponding entry in the reference list.
The third kind of information, page number, appears only in a citation to a direct
quotation.
Three options for placing citations:
1. Idea-focused
Place the author(s) and date(s) in parenthesis at an appropriate place in or at
the end of a sentence.
Example:
Researchers have studied how children represent mathematical problems (Alibali &
Fisher, 2009; Siegler, 1976).
2. Researcher-focused
Place only the date in parenthesis.
Example:
Alibali [Link]. (2009) asked, “Did the participants adopt the taught strategies?” (p.96)
3. Chronology-focused
Integrate both the author and date into your sentence.
Example:
In 2009, Alibali, Philips, and Fischer reported that third and fourth-grade students
improved their problem representation when they were taught the equalize strategy
but did not improve their problem representation when they were taught the add-
subtract strategy.
Formulation of a Conceptual Framework and Research Hypothesis
What is a conceptual framework?
It is a bit like a recipe or a blueprint. It provides an outline of how you plan to
conduct the research for your thesis, but it goes further than that by also positioning
your work within the larger field of research. Writing a conceptual framework can not
only help to guide your thesis to ensure that your research stays on track, but it also
helps to guide fellow researchers or advisers who are analyzing your thesis.
What are the steps in developing a conceptual framework?
1. Conduct a review of related literature.
2. Create a flowchart.
3. Write a narrative.
In a nutshell, a conceptual framework is…
a. A set of coherent ideas to make it easy to communicate to others;
b. An organized way of thinking about how and why a project takes place and about
how we understand its activities;
c. A basis for thinking about what we do and about what it means, influenced by the
ideas;
d. An overview of ideas and practices or a set of assumptions, values, and definitions;
and
e. Encapsulates why we use certain methods and how we would analyze the data.
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What is Hypothesis?
Hypothesis is an informed speculation, which is set up to be tested, about the
possible relationship between two or more variables. The nature of hypothesis can be
described as follows:
1. It can be tested.
2. It is not an ethical issue.
3. It is not too specific and not too general.
4. It is a prediction of consequences.
5. It is considered valuable even if proven false.
How Do We Formulate a Hypothesis?
1. If you can’t measure it, then you can’t form a hypothesis about it.
2. A hypothesis takes the form of an if-then statement.
3. Assess the hypothesis.
4. Operationalization.
Alternative (Ha): Positive Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis (Ho): Negative Hypothesis
References:
Melegrito, M.F. & Mendoza, D.J. (2016). Applied Research: An Introduction to Quantitative
Research Methods and Report Writing, pp. 87-100.
[Link]
Activity #5
What is Your Hypothesis?
A. Make a hypothesis for the following research problems. (Alternative and Null
Hypothesis)
1. Is there any relationship between age and perception of quality of music?
Ha: There is any relationship between age and perception of quality of music.
Ho: There is no relationship between age and perception of quality of music.
2. Do employers have the same perception of aims for schools as does the general
population?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
3. If family size (number of children) increases, is there necessarily an increase or
decrease in family income?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
4. During periods of high unemployment, does the perceived threat of unemployment
reduce spending among those employed?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Can stress in patients about to undergo surgery be reduced by specific types of nurse
intervention?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
6. If the organization changes to flexitime, will productivity increase as compared to
present levels?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7. Would an increase in tax allowances for low-income families or separate payment for
the day care of children or retired parents have the greatest impact on reducing
unemployment?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
8. Will tranquilizers enhance examination performance of highly stressed students?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
9. Do people who are good in Mathematics, Science, or Technical subjects tend to be
poor at English?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
10. Is there a relationship between behavior and academic performance?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
B. Using the last research problem (problem #10). Make a conceptual framework
(paradigm) and discuss it briefly. (5 pts.)
Quiz #5
ETHICAL STANDARDS IN WRITING A REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
FORMULATION OF A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
I. Identification.
A. Direction: Identify the terms being described in the following. Choose the correct
answer in the table below.
American Psychological Association (APA) Style Citation
Chicago/Turabian Documentation Style Hypothesis
Conceptual Framework Intellectual dishonesty
Parenthetical Documentation Plagiarism
_______________________ 1. Improper or no citation at all may fall under an ethical issue
which we call as
_______________________ 2. It is a bit like a recipe or a blueprint. It provides an outline of
how you plan to conduct the research for your thesis, but it goes
further than that by also positioning your work within the larger
field of research.
_______________________ 3. It is an informed speculation, which is set up to be tested,
about the possible relationship between two or more variables.
_______________________ 4. It is defined as “using somebody else’s words, images, data,
ideas, or other original creations without acknowledgement or
permission and claiming them as your own original work.”
_______________________ 5. It is the way you tell your readers that certain materials in your
work came from another source.
_______________________ 6. It provides a standard system for giving credit to others for
their contribution to your work.
_______________________ 7. These are sometimes called documentary note or humanities
style.
_______________________ 8. This means that citations to original sources appear in your
text.
B. Direction: Given the following examples of citations, identify the options used in
citing. Choose the letter of the correct answer.
a. Idea-focused
b. Researcher-focused
c. Chronology-focused
______ 9. Alibali, Philips, and Fischer (2009) asked, “Did the participants adopt the taught
strategies?” (p.96)
______ 10. In 2009, Alibali, Philips, and Fischer reported that third and fourth-grade students
improved their problem representation when they were taught the equalize strategy
but did not improve their problem representation when they were taught the add-
subtract strategy.
______ 11. Researchers have studied how children represent mathematical problems (Alibali,
Philips, & Fisher, 2009; Siegler, 1976).
II. Direction: Write () if the statement supports the preceding statement and (X) if not.
The nature of hypothesis can be described as follows:
_______ 12. It is a prediction of consequences.
_______ 13. It is an ethical issue.
_______ 14. It is considered invaluable if proven false.
_______ 15. It is not too specific and not too general.
_______ 16. It can be tested.
[Link].
Direction: Enumerate the following:
17-21. A citation also gives your readers the information necessary to find the source
you used as it provides the following information:
17. __________________________________________________
18. __________________________________________________
19. __________________________________________________
20. __________________________________________________
21. __________________________________________________
IV. Essay
Direction: answer the question in three (3) sentences. (4 pts.)
22-25. How do we formulate a hypothesis?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________