Experiment No.

02

Objective: Study of step response of RC, RL and RLC circuit.

Apparatus Required:
Sl No. Name Range / Value Quantity
1 Mixed Signal Oscilloscope 0-25 V 1
2 Digital Multimeter 0-25 V 1
3 Bread Board - 1
4 Resistor 1.2 k Ohm 1
5 Capacitor 60 nF 1
6 Inductor 77 mH 1
7 Connecting Wires - As Required

1 RC Circuit
In this lab activity, you will apply a pulse waveform to the RC circuit to analyze the transient response
of the circuit. The pulse width relative to a circuit’s time constant determines how it is affected by an
RC circuit.
1.1 Circuit Diagram:

Applying KCL and solving the differential equation yields the following expression for capacitor
voltage at the time of charging.
𝑡
𝑉𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 (1 − 𝑒 −𝑅𝐶 ) 𝑡≥0
During discharging,
𝑡
𝑉𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑒 −𝑅𝐶 ) 𝑡≥0
1.2 Capacitor Voltage Waveform:
Paste a printed copy of actual results.
1.3 Procedure
1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
2) Apply 5 V peak-to-peak square wave from Mixed Signal Oscilloscope with frequency 1
kHz.
3) Connect channel 1 of MSO to observe the charging and discharging capacitor voltage
waveform.
4) Using cursor of MSO, find out the parameter of waveform.
5) Take the snapshot of capacitor voltage waveform and paste a printed copy of it in lab report.
1.4 Theoretical Calculation:

1.5 Experimental Voltage Waveform:

Paste the printed copy of voltage waveform.

1.6 Observation Table:

Sl. No. Characteristics Theoretical Value Practical Value
1 Rise time (Charging)
2 Settling time (Charging)
3 Fall time (Discharging)
4 Settling time (Discharging)

1.7 Summary:
Whether the waveform obtained practically is in line with theoretical calculation? YES/NO
Maximum Error observed in ………………….. with percentage error ………

2 RL Circuit
This lab is similar to the RC Circuit Lab except that the Capacitor is replaced by an Inductor. In this
experiment, we apply a square waveform to the RL circuit to analyze the transient response of the
circuit. The pulse-width relative to the circuit’s time constant determines how it is affected by the
RL circuit. In the RL circuit, voltage across the inductor decreases with time while in the RC circuit
the voltage across the capacitor increased with time. Thus, current in an RL circuit has the same form
 as voltage in an RC circuit: they both rise to their final value exponentially according to exponential
relationship.
2.1 Circuit Diagram

During charging,
𝑉 𝑅
𝐼𝐿 (𝑡) = (1 − 𝑒 − 𝐿 𝑡 ) 𝑡≥0
𝑅
During discharging,
𝑉 −𝑅𝑡
𝐼𝐿 (𝑡) = (𝑒 𝐿 ) 𝑡≥0
𝑅

2.2 Inductor Current Waveform:

2.3 Procedure
1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
2) Apply 5 V peak-to-peak square wave from Mixed Signal Oscilloscope with frequency 1
kHz.
3) Connect channel 1 of MSO to observe the inductor current waveform.
4) Using cursor of MSO, find out the parameter of waveform.
5) Take the snapshot of inductor current waveform and paste a printed copy of it in lab report.
2.4 Theoretical Calculation:
2.5 Inductor Waveform:
Paste a printed copy of actual results.

2.6 Observation Table:

Sl. No. Characteristics Theoretical Value Practical Value
1 Rise time (Charging)
2 Settling time (Charging)
3 Fall time (Discharging)
4 Settling time (Discharging)

2.7 Summary:
Whether the waveform obtained practically is in line with theoretical calculation? YES/NO
Maximum Error observed in ………………….. with percentage error ………

3 RLC Circuit
In this lab, we will observe the step response of a series RLC circuit. The step response is how the
circuit behaves in response to a forcing function that is a step function.
3.1 Circuit Diagram

Applying KVL and solving the second order differential equation yields following expression for
capacitor voltage:
𝑒 −𝛾𝜔𝑛
𝑉𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 (1 − sin(𝜔𝑑 𝑡 + ∅))
√1 − 𝛾 2

𝑉 𝑒 −𝛾𝜔𝑛
𝐼𝐿 (𝑡) = ( sin(𝜔𝑑 𝑡 + ∅))
𝜔𝐿 √1 − 𝛾 2

𝜔𝑑 = 𝜔𝑛 √1 − 𝛾 2
 1
𝜔𝑛 =
√𝐿𝐶
𝑅 𝐿
𝛾= √
2 𝐶
∅ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝛾

3.2 Capacitor Voltage and Inductor Current Waveform:

Capacitor voltage waveform for unit voltage.

Inductor current waveform for unit supply voltage.

3.3 Procedure
1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
2) Set the input as square wave with 5 V peak-to-peak voltage and 1 kHz frequency.
3) Observe and trace or record the waveforms appearing on the CRO screen.
4) Adjust the values of the resistance to obtain responses corresponding to under damped,
critically damped and over damped cases.
5) Adjust the parameters so that an under damped response of the series RLC circuit is obtained
and to observe and trace of the response.
6) From the trace response, obtain the period of oscillation, settling time, peak overshoot,
rise time, peak time, delay time and compare these values theoretically calculated
values.
3.4 Theoretical Calculation
3.5 Capacitor Voltage Waveform:
Paste the experimental current waveform here.

3.6 Inductor Current Waveform:

Paste the experimental current waveform here.

3.7 Observation Table

Capacitor Voltage
Sl. No. Characteristics Experimental Results
1 Rise time (Charging)
2 Settling time (Charging)
3 Fall time (Discharging)
4 Settling time (Discharging)
Inductor Current
1 Rise time (Charging)
2 Settling time (Charging)
3 Fall time (Discharging)
4 Settling time (Discharging)

3.8 Summary:
Whether the waveform obtained practically is in line with theoretical calculation? YES/NO
Maximum Error observed in ………………….. with percentage error ………

4 Conclusion: