1,2 U&E: Development
Processes and Organizations
Research and Development
R T D
Basic Technology System/Product
Research Development Development
• Discovery process • Loosely structured Structured methods
• No set timing • Difficult to plan Planned timing
• Unpredictable returns • Less predictable Predictable outcome
• Long term • Medium term Short term
Research and Development
R T D
Basic Technology System/Product
Research Development Development
• Basic studies to understand • Develop new technologies • Transform new technology into
new methods of water for water treatment consumer/industrial products.
purification and filtration based on basic research • Design household water
• Research focusing on the insights. purifiers using bio-inspired
natural filtration capabilities • Use knowledge of natural filtration.
of certain plant roots or soil filtration methods to • Focus on ease of use,
microbes create bio-inspired affordability, and effectiveness.
• Aiming to understand how filtration systems. • Target a wide range of
these natural systems filter • Mimic natural purification contaminants for improved
out contaminants and processes of plants or home water quality.
purify water microbes.
• Uncovering principles that
could be applied to artificial
water treatment processes
Changing Dimensions of Competition
System Development:
Cost and Quality
Features and Function
Competitiveness today is more than ever based
on system development capability.
Product Design and Development
Product development is important to the success of
companies.
Successful product development results in products
that can be produced and sold profitably
Assessing the performance of a product
development effort
Key Dimensions
Quality
Cost
Development time
Development cost
Development capability
Functions Central to a Product
Development Project
Marketing
Design
Manufacturing
Products are Developed by Cross-
Functional Teams
“Best practice” today is to form project
teams with people who represent the
disciplines and skills relevant to the
project.
Marketers
Engineers
Human factors and ergonomics specialists
Industrial designers
...
Product Development is
Challenging
Trade-offs must be managed
Decision making takes place in a constantly changing
environment
There are a huge number of details that must be
addressed
Decisions must be made quickly and without complete
information
To earn a reasonable return on the investment in the
development of the product, the resulting
product/system must be both appealing to customers
and relatively inexpensive to produce
Structured Methodologies
Step-by-step procedures for completing tasks
Benefits
They allow everyone on the team to understand
what’s going on.
They act as “checklists” of the key activities.
They document the progress of the project.
They help the team to get started, to keep going, and
to know when to stop.
A Generic Product Development
Process
The activities employed to conceive,
design, and commercialize a system.
Useful for the following reasons:
Helps to assure a quality product
Helps team members to coordinate their efforts
Aids in planning and keeping to a schedule
Aids in m anaging the development effort
Helps to identify opportunities for im provem ent
Generic Product Development
Process
Concept System-Level Detail Testing and Production
Planning Development Design Design Refinement Ramp-Up
Mission Concept System Spec Critical Design Production
Approval Review Review Review Approval
Product Development Process Flows
Concept System-Level Detail Testing and Production
Planning Development Design Design Refinement Ramp-Up
Mission Concept System Spec Critical Design Production
Approval Review Review Review Approval
Many Iteration Cycles
Concept System-Level Production
Planning Design Build Test
Development Design Ramp-Up
Mission Concept Cycle Plan Cycle
Approval Review Review Review
Quick Build Products, Spiral Product Development, Iteration Cycles
Design Test Parallel
Design Test
Concept System-Level Integrate Validation
Planning Development Design and Test and Ramp-Up
Design Test
Mission Concept System Production
Approval Review Review Approval
Design Test
Complex System Development Process
The Phases of the Process
Concept development
Identify the needs of a target market
Establish target specifications
Generate alternative system concepts
Evaluate and refine alternative concepts
Select a concept for further development
Ifthis process isn’t done well, the rest of
the process will never be able to make up
for it.
Process Phases (continued …)
System-level design
Definition of the overall form of the system (system
architecture)
Division of the product into subsystems and
components
Detail design
Specification of the details of the individual
components
Design of the production process
Process Phases (continued…)
Testing and refinement
Construction of preproduction versions of
the system
Does the system work as intended?
Does the system satisfy the user needs?
Production ramp-up
Trainingthe work force
Working out any remaining bugs in the
product and production process
Technology-Push Products
Entity begins with a new proprietary
technology
Graphene-based water filters
They utilize graphene oxide to create a sieve that can
filter out small particles and even individual ions.
It can remove contaminants much smaller than what
traditional water filtration methods can handle.
Platform Products
Built around a preexisting technological
subsystem
Variations and adaptations without
redesigning the fundamental technology
Consumer electronics
Apps on iOS
Electric toothbrush heads
Other Development Processes
Process intensive products
foods, semiconductors
Customized products (slight variations of existing
products)
Motors, switches
High-risk products (technical or market uncertainties
create high risks of failure)
Space systems
Quick-build products (rapid modeling and prototyping
enables many design-build-test cycles)
Software
Summary
Research, Technology and Development
Changing dimensions of competition
Challenges with product development
Generic product development process
Other methods