SYLLABUS

,-
~
. ;no
L>"'~
a ,,..;anu

.
,,, c ular pri sm to produce a \'isible spectrum from whit e li oht· Electrom

of syUabus : De~1. at10n

--pers1 0n and
. .
produced_by a tnan
spectrum , electroma!!net1c spectrum: broad
. -
~,easing wavel~ngth):. propertie s. co~ on to al1
e ·

class ification (names O I

· spectrum. Scatte ·
agnellc

gular prism: dependen ce on colour (waveleng

d
n y arrange in
nng

th) of light ;
· order o f
e_lectrom~gnetic radiations; properties and uses
~dolet radiauons. Simple application of scatt of infrared and
enng of light e.g. blue colour of the sky.
0-

(A) DEVIATION, DISPER SION AND SPE

CTRUM
DEVIATION PRO DU CED BY A ang le betw een the emergent ray RS and
01 the
' TRIANGULAR PRISM direction PL of the incident ray PQ) is given as
:
Fi~- 6. 1 shows the deviation produced by a
-~w~lar prism for a light ray. When a light ray 18= 81 + 821 ... (6.1)
;f
~ a single colour enters a triangula
r prism The total angle of deviation 8. thus depends
!]C. it gets deviated , say, by an angle 8
1 towards upon the following three factors :
::.: base BC at the first surface AB of the prism
(1) the angle of incidence (i) at the first surfa
~.d uave ls straight as QR inside the pri sm. The ce.
:J~le of deviation 8 depend s on the angle (2) the angle of the prism (A), and
1 of
.:; dence and the refractive inde
x of glass with (3) the refractive index of the material of
1 the
:::ipect to air. On striking the second surface prism (µ). Since the refractive index depends
AC,
::.:: ray QR gets further deviated , say, by an
angle on the colour (or wavelength A) of the light
~ wwards the base BC and trav els straight used, so the angle of deviation depends also
as RS
:mide the pri sm. The ang le of dev iatio n 8 on the colour (or wavelength A) of the incident
2
:epends on the angle of incidence at the second light.
.iace (which depends on the angle of the prism In chapter 4, we have discussed for light of
! and the refractive index single colour the dependence of angle of deviation
of air with respect to
~~s. For the emergent ray RS, the total deviation 8 on the angle of incidence i, angle of prism A
: '[Link] respect to the incident ray PQ (i.e. , the and refractive index µ of the material of pris
m.
Here we shall discuss in detail how the devi
A ation
..L· 8 produced by a prism depends on the colour (or
wavelength A) of the incident light.
, SM .
~ Dependence of deviation on the colour
,P ~Ir/er. (or
"\ ~ !lel/t wavelength) of light
~ B C S ,.<'iJ,
~b Light of different colours have the same spee
d
f ,~. ~ I IJ · · 11 . gula in air but different spee ds in
· evwtw produced by a tnan ·
r pnsm a medium othe r

143
 ; Si e ' il::WXif &' a ~ w •

t~an air. If the light entering a pri sm i~ not of a In other words. colour is the 5116 . 1
.
c.; in gle colo ur. i.e., it i~ a mi xture of several of light related to Its wavelen!?th ~er,-1\-t
C . I
c..:oloUr<, , l hen the emergent beam too
has different The table below gives the ran
co lour.., arrange d in a definite order. It is so and freq uency for light
becau ),c the ), peed o f li ght in a transparent present in . the wh' I' h
of or"~' ctfr~
1te 1g t. Note th ~ , ere
me dium dccrea<,e <, wi th th e dec rease in th e sharp boundary between different at ~~·
wa ve length of light. Since. the refi·actil'e index of , co1~
'wa~rlffij!th and rrequenc~ or different Cl)) .
J.: la., \ <th e mate rial o f pri .., m J increas es '~ ours it
l

with th e decret.l\ e in th e wal'elength of /iglll. Colour Wavelength (),.) range Fre '
(nearly) q~
th erefore th e de\ia ti o n ca used by a pri sm • , range '- ,
abo increa<,c<, wi th the decrea<,c in the wavelenoth Violet -WOO A to 4460 A 7·), ' I '
C
Indigo -W60 A (0 46-W A
o f Iig ht •. In visible light, violet colour 6-7L,'
46-10 A to 5000 A
(wavelength A =- 4000 AJ is deviated the most Blue 6--17-, I
Green 5000 A to 5780 A
and red colour ( wa velength A 8000 A) is =-
Yellow 5780 A (O 5920 A
6-QJ
5-19 _,
, I

deviated the least because in glass. the speed of Orange 5920 A (O 6200 A 5-07 _.
violet light i!-> the: leal>t and that of red light is the Red 6200 A (O 8000 A .[Link] :•
1110), 1. o-; - >'
~=:::;,;c===~===================::-
Note : (1) In the above table the 1
6.2 COLOURS lN WHITE LIGHT WITH THEIR
W A VELEN GTH AND FRE QUENC Y
denotes the uni t Angstrom where I A::
(or J0- 8 cm). Nowadays wavelength isex~
RANGE
mostly in nanometre (nm) where
The white light emitLcd from a source consists
or li ght of' di/'f<.; rcnt wavelengths. The light of I nm = I0- 9 m = IO A.
differ<.; nt wa ve length), produce the sensation of (2) In the spectrum of white lighL1
differc:n t colours on the retin:.i of our eye, so we colour has the longest wavelength SOC('·
perceive them :.is different colours. The prominent (or 8 x J0- 7m or 800 nm) or lowest fre(Jll
colours in whit e light arc violet, indigo, bl ue, 3-75 x I0 14 Hz and violet colour has the 10,.1
green, yellow, orange and red. Different colours wavelength 4000 A (or 4 x 10-7m or 400·:
differ in their wavelength . In fact, wavelength is or highest frequency 7-5 xl0 14 Hz. From1
the r·lw racteris tir· r~/ r·o/our, irrespecti ve of its violet end to the red end of the spectrum
ori!{in i.e., light of the same colour obtained fro m wave length increas es while the frequr.~
differen t sources wi ll have the same wavelength. decreases. ~
"---- - - - - - - - - - - - - -1,
6.3 DISPE RSION OF WHITE LKi
• l•rolfl lhe defi11irwn of relrar ri vc ,min
THROUGH A PRISM AND FORMA'i
'r,c;rd 111 hgfll Ill .Ill
OF A SPECTRUM
Pl'r,"' =c '"'"'" " ' 1,¢,, ,,, r'•"'
The , peed ol lighl tor dilfrrc111 rn lc,ur~ 1, rhc ~ame 1r1 a,r, Sir Isaac Newton, while studying the in1~
hul ,r ,, di/fcre nr for dd/i;renr colour, in gla~~ (111eJiu111) . In a heavenl y body fo rmed due to refracui
gla.,,, rht: ~peed of viokr l1ghr i, 111111111111111 and tht: , r ceJ of white light by a lens, fo und that the iniJi·
,cd 111 hr i, 1110;,.i11111111 . Therefore p"""'' > P rc·J
1
co lo ured at its edges . He thought thJI
H111 µ coloured image is due to some defect of tht' ·
I licrcforc, in gJ:_,~~. for a given va luc fll i , the anglc of He then repeated the experiment with :1 c:t~
1d1 ;1L ll1HI r i, ,nini111u1n for 1he lighr 111' vioh:1 colour
. ·11 ·1111\
and polished lens, but the image was sti ' 1
111:1x 1111t1111 fo r 1/,r lig/,1 of n·d t:111111 11· i.1'. 1,c<1 _.. r .,,, ,.,·
1 Newton then concluded that the tau . I1 j, Ill~
· ,
Nuw 1111µ/c /JI dcv,:1111111 I) . I ' 11:1[tU·
1 the lens, but there is something 111 l lt . ,•.
whit e light it self clue to wlm:. I I. ,11i.:1
1 t ll

144
 [Link]

Tht· ph,'1h'm,'1h,11 l,, ~,,1111,n~ '-'' "tuft' lt~ h•

~, ., pn , n, ,nh' 11 , ,· ,,n , 111 ucn1 , ,,1l,111 , 1,
"-':l('\\ \1 ·' "' ,.ll :-f't' !",h'll

s~ ~m
ltn p.b..., tn ~ \\ hit,' h ~ht tht\'ll~h .l l'I hl\l. tl~l'
[Link] ,,f ,,\,lt.'H~ ~--','11 ,,n .l ~,-n't'n 1:-. , .tlkd 1lw
~pl',,,'t!\lil'
...._

Cnu se o f o ,sp~r s ion of \Th i to Ught a n d

fo.~.:.!ic, of s~trc;n
.,., .. , .ar ..
,1_,:: J11 '·' 1I [Link]
..,...,. .... I .. ...,·- ..,1
- ,: • . •• _, , , . • ·' : : ·' •· " I ,~• ll YHt. ·
.. .. ' . . .
l,._: ·; , >T ,1ff'c•rr:; \l ,Jn•::••:,,::r 1;., ,1 . ]P:'/ \1 if 1) .11(fr 1 , •11t

.•;'c·,·.i., . •: .: ·:,·.i,;, ·•: \\ t:·•: H ·,i:. ;,_,:: )1 : nt. 1 , th<

1

<t:r."1 ., ., ,,:<:t"t'" <'" .: r 11 , •1... h,~',:., _,..· . .1-f>''t nl i. \\J ,',lr.,

1 1

J, .
••• ,:
• ' 11,H ·11
"
t ~- . '
.. ./ ( ( It '1,• ·' ;' "tt"'t ...J.., 11'1 .i:,•.•.,, .~\ 1 .. J. ( ' \ l ,:(, "', /
; i'(';,_( I' ... Jf':
' ,. '!
r,. ,,, . -:1:i., , •c .''-. t , t ,,,. ,l?t
"
1: 1 '
1: . ;•:.~ 1( \ \ \

;'n., ,,, : .- th<.' ,h ~f'<-' T~h'll ~•'1 :-.phnm~' ,,t ,, hit-· lt~ht
1111., 11~ ,,,,n~t,ni-·nt ,·,,t,,rn, u l-.c~ pb,Y .\t tlk· Cn-:-.t
~::.rnf :·:-1.."m 1h t" ~1J;:- 1.". I the h.i:-e 1..' t thL' ~1111 .t,' t' l,f tlw pn~m \ "'kt ,1..,\,,m ,~ J ,,, 1.\t,,.:\ 1h,'
:,-_c _ :bt" 1.."\n ier '-""'i 1..' t' l 1..")\ITT m lhc ~ptYmm1 ,,n tht' llh':-1. " h1k n.·J _.,,1,,nr ,~ ,i n 1.H,'d
th ...• t.- ., :-.l
ThL'rt·f,'l't' lt ~ht ,,f ,htt"l.' rt.' nt ,' ('\,,ni-- ,,w , ...·nt m
£ : ~~- : , B.:-.c (_;..-r, }c- •\ ( l .... ,c . \\ hitt· h~ht t",,11,,\\ dt fft'i\'111 p.\lh:-. ln:-hk tlk' ~\.\:,.~

□.:. R,.: Thi~ order 1..)f 1.'. t)l() l!P.- in th<.:' :-.rx'L'tr\llll pn:-.m .\111.\ tlwn :-tn~t' lh(' :-.,•,·1,n,\ , n,1 ,\..Y ,,f th_..
__:- t 3~il ~ he remt'm~ert'd h , the ,,,,rd l' n :-.m t)n tlw :-.,,·,,nd :-\ll f.h ' t' ,,1 th,' pn ~n, .. ,... ,
i;5Gl OR n :(1 .1t·11,1n t.i l, ., 11 !.1,, lfh'l'1 ~l.b:-. t,, .\\t \ .,11-1
Co~dusJon : Frt)m t ht:' :1ho, L' c , pl' rn llt' n t. d1ffc r--· n1 , ,,1,,u1 , .lit' ,J t'\ 1:\1 ,·l\ th1 ,,\1~h ,hit,' ,\.'!'.
\::>~ :0n 1.·. oncluded rh :H ,d 1ir,· li.~/11 '''"·" ·' ' -' ,:(
.,n~k:-. ,luc t,, tlw11 ,hti',' t't'llt .\n:!k , ,,, m,· ..k ,,,,_.
: : ':' tmmi11c11H colours. S 11:h 1..·l,1,,ur 1..' l'rn·~1x,nd:-. .ll 1h1 , , 111 l.h.'t' \ kt\' .\~ .HI\ \ h'l..'\ ,, ,, __,, ,.,h'-' .~),'
- ~null range o f ,,·a,·elength. Thu~. " l11tc hµht n11.,:-.l .md 1\~,1 thl' [Link] -\ -.. .1 1,.>n\t . \h,' ,',,\,,rn, ~,'\
' - :ni\fure nf l~lfJ c' numht'r 1.,f ,, :1, ekn:llh:-. , ,·.. t"ur1 lw1 , t.' p :[Link] ,,n I t't 1.1-·1"'" .\\ tlh' ,,-,' ,'n ,i
~ , '

· -~ }''lr()/ychromcllic · in n:nur·e . :-.urt".11..·t' . l'hl' 11:!hl t' l\lt.'t~ m ~ ,,\It ,,t th,• pn :-.m . \\\\,, .
h :1s d1fft.-rt· n1 ,·,,l,H11:- 1lut :-.\'n':h\ ,,111 h' "'"\' ,\
-~ \utt : In thL' spc'C lrum . l':h: h 1..' 1..)l ,,ur 1~ sptYl1u111' ,, n lht· :-,· 1\·t·11.
-:u\ed ,,ith che rn her c1.)l1.)\Jr i.,·.. rh,·n · is 11, 1
\"'- , • •1:- : l I) l ) 1:-- pt'I :--1, ,1\ \ ,1 \\ l\\h' h ~ht \" ','\\\,
~urp how1dc1ry li111' s,•11t1n11i11.~ rh, • c·t1 /,111rs. ln
:ne dia gr:1 111 . c1.,[Link]~ ;HL' :- hl)\\ 11 "idch
,,111~ :\I lht' first surt':11,-,· ,,t ., l'"' '"
'<'Paraced ju:,;1 for 1..· lari1, . ThL' ll'l:il ~p rc:td ,,f l2) nn [Link]'II ,,f li:lhl 1 ·"-... , ,' , ' \\\ '- .\1 ,, ,,h
' )\our::-. i-.. nrn1.·h k~:-- tl~an th;H :-Ill)\\ I\ in !he lht' smf:h..'t' S ,,r :1 pt I Si\\ ,
e•"-n. 0 1tkrl'nl
J130,....,, · .. . --
cnlnur:-- ha,'L' d1IIL'1\'I\I .II
\\Ill\ (.\) A pri:--111 d,,,,s n,,1 ,,.,,,hh',' ,·,,\,,\\\'- \, \n

--
i1 lhe !-.<.Tt' l' n. ii l11i\ y splits the , :ll 1,,1,s ,·,,\,m1, \'\\',,'\\\ \\\ ,h,·
li µht in1.·id1.·111 lHI it .

I •I "
 I EXAMPLE S J
L
refracted and the e m t rgcnt rc1 y., ..
F ig . 6 .3 s h ows a li g h t (blue + r ed + grt' t' n l . .( ,,~
critical angl e of g la .<,~ -air int t r f• ~11 ~
incident on a p r ism a nd on a parallel sided gl:is.s · 4~-:
co lour 1S -
:, • <ll:~
i, 1
tr ,
s la b. Co mplete th e diagrams by dra win g the
refracted a nd the emergent rays. A

RE D + BLUE + YELLOW

AIR
B~ - - -- - c
PRISM
GLASS # Fig. 6.5
(a)
f i h e c ompleted diag r a m is shown in Fig. fj<
(b)
Fig. 6.3 beam is incident normally (Li = fr) on the faec i ;
it passes without deviati o n (L r= 0°) for all col~
The completed ray diagrams are s hown in with no dispersion. Now the refracted beam irt1r1.
/ 6.4.
prism, strikes the face AC at an angle of incideOCr. :.
In a pri s m , refraction takes place at two inclined
to 45 °. Since the critic al ang le for yellow colour,
"aces, so the prism ca uses di spersion and deviation of
g lass-a ir interface is 45 °, so the yell ow colour ~.
1t into its constituent colours and a spectrum is seen.
refraction alo ng the face AC of the pri sm (L r = ff
In case of a parallel sided glass slab, refraction takes
The critical angle for the light of red colour .
:e at two parallel surfaces. On the first surface, the
rnrs are separated due to different deviation for the m ore than 45 ° (since sin C = f
and µR < µy/, ,:
; of different colours i.e., di spersion takes pl ace. On light of red colo ur is incident on the face AC at a::
second s urface , the ray of each colour is refracted less than the critical angle for red colour. The red :.
1 that the e mergent ray is parallel to the incident ray
is, therefore, refracted o ut of the prism obeying lh:.
he first s urface. Since there is no further separation of o f refraction , i. e., it be nds away from the normal !
urs due to refraction at the second surface (as it is in face AC so the e mergent ray be nds towards the ~
: of the pri s m ), so the emergent co loured rays are the prism .
]lei to eac h other and they are so c lose that it is
A
:: ult to see the separate colours and the emergent light
ars to be almost white (= blue + red + green). RED + BLUE + YELLOW

BLUE

F ig. 6.6
RED
GREEN
BLUE RED
Now the critical ang le for the light of bl ue c 1~~•
. ht of bu,
1
°
BLUE GREEN be less than 45° since µ 8 > µY' so the Iig , an(
(a) (h) is inc ide nt o n th e g lass-air s urface A C _at ,i~ue ( t'
F ig. 6.4 inc ide nce g re ate r than the c ritical ang le tor b i,l
I
T he re fore, the I ig ht of blue colour s u ffers .iotaBC (11.
A bea m <.: onsisting of red, hlue and yellow colours re fl ection and s trikes no rma l! y o n the ba~e d~r1JP
i,.., incide nt norm a ll y o n th e fac e AB of a n pris m . It then em erges o ut o f the pns· m without •"hi ~-•
is os<.:cles right a n g led p r is m A BC a s s ho wn in Thus blue colour e me rges o ut o f the pri sm a l rte
1, jg. 6. 5 . C omplet e th e dia g r a m t.o s ho w t.h e to its inc ide nt direction .

146
 tlw !,,,,. ·\\ ·. th11 lw,1111 , 1 1 li ~l11 11111 , 1111111111111 111 1
th, t'.1.v lh •. ,, , 11 1·111.•1~11 s ,1111 11111111111 .i,,, 11111i11 1
Assu111p1l, 111 : l'h , , 1111,·11 1 11 11 ii h 111 µ l11~N
1
1
11 11
llllt'l l:h't' I~ h-.,~ 1111111 C-1 \l'' 1111 11 11 1•11111111 , 11 1 whlh1
"h<'n'' t'r n,,,~---..:1 r ~. h~ht
\\ hst .l ~!' lltttp!itin h ti , <' ~ l'II ll l :1tit- "h i ll· (, ) l'lWlllllllt'lhlll : 1\11 111 111tt• 11111I " ' 111•1·111111
dr:i" in ,: th t' di~l;!nllt\ :
l'l1t· li1·q111·11<·~ 111 d,,ld 11.i hl I, / •:,. , 111 11 ll t
( h ,, lt ;.! hl
\ .inlt' !h t' p ht'llll lllt'lhll l l' '\ hi hi( l" i .. ,
' ll F1 11d ih \\ ll \d1·11 ~th 111 \ll 11111 , 1111 \ , Sp, •,•11 ul
t,e:[Link]. h i:, h t ' ·' ' 111s "' ·' , ,
Th-' n y di:i_gr;:1m i!- :-.h..," 11 in Fi\:.. t'I . - ' ) '- Ill I I II /,
Toe 't'<:':ml :i whi~e- light inci,k~t lh'~n:1II~ l'll thc'
:,,.--e .-\B t'•t th.:' pns.m p.'1:-...~.:- undt,i :nc,i inside' ilw Ft, ,111 rd :111,111 ,
1•

IA. 11 n1c· lr 11 ).\1h

I '- I I )N 11 I , 1

>-.

i";:;m and strikc-s Ul.:' t"ffi.:'r fa,"t' AC' m :m an.:.k ,,f ·''- Ill'
,,r >-. ~ ],5,
-l , lll ' 111.
:o-·iJeTu.'t:" tlf 60:. :\ t Ul.:' fa,'t' AC'. i1 suffc'~ i.,c:il lt)I<

;.;;.~~ rt> tl.:'<·ti,,n. At'k r h't:tl intenrnl f\'11,,·ti,,n al (i) Sin,,· 11111 - Ill ~ 111 , : . >-. .JOO 11111
\ii) Si11,'t' I _.\ "' Ill 111 Ill , :. A .JOOO \

:-. l'h,· " 11 , d1•11 i:,1h 11f n ·1I ll i:. hl I, 1100 11111. l•'hul It,
lh:q 11,•m · ~ . Sp,-,,,1 of [Link] .\ , I UN 111 , 1•
l ,i\'t'II : A - Sllll 11111 Sl)O '- Ill •I Ill S "- Ill Ill

,· = .i ,tll' m s 1

h,1111 rdnti,111 1· = / A. frt'q1tl'11,·~1 f

.h ill' I~
,1r ( = . = .\·75 , Ill It , .
· x, 10
Fig. o. -

jEXERCISE-6(A) l
' ll LTLPLE CH OICF r\ PF : .i . Thl' 11':1\'l'kn ~lh 1'1 111!,\l' ,,r whill' li ),thl is :
Ch,x1sc- thc- .:-orre,·t ans w er fn,m !ht' l,p1i,,ns ~i,·c'n (ll) -1000 11111 (l1 Xll(lll Ill\\

:>elo,, i. \ h) -Ill 11111 1<, so n111

!. \\'hen a white light r.1,· falls on :1 prism. the my 111 its \l'l -100 11111 1<1 HOO n111
first surface suiers : · (d) -I Ill\\ Ill X 11111.
lal no l't'frnction (b ) lmly dispersion .\11~. \l') -lllll 11111 (II Xllll 11111
c only de,·iatitm
1 I -1 . Thl' etllTt'l'l nrrnngcnll'nt or r 11h111rs in 1111 i11crl·11si ng
fd l both deYiation and dispersitm . 1mkr l,f their wnvckngths is :
.-\n~. (d) both deYiation and dispers i,)l\. \n) Viokt < Green < Rl·d
' \\'hen a ray of white Light faJls on a prism. whidt l f 1
th) R,-d < Gn:cn < Violet
!he followin2 statement s are correct ? \c) Green < Vinkt < Red
la) The dis;rsion of white light occurs at th e firS! \cl) Green < Reil < Vinkt
surface of the pri sm. .\11s . (a) Vi11kl < lire1·11 , Rl'd
fbi The de viation of li 2ht ravs occ urs at bo th 1h e 5. In the spectrum or
while li ght by 11 1"·is111, _1h1·
surfaces of !he prisn~. · colour nt the i•xtrcme end i1ppnsit,· to thi: hnsi: 111 pns111
l e) The pri sm does not produce colours. bu! ii llllly is :
~plit~ the various co lours present in the white lighl. (h) ycl h1w
rd
\a) violet
' All uf the above . (d) him·.
(l') rl·d
.- \ns.(d) All of the uhovc. .\11s . 1,·) 1v d

147
 " l ~., ,, 1 n., d l"-h 1-· . 11' ,I , ,,, ,'I. ,, hi- I• , , ,,.,111 t, .,, th,· c; N,,nl<' /o w , o lu,n·, u l Ihc , :: ,
~I --· ~\{\' , t '""''d
l '\ \ ., . t \I OI •
11 lllL'll h.1vc w:i vc lc 11g th lllll).!1.:1 than hi %1~
LIi,! fi I
11, 1 t•h,, A fl '-i. g n.:1.:n . ycl ln w. ll . ¥rt
• . r,,rige,
, I) .ill h.i, , th, ,, , ·cd W lrn: h cn ln ur o l lhc w h11 c li g ht 1., d . ~
,.1111c
"· .
u l:1:,,-, prn,m ("1) l h..: mm,1. and (ii) lhL: I CV1:itt\1~
\ n, ,,n .Ill h.1, ,· 1h,· ,.11111' 'IX'L'd ~ CU\[ •1 ~

- .\ [Link] .·,,n~,, ,m.: t'f t\"-1. t,tuc .111-I ) t'll 1" ' ,·,,t,,11r, /\ n.<,. <i J vr()le
t, r,,
1, m ,·hknt n,'nn.,lh ~,n the 1.1,-.- -\ H ,,,- .111 1:-.t, :-.CL' k :-. 1Cl S IIOlff Q UESTIONS :
n f ht- .m.,.:kxl pn., 11; •\ Rl • .,~ ~Ill" ' 11 111 the fi~urc I. Na111c three fa<.:lo rs on w hi <.: h thc J c viation
.,.:" ,•n l.. __-1,," l ' nt i.·.11 .rn~k ,,f .,.:l.1., :--.1ir 1n1erl acc by a pri~111 de r c nd~ a nd ~talc how doc-; ·, dPri~
, en...
the factors stated by you . ""r~
2. H ow d ocs the devia ti on produced by . .
s prism depend on the colour " tnan
(or wave length t
incident o n it ? J Of ~
- - - ------ u ---- 1 - ,_ _ 3. (a) W rite the approx ima te wave le ng th for Iii~
I - - - R and ( ii ) red li g ht. •
C (b) The wave le n g th of vio let a nd red ligh
0
s I
'
•

4000A and 8000A res pecti vely. Which of

(

'+'
I
I
, p
"" ' ' '0
two has hi g her frequency ?

OU! of the four emergent rays P. Q. R and S.

Ans. (a) (i) 4800 A, (ii) 800-J
(b) vio le t lig ht of wavelength 4ffJ
which o ne is for the yellow colour :
4. Write the seven promine nt colo urs present in 11.b
( 3) p (b ) Q lig ht in the order of increasin g wa velength.
1,· l R (d) SA ns. (b) Q Ans. violet, indigo, blue. green. ye llow, orange, and r:
S. The 1're-quency of Yiolet lig ht is 7-5 x 10 1~ Hz. Its 5. Name the seven prominen t colo urs o f the whi1e Ii?
, , 3, elength in nm is :
spectrum in o rde r of their inc reas ing frequencifl.
l :ll 7500nm (b) 4000 nm Ans. red. orange. ye llow, g reen , blue, indigo. and \lei
l C l -+OOnm (d) 750 nm 6. The wavelen gth s for the li g ht o f red and b.
Ans. (c) -+00 nm colours are nearly 7-8 x JQ- 7 m a nd 4- 8 x l<r"
9. The com~ct o rder of angle of deviation of indigo. respectiv ely.
green. yellow :ind red colours is : (a) Which colo ur has greater speed in vacuum 1

(31 81> 8G> 8, > 8R (b) 8G> 81> 8y > <\ (b) Which colo ur has greacer speed in gl ass !
IC) 8R>8G>8, >81 (d) 8R>8,>8G>81 Ans. (a) In vacu um. both have the same )(Xt,
Ans. (a) 81> 8G> 8Y > 8R (b ) In glass. red lig hc has a greater ~~-
1B I \ "ERY SHORT QCESTIO ~S : 7. Define the term dispersio n of ligh1.
l. H o w d o e s the s peed of lig ht in g lass c h a n ge o n 8. What do you unde rstand b y the term spec!IUm 1
increasi ng the w:i,·eleng th of light ·1
9.. A ray of whi te light is passed through a glass prU:
Ans. Speed of light inc reases with inc rease and a spectru m is obtained o n a screen .
in its wavele ng th .
(a) Name the seven colours of the s pectrum in ~
l . Wh ich colo ur o f white li g ht 1ra\'eh (a) fas test
(b) Do th e colours ha ve the s ame width in l(.
( b ) slowes l. in glass '.:' Ans. <a) red ( b ) v io le t
spectru m ·?
3. ~Jame the s ubjec ti ve property of lig ht related 10 its '
(c) Whi c h co lo ur of th e s pectrum of w h,re lio"
='
w avelengt h . Ans. colo ur dc,·iates ( i ) the mos t, ( ii ) the least ~
-'· \\"hac is the range of waveleng th of the spectrum of (OJ LONG QUESTJO NS : ..
white li2ht in ( i) A. (ii ) nm ? l. Exp la in the cause of di s pers ion of w h·1e
1 119
-
Ans. (i) -+000 .--\ to 8000 A. (i i) -1-00 nm to 800 nm chrough a pri sm .

148
 ,. ( '111,pk.1.r tf.c 1J1<1l14ll , It ho.,, ,ht dft~I I I the
111, 11 •,r tJ,1 ,,. ,,,. ..,•y! '', ~I( .,, 1,hat !\ -.ccn <Jfl
,, JI
It.-• I I I-•'. I
Il l ,,,,.., d ". ,,J I
11 ,,,, I ll ,,., , . I i •• ·I 'r,, J1 ,, 1' 1 th<: pn m md the
pl;,,:.,;,j n ~1·,1,cen
f"' / .. ,•1t
t'r/1 I
1,il .,, ,.,i,,,,, ,,J 11 , '" ., ,,, .,, , ,,,,,. ,, ·11 f.1,' . ,, If,, ·•1_ ,,._,:11 •n JY-t •,nl;. [Link] l'>k,ur. ,... h.11
l1;thl ,;f JlJeen
// Ill If ' I' I ',1,I f •I• 11,1/ , , ,, , , ,, IJ;,j, , , ·1,111 , ,,.; ther, <>[Link].,; ,,n the ...:rcen '
,\ 11 11 1 •111 Ill I 1/ ,I .,,, I ll/ 't i / )l'11id 'I Jlf~,• 1' -1 'h h;,• '.'H,d 1, ,, 11r, d<i ·, <Ju dr;i·.,. from the
'" il , .q , , ., ,, , f,, 11 111 I ,y r, % ·,J, ,, 11 ,J,,:
l,,,1111 1,, r,l,·.,,:r , '1IJ<111 Jf1 pan (b, ii~J ', t '

',J I' J I ,I ~ • JJ I, / . , I I ., ,, 'I // I/( .1 IJ J 'I I I' I 'I I i'.., -1. 1-11 /l. bt:~m ,I m ,ncKhm mat1 <. li ght un derg oe,
1 1

111111•11 l,11,11 1,1111 l1yf,1 f 1, 1 Jll/f tl11 •,11;.d , ,111 ,~ 1,1,,, 11 ;/IJJ;;r 111rnJ1mJ1n d!:; ·. 1at1cm thr<>ug.h an equiang ular pn'>m
, ,,, ' , ,, I /II II tl1• /1 11,, .,1 l1yl,t )', 11:fih' •:d liy ,, I Hc;v, <ioe1, the beam pa.v, through the pn sm [Link]
,,JI/'• /I 1,, ,1 111 ,,, 1!111 1, ''ii'" 1/11 ,d , .111 :ii ti,,: \ il/lH;) re'>pt<.t 111 it-, l>-d.~ ,
111,'I • il1 ,, 11 .11,,,1111 , d 1;,y 1;11 11 1,, ·.J,,,w 1J ,1: ,,:, ')·, :,;11; ,,I fh1 11 while light i'> U">ed in the '> ame
v. a,· as in
,,1,, 1, l1p l it ti,,· jHJ t-. 11 1 :u,d j;11),;f 11 ,, 1 ')·IJ, 1,11
1J 11 1 ,1 1y l , above. what change do you e:q ,e~t in the
f)'[Link] <aJ
,,. •,,,,,I ,,, ti ,, '"' "'" ' ,,,,ti,, ·11)111, : li,'.lJt emergent beam '!
1<.: J
Wh,1t. u,ru:Ju-,icm do you dra w about the nature of
whi te light in p-drt ( b J ·,
,,,~.,Y,,•/ ' ·, r1 1~
,, / f)"1,t Am,. fa J paralle l to [Link] ba...e. (bJ whjte light splits imo
it'> rnn-,tituent colours i.e.. ">pectrum is formed
l ' l>f I, '1 (cJ white light is polychromati c
IL J ~C.'[Link] CA L S :
, ,, 1, '! ~1,, ,vr , :1 11,111 1>,: :1 11 1 ol while li g ht tr, ,m a
l . Calcu late the frequenc y of yellow light of wavelength
.1111 1• ,. ') ') flt~ 1111• ,,, , 111 w f:u:c ,,, " pri ~rn .
550 nm . 'foe , peed of light is 3 x I08 m s- 1•

,. ,,;:,/ Ans. 5-4 x 10 1-1 Hz

2. The frequen cy range of vis ible lig ht is fr o m
~)}; 3 -7 5 x 10 14 Hz lO 7.5 x 10 1-i Hz. Calculate it s
wavelength range . Take speed of light = 3 x I 08 m s- 1•
'·, r,rw,1,1 SCREEN
Ans. 4000 A to 8000 A

B) ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM AND ITS BROAD CLASSIFICATION

extreme is called the invisible spectrum*.
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
'/u s.'dfication : Till now we have limited The waves of wavelength longer than the red
dvc1. 111 the hJ)Ct: trum of white light which part of the visible spectrum in increasing order of
ht:1w~ n the red and the violet regions. Our wavelength are (i) infrared radiations.
(ii) microwaves. and (i ii) radio wa ves, while the
is liCllhitivc only to thi s range of wavelengths.
spct:trun1 ii-. the visihle spectrum and it is waves of wavelength shorter than the violet part
· a very ~mall parl of the entire electro- of the visible spectrum in decreasing order of
ncti i.: ~r ct: trum . Experiments show that the wavelength are : (i) ultra violet rays, (ii) X-rays,
!rum of radiation from the sun is limited not and (iii) gamma rays. These radiations together
between the violet and red extremes, but it form the electromagnetic spectrum.
nds on either side beyond these extremes to * The portion of electromagnetic waves other than the visible
: h our eyes do nut respond. The part of part, do not exc ite our retina to produce the sensation of
vision. However, some electromagnetic waves can damage the
·rrum beyond th<' red extreme and the violet
reti na.

149
·he complete ele ctromagne li(" s:penrum in Each \YaYe rra,·e ls \~i m me same ~ -
.
~ x 10~ m s-; in ,·acuum for arr 1.
~..._-
ncreasir:~ order c,f :;:cir KaYc/en?:hs ( or decrP:-[Link]?
>rckr o_( rhe,r _fn,q:u1:cies I is g:iY;n belo" : ~ Tne ~ c l. frequenc~ c_-- anc •., a·,e~:"'".
l) Gamma rays. 1 ~ I ~-rays. <:3 l l.1Jrra,ioler rays. of elocuomag:ne tic wa-.;e5 are related c.s ~-
l -l )\' isible li ght. r 5 \ Infra red radiations . c = Ji.
(6 ) ~ficrowa,·es. and {- ) Radio wan·-s.
The complelc e lec1romagne ric SPf{:.- ..
Tbes.e ele-ctroma.g neric waves are of differem sho\,·a in F i2 . 6 . 10 wilb the 'li.a·,e:;
• avelengths and ha,·e ditferem properties. They increasin2 to\1.-ards lhe [Link] side I or
lso share many properties wilh lhe li gbr waYe s. increasing cov,ards the lefi side J.
Wavelength U1 nm - - -
10 ~oo soo · ry
V
I I
,s
GaiTliTE X-rays Ui:ra I I
rays ','IO "':
: 8 I

L
t:

3 X 10·; 3 X 10-~ 3 X •Q 3 .,- ·:;;:

- Frequency in Hz

Fig. 6.10 [Link] spectrum

Sate : (l ) In Fig. 6.10. although we haYe shown a boundary line in between different ,;;2-ts
but there i s no sharp boundary of wa,·elengtb (or frequency ) between two succes~:·,:
electromagnetic wa,·es. In fact. they oYerlap to a good extent.
(2 ) The infrared spectrum is the part of spectrum just beyond tbe red end. while tbe uJtra\~:':::'
spectrum is the part of spectrum just before the violet end of the Yis ible spectrum.

The table below shows the different waves of the electromagnetic spectrum in order of ::i::
increasing wavelengths a]ongwith their discoverer. source and method of detection .
Electromagnetic spectrum
ame of the wave Wavelength in nm Discoverer Source ~-techod of detectioo
Gamma ra)S below 0-01 Becquerel In cosmic ra~s. from radioactl\e B ~ their large peoetrari:ng [Link]
, &Curie substances.
(.X-ra~ s 0-01 - 10 Roentgen From a he.a,·~ metal target of high By the fluorescence produc<!d oo ~ ~
melting point v. hen high]~ energetic sulphide screen. The pootograph-i-r ::..:::
electroll5 are stopped b~ it. gets affected.
U tra,iolet JO - ¥JO Ritter SunJ 1ght. arc-lamp. ,park
I B, their chemical activir, on cf:e<
Photographic [Link] get ~ected-
11 causes fluorescence.
\ 1-;ible light 800
I
4(_XJ - :\ev.'lon SunJighL lig.h1 from electric bulb. I Other objects can be seen in iu ~ :;.-::
flame. white hot bodies.
'nfrnred v. a, es 8(XJ - JD6 Her!,hell Lamp with thoriated fiJamenL I Heatine effect is more . The merrtl!: ~-~

II
heated !,jJicon carbide rod. rapid!~- when a thennometer v. 1 ~
red hot bodies blackened bulb IS kept in these
1
,11crov.a\ e, Hf>- l0' Hertz Electro nic devices such as Osei II a tory e Ieclrical circuit.
crystal osci llators
~10 v. .ive, above l 0 9 .\1 arconi TV and radio transminers Aerial s of radio and 1Y recei,ef.

150
 , 0 1 1rr,t1t,, ,,..1n'J',·, ' A u,; ,,,k,n~Jt r. 'JrvJ 111d,~t,~1w, ,1 11~ ·,,;,';1,;~•r.
1 If;.~ ,;,;,:,, '>-, r ·. f,r
f~P
f,t)C;(lf.., I fJ~J) fiJhJ
Ire 'I I1.,r,~1,,l ',,,,,n,-;,
l
r,amtr1, 1 r,1 /', •11~ ·11: lh;,,, ,, 1 1.,
,/ /iJf / , / fJ (JI 111'1) flf ft,~flJIAY..'f i,} ,1 1 11; J(J ', lf'.I
X fl/ ;'• ·111, 1
1
, k fl,t lfi Ii111 1n ~ (J I /· '<i l lJ(J / ~, v,,·,:. fr,,u, th•; <; 1 r,,t1;,1: ,._tx~f; try t:,1; g;1 p/ -;,,1: .-..:~;.;
1,
111 , 1, <1 <ii ,,,,, 1,, J £J ,,,,,J ,,, fu;,p1 1;111, ; •, ~,~• ,
- / 'f
,1 , , / ,;, , ,i
•;,'(•'/_,,._.
• ,-;,;, •/J ;n ✓ I / I/,,,>,, , ~o / .('t
► , ,/ n,.
ift•,(.c>',
, <,<:>-<
,, / 1,,,,, 1,, -~/ l(J 11' Jf1.
friJ(/1 I '
J>(f)[J< (fft-·\ f0 /' ~; % f"t1j "~ f;,'; :, :.C.: ~"',.";
•,
I
f/ /Jf()V/(1/1,1 ff) ;'>
., ,
·m, ·1 ;l1;.rw1 h
1
n,r,w; I'" J J.. fl I
n IJ t If 1 ;' / ,,';f,',,J; •;, (J';rt t (. •;:, ·J d~ 1; • r. '; ff VJ:'"; ';,(/;fi.

,1(J()(J /\ I (J t, tfl
( /Jf I. 1,, ./4(j(J 1,111) ';f
1t 1✓1'J;fl~l·. ·, / Al :,,:, /, ,f;(, '.'Jlp,h.6_; 'fr.e:, U,;'t'i ~}• .!:,
fr1::iJ1J';tH.. )' fr1,rn -~ / ir1 1r, ,,, 7 '-; ,,, 1,1 14 H1 fM;~J hl. ,J,v_;t<, l r:;,g .
f1';W;l r~ I '; lh f(:,f)~~;, hW, ~
, Vt~thf,, /1 ;~h1 •m, ·1,;lt;r,?th r:111?•; ,1<,<,<J fi 11, ·1, ,ro ,t,,,y;, ,r,,r. ·,r...•;;:<, r ,~mm~ ram~1,,A.·. '2:.:11
1
'I
%1Jl1fJ J.i r,,,
1. , ltf JCJ 11111 ti, %fJlJ mHJ <n r,w: . 1i,r,, _w h ,, Ju,~o r,.y,:":·. ~rid u1 ,,:/; ! ff, men'£ 1., ,

1r,.;11111; r,<, 1 lr,,rr, 7.r., ,,, lfJ 11, 11, '1,7", ,,, l(J 14 ff;,,, hi, At,gk ;,I ,~m~g•:.
,~ 1 tnfrorn/ mdi,,1,llon •, •m, ·1£;lc n~~1t, r;.,r,g,; ~J.,/.J J~ ., , , U':l_;tJ •r.
..,, / tiff•
r ' ,,, • T I1.1,~·1 • ., ,• ~- um:H:1ilt1J ,ria:rrier
.. I •

,,, 11f' "JI, (r,r 1. ,: %(J(J 11111 lu l rmnJ ur frequency in m(;.(hu,J ·1, l ':fl'J_; tr, b fl s;,riu,-r r_,.e II·. 1 u:.. n:fii,,
11
frmn '1,7"i / I 0 11 i ·1 / l <J 11 Jf1.. thcray:,•J afJd m 1r1<lu·.tr/ 11> d --.u,1: ·;, :::,d~ng
1r11 Mir·rr1wav1• : , w;,,v'-='lct1gth n,rigt l f P J~ ltJ I () '
111 }~
('2/) ~ -ray a
r,JI 1, ,. l rm,, t ri l HtJ rH frL;qucn'-:; frnn, 1
'1 / l (JI I IJ J 'i / I( Y, Jf /,, X ,~ 1·, ;:,rt; ,,b1ain1.:1J f mm .,, h~a·, :· rn.::141 Utrg<;t
rJ f hi gh mdtrng pr,int when highly energetic
n1 /fodi r, wo vr", w;, vclc n;~lh a hu 11(; 1CJ 1' 1 A cl(:{.1rtm ht:..:1m frrr cath,;,de ray\J ctn: '>Wpped b;
lr,r 1. ,, I rnJ ,,r frr;1J1JCnc:y fx;l1 1w 1 / l(f Hz.
it. Th!:y ha·1e; 'J/,1'/(;IL--ngth in the r,:1nge of (J- 1 P.
Prope;rtien common to all e lectromagn etic tn J(j(J A r,,T (J.<JJ nm u, l(J nm,.
waves l' rriputi t\ : X-ra 1 ., are; c: hem iu1ll :- more
11 J l·.lcctmmagn ctic w;-n1e"i dci n,,t require any aCti •ie than ultra•nrJlet r'1<liati<Jn\. The:, "trongly
1
maU;ri~l medium f ir their prupagatiun. aff ect a ph"tographi c plate. LiY.e gamm_a ra~ ~-
121 ·1hey all trave l with th e ·,arm; ~pcccJ in they cau1;C fluurc~nu.: in c.:e-ruiin mhleriab \uch
1
vacuum c1 nd ai r (th(; ·.pce<J i·1 1 / l (f'. m ,., J, a_i. zinc '-iulph1dt. etc, -n,e;y can ~netrate through
cJml with difkn:nt ">pcctl 1, in dif krent medium. hum an fl e;'-ih, hut are .,topped by the bone<;.
rd k ctiun 1, .,t., : -, he y arc u\ ed fo r the detection of
l'iJ '/ hey ex hi hit th e pmpcrti v, uf
;tn<J rdrctCti,,n, In rdraCti<in, whL;n an electro- fractu re; in b,me.,. teeth, etc. ( i.e.. radiography ).
r11"g,1etic wave pa!.j~•1 from one; medium to and for diag,,ni.,tic: purpc,~., <,uch a~ CAT sc&n in
th,. ,1Ik1er 1is ,.re ,·~ ,-h"nge in it~ direction of --A " d ·
medical ¼:icncc. X-n1r, are a 1c;,(J u~ ,or sw ymg
"'
trnvc l
' , ,,..,

- · • "f' ee < '

J ·1 nd
• "" "
1
•
W(! Vc lc n"th
·
6
'
hut
•
,t.,
atCJm ic: arrangemen t in c rr ,tab as \i, e as tn
ll ·
lrC<.jucncy rerr,ain i, unchanged. . compl<:x molecule, . X-ray, are uc:,ed by detecti ve
1 nd
' 1 'f hette ~c1v~1, iJrc ""' dclfocl{;(J hy e;lectnc a ~ge-de.., tCJ detect concealed precious metals.
1nagnct1c f 1cld.,,
rr J ·111c,-,c w;,ve.., ,ire trc.1m,ver\C in
1 · na. t urc. . Ultraviolet radiations

ij,5 PROPERT IE S AND USES OF The ckc.:tromagnetic.: radiation,<, of wavelength

DIFFER E NT RADIATIO NS OF from 100 A tu 4C><X1 A (o r 10 nm to 4(XJ nm )
ELECTROM AGNETIC SPECTRUM arc called ultra violet radiati on,<,. The ultraviolc;t.
(l) Garnma rays ,,n a rt o f th e , pcc.: trum was fir st dete c ted by
?roJ: J. l<i lfer in l 80 I.
111
·i ,.:1;c :ire Ihe I n,,..,, cnergct ic cl(.;.<.: tn ,magnetic.:

15 1
 f Jit lt'{ ,,,, ,, Wli1·1, •:d /I t r ,,,, ,,,,,, ti ,ldl' ill
( 1J
J<. 1;1.p,,i.1 :d 1, ,
d1•1 , , ,,, 11;,y,,, 1,, 11,111 • .li:1l1r1,1 fv,m
the red lu th1· v,r,l1•t 1·ud ,,,,ti 1t,1·11 11 fl ,w! If 1• ,,
{ I J
' :J';- ,1
4. f ' L ,I ; y_, } ?,~
, , ..
/ ,-.. ::- ;_;· , , .,,. , .
JI, /1~) ,CI V(;.(l ti,:,, 1,,,,,, ,1,, /I'll ,, ,
1
,t,1 11I ,11:t i,,i/!
lh ; ':4 1!1111,,11 r t rr,;r, 11 <. 1,1,,,,,,_, 11,,;,lf11 •111 J~. t I -~
1
;n~.';.,
•;~ ,
~

1).,,,
•;r::
'n"',
~·";
'l/...
',,. ' ~ ..
' ',~ ,' ,. .tJ'.i,
)'

heyr,trd lh(; v111l1;1 1.r,d ,t,,, •.t,l,1t11,1, .t ' .mt f,,

IJ( ,lct ,1t1rl th ; r, f111:i11 1 ,, lf:U,H.,~- 1!tlt / ·,;,,,,,, <1,i
1

hh,(..kJ It .h,, m . tb,,l th"tt' 1•11~1 r , ,1111/f, r11/lt11t111f1~

1

h1•/ 1nd tf, ,, v11,/1•/ 1· 1 /rnrr r• 1,f lffl' 1/ ~/lr/v f!IIII

;,,hir h ()ff' I hflfr1ff IJ/11 f(/1,ff• (JI// / I-' th11r, l(i.P ,l~fu# ' ,H:~, ,/,,.~ ' %,(,.,~ .:,I' ..~_..,,""~:; ,-_;;:., ." :~-;;/ /4' -'i,r
ftfhl ·1 he•.'; r;,dr;,1 1,,r,·. ll,'; 1, ;: ,,,~,: 1 • ,,,, , 11 v' ·,1 . · •,,:;o- ;· ~ · , " ;J,, ' /~: ,· ":/1//. 1'/. :, _.,.,~
rud111/ 11Jn '. (r,r 111 t1tw r11/ 1
r,,,
I:lfr,i 'il<,l1;t (t!dl11' 1'1[1, ',,:; ',f; -.~;'';,',"!;(, ·r:
thc1r chcm1-:..;,I i:!l-11, 11:, r,-;,
pltit1;·.
·•ti~ ·.p;r_;1/1rm, ,,~ , : ;;; ,.',,'7 ::::.-; ;.:· ·;;·.
(111J
r,bltlm td h: p~·.. 1:1g e;,'; ;~,:,;.: •_,,;. " ··,/~ -- ;:
quart 1. pn-,rri ir, ;,,;.:u; ,,: ;; ~-;.: ·.~ "'' 'I";'/;;, ·;;
gfa·:. 0-,:,1,rr,.:., the-.;; r~1;;;;;.,~.
\r;ur a . r,f ultra ,v,kt radv__av,m 1 u-: e:~-<-:l'v

. ,
quart - ·, . ·
?,..' 4, ::..1:: , v,/ _<;:____ _:_ __ : ii.

l n.:; refr,r: ; .
·.;r~-tr.. r:. f ; r>;I> • '/,. >;',I; i; '--, ~
~:--.1 _-:,,; , .ii
,,, ,. . v:t rrs·:J2. C ,>~~ ~. ~·.:. ;;.·.,;; :"',.. ":,,.:;

•f /

. -+ • I
 -•·-w are :: mar;;;- wr 111

p,wcrio~z : l i) If a thennometer haYing its bulb (Y) They are detected by their hearing property
.1 -ened. 1s mo\·ed from the ,iolet end- towards
;,!.i- r- • using a blackened bulb thennometer or a
·. [t'<l end ot the spectrnm . ht. ll. IS
of \isible 11g .
Ult' . thermopile.
1. -.,rred that there 1s. a Yer,· sl . ~ • .
l11•~• • O\\ n se 10 (Yi ) They are scattered less by the earth ·s
,_.1nr·r<ranire. But \\·hen tlus thennomete r 1·s moYe d
atmosphere because of their long wa\·elength
· ,nd the red extreme. a rapid rise in temperature
tx'~t (since intensity of scanered radiation oc I/
. 100ced. Ir means rhar rhe pan of rl
1~ 1 • 1e spectmm ' -I
A ). Hence. they are able to penetrate deep
;,,rcilld rhe red exrreme of rhe \"isible Ii J
.. . .bl g u. inside the atmosphere even in fog .
.::1ho11gh nor \ 'ISi e ro us. has cenain radiations
(Yii ) The green house -gases such as carbon-
,diirh produce a s~rong hearing effecr. These ~

dioxide. present in the earth ·s atmosphere

r,,Ji!lrions are called infrared (or heat) radiations.
absorb the low energy infrared radiations
tii) ..\ them10pile can also be used to detect and keep the earth ·s surface warm.
:ht' heal radiations. The galYanometer connected
Harmful effect of infrared radiations
,iith the thermopile shows deflection when
,nfrJred radiations fall on the thennopile. A high dose of infrared radiations may cause
skin burns.
tiii) The spectrum of infrared radiations is
,1btained by using a rock-salt prism because n Uses of infrared radiations
rlick-salr prism do es not nbso rb infra red (a) Infrared radiations are used for therapeutic
rt1diario11s. 11·hereas a glass prism absorbs them. purposes by doctors.
Sources of infrared radiations : All red hot (b) They are used in photography at night and
t--_,dies such as a heated iron ball. flame. fire. etc. also in mist and fog because they are not
1re sources of infrared radiations. The Sun is the much scat tered . so they can penetrate
natural source of infrared radiations. appreciably through it.
(c) Infrared lamps are used in dark rooms for
Properties of infrared radiations developing photographs as they provide
ti) They travel in straight lines like light. with the so me vis ibilit y without affec tin g the
same speed as light that is 3 x I 08 m s- 1 photographic film .
in vacuum (or air). (d) They are used as signals during war as
(ii) They obey th e laws of reflecrion and they are not visible and they are not
refraction. absorbed 11111ch in the medium.
If a source of heat (say. an infrared lamp ) (e) They are used in re mote co ntrol of
is placed at the focus of a parabolic mirror. television and other gadgets.
a parallel infrared beam is obtained.
Micro waves
A burning glass (i.e.. a convex lens) foc uses
Microw aves have wave length 111 the
the more energetic (i.e., short wavelength)
range of 107 A to 10 10 A (or I mm to 1 m)
infrared radiations obtained from the Sun on
or frequency in the range of 3 x 10 11 Hz to
a paper due to which the paper chars (or
3 x 108 Hz.
bums).
(iii) They do not affect the o rdin ary Source : These waves are produced by
photographic film. However, a specially electronic devices such as crystal oscillators.
treated photographic film is affected by Uses The y are used for satellite
them. co mmuni cat ion , for anal ys is of atom ic and
(ivi They are absorbed by glass,
but they pass molecular structure, for cooking in microwave-
th rough rock-salt. ovens and in radar communication.

153
-oi Radio waves
below 3 x I os Hz. The~ a lso show all
[Link] of
electromagnetic waves. . ~
,\ hese are the waves of longest wavelength Uses : These waves are used mainly i
. d" n rilll
amongst all the electromagnetic waves. They have ommunication and also m ra 10 and tel . ;
C ev,sit
wavelength above I m (or I0 10 A) or frequency transmission.

RADIATIONS
66 DISTINCTION BETWEEN ULTRAVIOLET' VISIBLE AND INFRARED
Infrared radiations
Visible radiations
Ultraviolet radiations
I. They have wavelength in the ran
I. They have wave length in the range of 8000 A to 10 7 A. ge (I
I. They have wavelength in the range
of 100 A 10 -WOO A. -WOO A 10 8000 A.
2. They a re invisible .
2. They are invisible. 2. They are vi~ible.
3. They produce a strong heating effeq_
3. They produce slight heating effect.
3. They produce no heating effect.
4. They do not affect photographic plate
-L They affect photographic plate.
4. They affect photographic plate.
5. They do not cause fluorescence.
5. They cause fluorescence on zinc 5. They do 110 1 cause fluorescence.
sulphide screen.
6. They cause health hazards like 6. They do not affect the body. 6. They do not affect the body. but hi•h
dose may cause ski n bums. <·
skin cancer.
7. They can pass through quartz but 7. They can pass through g lass. They 7. They can pass thro ugh rock-salt. but
they do not pass through glass. are not absorbed by glass. they do not pass through glass. They
They are absorbed by glass. are absorbed by glass.
-

I EXERCISE-6(8) I
( A) M ULTIPLE C HOI CE T YPE : (d ) X-rays, gamma rays, infrared rays. microwa1'0
(Choose the correct answer from the opti ons g iven Ans. (c) gamma rays. X-rays. infrared rays. microwa11-
below). 4. The source of ultraviolet light is :
1. When a n e lec tromagnetic wave passes from o ne (a) e lectric bulb (b) red hot iron ball
medium to th e other. w hi c h property remains (c) sodium vapour lamp (d) carbon arc lamp.
unchanged ? Ans . (d) carbon arc I~
(a) speed (b) waveleng th
5. For obtaining the s pectrum of ultraviolet radiatioo
(c) direction of travel (d ) frequency the material of prism should be :
Ans. (d) frequenc y (a) g la ss (b) quartz
O
2. Two waves A and B have wavelengths 0 -0 I A and (c) rock salt (d) does not matter
9000 A O respectively. T he waves A and B are : Ans. (b) quaitl
(a) Gamma wave and ultraviolet wave respectively. 6. A radiation P is focused by a proper device on ilx
(b) Microwave and infrared wave respectively. bulb of a them1ometer. Mercury in the thenno01ei,
(c ) Radiowave and gamma wave respectively. shows a rapid increase. The radiation Pis :
(d) Gamma wave and infrared wave respectively. (a ) infrared radiation ( b) vis ible lighc
Ans. (d) Gamma wave and infrared wave respectively (c) ultraviolet radiation (d) X-rays.
.
Ans. (a) mfrare
d r,t. diacitt
3. The correc1 arrangement of the following radiatio ns
in an inc reasing order of their wavelengths is : 7. For obtaining the spectrum of infrared radiation.~
X-rays. infrared rays. gamma rays, microwaves. material of prism s ho uld be :
(a) gamma rays, infrared rays, X-rays, mjcrowaves (a) g lass (b) quartz
(c ) rock salt (d) does no t matter ,
(b) gamma rays. X-rays, microwaves, infrare d rays ks.I-'
Ans. (c) roe ·
(c) gamma rays, X-rays, infra red rays, microwaves

154
 ~- Tht' most energetic electromag netic rad iations 4. State the name and the range of wavelength of the
.trt' : invisible electromagnetic wave5 beyond the red end
) 1niL'('()\\'H\'t'S (b) ultraviolet waves of the visible spectrum.
l·I
(d) gamma rays. Ans. Infrared. 800 nm to I mm
Ans. (d) gamma rays 5. Gi ve the range of wavelength of the electromagnetic
"· Tht' waws used for taking photographs at night are : waves visible to us.
18) infrared wa,·es
(b) microwaves Ans. 400 to 800 nm
(, l r.1dio wa\'eS (d) ultrasonic waves
6. Name the region just beyond ( i) the red end. and
Ans. (a) infrared waves (ii) the violet end, of the spectrum.
communication is : Ans. (i) infrared (ii) ultraviolet
10. The radiation used for satellite
\al microwaves (b) radio waves 7. Name the radiation which can be detected by (a) a
\Cl gamma rays (d) X-rays thermopile (b ) a solution of sil ver chloride.
Ans. (a) microwaves Ans. (a) infrared radi ation (b ) ultraviolet radi ation

I1. Column X shows the kinds of electromagnetic waves 8. Name the radi ations of wavelength just (a) longer
7
and column Y shows their applications. than 8 X I0-7 m, (b) shorter than 4 X I0- m.
Ans. ( a) infrared (b ) ultraviolet
(..\) Infrared rays (i) in remote-controlled
gadgets 9. Name the material of prism required fo r obtai ning
(B) Radio waves (ii) for transmission the spectrum of ( a ) ultraviolet lig ht. ( b ) infrared
(C) X-rays (iii) for detection of bone radiations.
fractures Ans. (a ) quartz ( b ) rock 5alt

ID) Ultraviolet rays (iv) absorption by atmospheric 10. Name the radi ations which are absorbed by the
ozone layer green house gases in the earth ·s atmo5phere.
Choose the correct pairing : (CJ SHORT QUESTIONS :
(a) A-(i) 8-(ii) C-(iii) D-(iv) 1. (a) Gi ve a list of at least fi ve radiations, in the order
(b) A-(iv) 8-(iii) C-(ii) D-(i) of their increasing wavelength, which make up
(c) A-(i) 8-(ii) C-(iv) D-(iii) the complete electromagnetic spectrum.
(d) A-(iii) B-(ii) C-(i) D-(iv) (b ) Name the radiation mentioned by you in part (a)
Ans. (a) A-(i), B-(ii), C-(iii), D-(iv) which has the highest penetrating power.

81 \ T RY SHORT Ql'ESTIONS : 2. A wave has wavelength 50 A. (a) Name the wave.

( b) State its speed in vacuum. (c) State its one use.
I. (a) Arrange the following radiations in the order of
Ans. (a) X-ray, (b) 3 x 108 m s- 1
their increasing wavelength :
(c) in detection of fracture in bones
X-rays. infrared rays, radio waves, gamma rays,
and micro waves. 3. Name three radiations and their wavelength range
which are in visible and beyond the violet end of the
(b) Name the radiation which is used for satellite
visible spectrum.
communication.
4. What do you understand by the invisible spectrum ?
Ans. (a) gamma rays, X-rays, infrared rays,
micro waves, and radio waves. (b) micro waves S. State the appro ximate ran ge o f wave len gth
1 associated with (a) ultraviolet rays. (b) visible light,
A wave has a wavelength Io-3 nm. (a) Name the
and (c) infrared rays.
wave. (b) State its one property different from light.
6. Name two electromagnetic wa ves of wavelength
Ans. (a) gamma ray, (b) strong penetrating power
smaller than that of violet light. State one use of each.
J. (a) Name the hi gh energetic in visibl e e lec tro-
7. Gi ve one use each of (a) microwaves, (b) ultraviolet
magnetic wave which helps in the study of the
structure of crystals. radiations. (c) infrared radiations, and (d) gamma
rays.
(b) State one more use o f the wave named in
Pan (a). 8. Name the waves (a) of lowest wavelength, (b) used
for taking photograph s in dark, (c) produced by
Ans. (a) X-rays, (b) to detect fracture in bones
155
 change, the nucleu, of an atom. ldJ of \\ a,ek ncth
in
nearl y 0-1 nm
, 11 , .7
Infra red rad1..iuon, are u~J lor ~ ~·

A n, . fa ) gamnrn ray, ( b ) infrared ray'> .

<c1 gamma ra) , fdJ X-ra)"
11111
\\af
The photofraph1.. J:[Link], •.u ?I ~
infrared lamJ)'
'
'>. Two W<1 ve~ A and B ha\ e wa\·elcngth 0-0 I A and , ,, 1 A rock --alt Pfl''Tl 1, [Link] 10,!.ead : <l ~ •
9000 A re-.,)Ccti \'l:l) . to obtaJn the ,mrJied "~--uwn ->
(a) Name the two wa ve-.. r,, A quartz pn , m 1, requtred f r l-i..= • •
( h ) Compare the -. peed, of the!">e waves when the) spectrum of ultra, 1nle1 hgh1
trn vel in vacuum . r,·i J U tra, 1olet bulb, haH· a quart/ en , d tc;:,: .
A ns. (a) A- gamma. 8 - infrared. (b) I : I of gla,,
10. Name 111·0 !>Ource:-.. eac h of infrared radiation'> and tD l LO'\G Ql"f~T IO:"-S :
ultraviolet radimiom, . I. What a re infrared radia tion, ~ Ho~ ~:r
I1. Name three proper1ies of ult raviolet radiation!) which detected ·) State one u<;e of the...e radiat1rn,
are similar to visible light . 2. Wh at are ult ra, 1ol et rad iau o n, > Ho.,. a:e
12. Give two properties of ultraviolet radiations which detected ':' State one u~ of the...e rad1ar1on\
differ from visible light.
(E l :-.-ID1ER1CALS :
13. Menti on three prope rt ies of infrared radi ati ons
I. An ele ctromagn e tic " a ve has a freque· .
similar to visible light.
500 MHz and a wa velength of 60 cm.
14. Give two properties of infrared radiations which (a) Calculate the speed of the ,~ a,·e.
diffe r from visible light.
( b ) Name the medium through "hich n is tra, :~
15. State on e harmful effect each of the (a) ultra violet Ans. (aJ 3 x 10' m ~-. - :
and (b) infrared radiations.
2. The wavelength of X-rays is 0-0 1 :\. Calcub::
16. Gi ve reason for the fol lowing :
frequency. State the assumption made. 1f an~
(i) Infrared radiations are used for photography in Ans. 3 x I(}'~
fog. Assumption : Speed of X ra) s = 3 x ](}" rn ,

(C) SCATTERING OF LIGHT AND ITS APPLICATIONS

6.7 SCATTERING OF LIGHT change in its wavelength . The scanering of ligh:

not the same for al l wa\·elength s of incident ~;
When li ght from the Sun enters the earth's
The intensity of the scanered light is found 10)
atmosphere , it gets scattered (i.e., the light spreads inversely proportional to the fo unh power of c.
in all directions) by the dust particles and air wavelength of light (i.e .. 1 ex: I /A➔ ) . 111 The risir
molecules present in the atmosphere. You see the
spectrum. the 1rnrele11gth of \·ioler lighr is rhe 1e~
path of the sun light entering a dark room =-
( 4000 A) and rhar of red lighr is rhe ,m.
through a fine hole because of scattering of the <=- 8000 A), rherefon.' Ji·om rhe incidem idiire /igr.
sun light by the dust particles present in its path violer lighr is scauered rh e mosr and red /ighr ,
inside the room. The scattering of light was first
scattered rhe leasr (violer light is scauered neon
studied by the scientiSt Rayleigh. 16 times more rhan the red light). As a result. ligG
Scattering is the process of absorption and then from the Sun when reaches the earth's surface. ~
re-emission of light energy by the dust particles less intensity of li ght of the violet end (sue~ ~
and air molecules present in the atmosphere. blue, indigo and violet) and more intensity of hgt'
The air mo lec ules of si:,e smaller than th e of th e red e nd (such as orange and red). Howei:~r.
th e air molecules of siz.e bigger than 1~
ira1'ele11grh of the incident light absorb the energy wavelength of the incident light, scatter the lig/11 .
of the incident light and then re-emit it without any
all wavelengths of white light to the same e.rre111·
156
~
, S(JMC. r f- PLICI r l(;f !.-.. OF <.,cArr ERING Sun i'> rich in red colo ur, while the li ght reaching
~P 1.r,111 'ff,',. ,,f '-' :Jtt', 111;, ,,f .,un lwll1 by the ,,ur eye from all other directions is the scattered
,.. :,w_ ( I J ,,,cJ l (Jl<>ur ,,1 , un a t
, 11111 t, J1J1( ,, blue light. Therefore the sky in direclion, other
, ;Jlld , I <'L J wl1il<...: l C>l 1 ,ur o l , ky at
1Jll'' than the direction of .\un. is seen blue. Further,
11
, 1 J t,Ju,· ',,J,1u1 ul ·,y J <'1) blac k c.:ol,JUr < >f' for , ome time after s unset and before s unri se,
, I ,,
" , a IJ.,,.,1, <...: ,, f :1 111 1,1 ·1 p I1e , e , ( '; J white
111 there is no sunlight reaching directly to us. Thus,
' :~ I
,,I , J,,uch :iud (<,J u·,c 1 >1 rc<.J lio1J1
~
for the at these hours the blue scattered light reaching
~~I~,;/ \ W11,J J our eye, makes the entire sky to appear blue.
"P.d colour of Sun ot ounri~e and uunsct (4 ) B l ac k colour o f sky in abse nce of
11I,-,,,
atmosphere
,\I rite 111111,; 1JI 'lUllri-,c :ind ',Ull"iet, light from
,., ',1Jll l,;J', to tr:J vc l the lon ge'>I di '> la nce of If there wo u Id have bee n no atmosphere,
,11,v,pl11.:1c ,,, H;:JdJ !he CJbl-)et ver. Si nc.:e the blue th ere would be no scattering of light and no
, ,,f .,ll<Jr1 wiJvcle,w tli ,., \C:tll cre<.J 111orc , much
scattcre<.J light would reach our eyes and thus the
111
sky will appear black (instead of blue).
, ;
1 11 ,., Ju.,, . w hil e tli e re d li )! ht o f Jo ng
nt,i:k 1w th ,., ',(.,,11lc1ed :J IJlt lc, \ I) it i s not IIIU<.:h Since there is no atmosphere on Moon, no
,cattcrcd s unlight reac hes the Moon 's surface.
1,, 1 ·1hu-,, hl11e li ; ht i•) iJ lrno:,t ;,ih'>ent in sunlight
1

,,•;[Link]' tile "b'lerve, and o nl y rc.;d (white blue Hence, to an observer on the surface of Moon, no
r~dJ li/!tll rcac he.., U', . A '> a result, the Sun and li ght reaches the eyes of the observer except the
•!I,; rcvio11 11ca1hy ir. i'> , ccrr red . Vi g . (> . 11 shows light reaching directly from the Sun. Thus, the sky
1h\'. ·.[Link] r111 1• o f bl1 ic li gllr. in direction other than that of the Sun will appear
',,,:,tt,, r,, <J t>lu,, lll)ttl O
black to an observer on the Moon's surface.
, f. , • '.I.

·r:),
l>oorvor
fou,j ;·~;· .-~/ Similarly, when an astronaut goes above the
atmosphere of the earth in a rocket. he/she sees
,,,/ . '_;1,.,n,,r,, d 1,ltJIJ ltqt ,, / 1
the sky black, but to the astronaut, the earth
( Earth appears blue due to the blue colour of sunlight
. .
scattered by the earth 's atmosphere. reaching him/
Eurth's her. The stars and other heavenly bodies are seen
atmosphere
as usual , but witho ut twinkling.
h g. fi. /1 Ned f'o/our of S 1111 fl t w n riw: and .,·1111.,·,·t
(5) White colour of clouds
(2) White colour of s ky at noon
The clouds are nearer to the earth·s surface and
the Sun i.., din.:c.:tl y ahovc our head,
/\ 1 110011 ,
they contain <.Just particles and aggregates of water
10 we get liglll my, directly from the Sun after molecules of size bi,<ger than the wavele11Rth of
!ravelling the , hortc, t <.Ji , tan cc, without much visible light. Therefore. the dust particles and tiny
-.ca11c11ng 1JI ~111y pa11ic ular colour. I fence.;, Lhc sky ice particles present in clouds scatter all colours of
I\ \1:cn wli ill:.
incide nt white light fro m the Sun to the same
(3) Blue colou r of s ky extent and hence when the scattered light reaches
Light fro111 thc Sun ha s to trav e l a lon g our eyes, the clouds are seen white.
di~ t·
· '1llcc o f' the earth ', atmosphere bc.;lore
. reac I1111g
.
(6) Use of red light f or t h e danger signal
s /\ \ 11·ght trave l, through the atmosphere. 11
u·· . gets
In visible light. the wavelength of red light is
scattere d 1n <.liffe rcnt din;c tions by the air
1 lon ges t, there fore the Iig ht of red co lo ur is
;: olecu1c, prc,1.:111 in its path. The hlue (or violet)
scattered the le ast by the air molecules o f the
Jht lluc tu it, short wavele ngth is scatterl~d more
atmosphere. He nce. the li g ht of red colour as
1n tonir, 11 \·d t,1 the red li g ht of long wavelength.
compare d to th e Iig ht o f o the r co lours can
llS, the li ght n.:ac hing o ur cyc <.Jircctl y from the

157
 :::4A -X i C J&i ;f

pcnc trat~ 1,, 11 l1111Y.t'1 d1•ilt111cc.: with <JL1t heuJ

mmg
wc.:ak . T ltu11, n· d l1gli 1 can be 1;ctn fr,1m th
e
fart hest di"t;1111·r i11 crn 11 pt1ri l,f1n to the: li ght
nt
othe r col()urs havi11 1l w li;nn c inten 1iity. Hen
11 ce.
red light i'l 11•,cd r()1 d:i11µc.: r ..,ignal 1,,1 that
the
------
EXERCISE--6(C)
r,\ ) 'vlU T ll'LJ·: ( 'IIOW I·.., vn, :
fCho o<,c the corrc c1 ,111w1cr frorn 1hc r,pllC
,n• )!I ,en
hclo w). ,,;;,· t
I. For M:auc ring or li ghl, the 11c,_cc..,<1ry wnd iuon
,., that r,,, ,.;;, :. &: ,i~·-=-=
lhc -;izc o r air nHilc culc '> "hould he .......
..... the (,_) lr,r,l<; : CL:;,:-;- o1
wavc lenglh of incident light.
<a, '> mailer than (hJ grealcr than
fc J equa l to fdJ both fhJ and fc,J
.
J. Wher1 ,un!1gt: :;:;:.:;-;-; :ric .
An.'>. <c.1J '> maile r than e,:.;-c.r. ~ ;.:·.-·.cs:.r..e-: I:.
2. The inten ~ity of '> Call crcd light i'> relat NhJC.h v,l<,'lr <1~ l!p: :~ ~,:~e .c , :.-.c ··.r.-;_
ed tr, ,,., :
wave length as, : ( 1i J the ltd,L

<a) I c-: i.~ 2. A beam r,f blue . :ree: -.

lhJ I C'- i.2 <[Link] :,:: '.:·. . . . £. :.
(c) I o: lfl,t. 2
(dJ I :x 1/i.
Ans. (CJ J ,z !Ii:
3. In the white light of the sun. the maximum
<;eattering
by the air molecule<; prese nt in the earth ·s atmo
sphere ICJ \ HOR T Qlt.. \TIO .\'~ :
is for :
(aJ red colo ur I. Wha t is mean~ o:, ~...1...-"7llJE o: ::?=
(bJ yellow colou r
rc J [Link] colour 2. How does the in:.efuit'.• o: q:aaz.::c :_?:
I dJ blue colour ~ -
the wavelength of inciderr: ligt: ' Sz.:: :.:.e
Ans. fdJ blue colou r ::-..c:::
when lhis depe nden ce hold .
-l . Violet [Link] is scattered nearlv ...... tim~
~
. more than
the red light. 3. Which colo11r oi •;, hne !igr.: !~ ,~-: -::
~ -=-
<aJ -4 Gi,·e reason.
(b J 8
lc1 I 6 .-\ns. red becau_<,c •;, c.', elength o: :-ec :.: ~- - ·:,..
(d J 9
and imensir:, of ~-cilerce ..:~ :.:
Ans. (c J I 6 -l. The dang er signaJ !", :ed. \\,n: I
5. To an astronaut in a spaceship . the earth appe
ars :
5. Ho v. wou ld the -,k~ appe ar ·,.ile::. ,ee:
(aJ white <bJ red :-·= •
spac e 1or moon , ~ G1·.e re~ for~ ""-: ~
fcJ blue fdJ black , :'
6. \\na t chi!r2cteri~uc prop e~ of l.!gt.: .•
Ans. fb1 bl ue ::-'?:.C: •
for the blue colo ur oi sb , .\ns. -~~
6. The red colo ur of the sun at sunrise and sun,;e
t is due 7. The colour oi sk~. in d1rec uon olher 1:..2..::
to , i hich of the fol lov. mg phenomenon :: '3 -
'.'
is blue. E'<plarn
(a ) devi ation (bJ dispersion
8. Wh~ d oe s the Sun appe M red .-:, ; _::.-:,
1c I both de,·iation and di sperr;ion :-
~unset .'
(d J scatt ering .-\ns. tdJ scauenng
9. The sk~ c.l noon a ~ ,.., hne G,,e
7. The sk~ in a direc tion oth-:: r than that r~-ic .
of the sun I 0. The clouds are ~n ,,. hite. Explam.
appears ............. w an ob<.erver on the moon
.
a, reo1 f bJ blue
I 1. Gi,e re~n \l,hv the sw)ke from a fire
. :oo~ -,;".J
~-,
'
ldJ black Ans . The molecule-. of '>make are b,~e -
(cl oran ge ....-
v. a•.ele n1nh of ll!!hl. '>O the , scau er
.-\m. (d J black ~
i.J~:.S ~--
colou rs equa l!; and- lhe ~ [Link]-ed 1.!ght ~ . ! . - 1:::,,
~

158