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Chapter-3
WRITING AND PRODUCTION FOR RADIO
1. History of Radio
1864- James Clark Maxwell discovered that when electricity passes through certain
conditions, invisible waves occur.
1886-Heinrich Hetz showcased projection of swift variation of the electric current
into space in the form of radio waves and proved the Maxwell theory.
1893- The development of radio began.
1893 - Nikolai Tesla’s demonstration of wireless radio communication in U.S.
1901- December 12- The three dots of the Morse letter “s” transmitted.
!906- One of the first signals that carried voice and music was accomplished by
Reginald Fessenden.
1906- Lee Deforest produced the “ Audion” a Triode vacuum tube that allowed
for amplification of radio signals,
1896- Guglielmo Marconi was awarded the official patent for the radio by the
British government.
1909 - Amateur radio operators started radio stations in the United States.
1920-KDKA in Pennsylvania is considered the first and oldest radio station in US.
1920-KDKA- went on air to broadcast the results of the presidential election
.
Who prodused Triode vacuum tube “ Audion- Lee Deforest
Who invented Radio- Gugliemo Marconi
What is meant by Chain Broadcasting/networking - During the initial days of
radio broadcasting many stations were interconnected for simultaneous broadcast
of programmes
2. History of Radio of India
1920’s-In India also radio broadcasting was started.
1923- The Radio club of Bombay broadcast its first programme
1923- The Calcutta radio club started its broadcast.
1924- The Madras Presidency club with a 40 W alt transmitter began transmission
1927- Started the Indian Broadcasting company (IBC)
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1930- March I st - IBC accumulated huge lose and closed down its operations
1930- April I st -The Government took over the Broadcasting facilities and began
the Indian State Broadcasting Service ( ISBS)
1935- August 30- Lionel Fielden was appointed the first controller of
broadcasting in India
1936-June 8- ISBS was renamed All India Radio
1941 Placed under, the Ministry of information.
1947-June 3rd- Viceroy Lord Louis Mount Batton, Jawaharlal Nehru, Muhammad
Ali Jinnah made their historic broadcast on the partition of India.
!947-August 14 th - Broadcast live with Jawaharlal Nehru’s famous “Trust with
Destiny’ speech,
1977- The first FM channel was launched by AIR on an experimental basis in
Chennai.
1984- The local radio stations on AIR which had the beginning were all based on
FM technology.
2014- December 31 st - All India Radio operates 414 Broadcasting stations, 196
relay centers and 5 community radio stations.
AIR is switching from analog to digital
The technology adopted in the Digital Radio Mondiale ( DRM )
3. Radio Broadcasting In kerala
1943- March 12- Travancore station came
1950, April I st - The station merged with AIR network
AIRs station is the first FM station in kerala
1989, Novemebr 1- First FM station in Cochin
2007,Nov 29- Ist Malayalam private FM station, Radio Mango started from
Kozhikode by Malayala Manorama
4. Describe Broadcast Technologies
1, Amplitude Modulation
Shortly called AM
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It is a mode of broadcasting radio waves by varying the amplitude of the
carrier signal in response to the amplitude of the signal to be transmitted
AM signals can be detected with simple equipments
It uses a narrows bandwidth
Occur in the Medium wave frequency range
The standard broadcast brand of 530 to 1700 KHZ
2. Frequency Modulation (FM)
1930 - Edwin Armstrong invented the FM radio
It won a patent for FM radio in 1933
Sound level of broadcasting in FM radio is 3 times better than AM
3. Digital Radio Mondiale
It shortly called DRM
It is a set of digital audio broadcasting technologies designed to work over the
bands currently used for AM broadcasting
It can deliver FM comparable sound quality on frequencies below 30 MHz which
allow for long distance signal propagation
5. Types of Radio Broadcasting
a. Public service Broadcasting
It shortly called PSB
It is financed and controlled by the public and for the public
It is neither commercial nor state owned free from political interference
eg. AIR and BBC
b. Commercial Radio
Owned and managed by private enterprises
Survival is based on airing advertisements
Gives importance to entertainment programmes like comedy talks, music
programmes and celebrity chats.
eg. Red FM, Radio Mango, club FM
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c. Community Radio
It is geographic specific and audience specific radio broadcast in FM mode
It serves populations in far flung areas, coastal areas or in some areas where
people live together as a community
It facilitates individuals, groups and communities to share their experiences
Preserve local language and culture, traditions and social norms
The first community radio in Kerala Radio DC [Link]
It was inaugurated on 6th January 2005
Administered by the DC school of Management and technology (DCSMAT)
Located in KINFRA firm and video park, Kazhakuttam, Trivandrum
It is the first internet radio to be started in an Indian business school.
eg. Radio Macfast, Thiruvalla, Radio Mattoli, W ayanadu, Radio
Benziger, Kollam, Radio Media village, Changanacherry,
Jan vaani FM, Kannur
d. Ham Radio
It is otherwise called Amateur Radio
It is a popular hobby with no monitory benefits
Licensed by Amateur Radio operators
Provide essential communication services when regular channels are unavailable
due to natural disaster
e. Internet Radio
Also known as W eb-Radio, Net Radio, Streaming Radio, e-radio, Online radio
etc.
An audio service transmitted via internet
It is assessable from anywhere in the world if internet connections is available
India’s first live internet radio station is Radio mask a
It provides Bollywood music 24X7
2014 Nov 30- All India Radio is live streaming its 4 channels on the internet
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7. Radio Programmes
News Programmes
Non- news programs
11 News Programmes
News bulletin
Radio News reel
Radio documentaries/ Features
Current affairs programmes
Talks
Discussions
ii. Non- news programs
Musical programmes
Radio Dramma
Docu- dramma
Skit
Phone in programmes
Radio bridge
Jingle
News Programmes
a. News Bulletin
It has great importance in radio broadcasting
Stations have several long bulletins interspersed with hourly or even half
hourly news summaries
The most important story first, and the least important story last
Consider overall order or balance of the bulletin and the pace is important
News editors have the freedom to reorder stories
Structure of News bulletin
News reader introduces himself
Reading of the headlines of important stories
Story run down
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In a 10 minutes bulletin the stories are arranged in 2 equal duration bunches
The arrangement of stories in a bulletin is called Story Run down
There will be a commercial break when the reader finishes reading the first
touch of stories
Before the break, the reader remains the listener about the main stories
coming up in the bulletin in the next 5 minutes.
As the end of bulletin, the headlines are repeated
The reader signs off.
Radio News writing
The language should be simple
Sentence should be short, avoid complex sentences
Use common words
Written with an informal tone
Use the conversational style
Avoid long words
Avoid parenthetical statements, which are not easy to announce
Structure of a Radio News story
News bulleting contains 15-20 stories
Lead story may take almost half the time of the news bulletin
Single story normally takes maximum 90 seconds
It the story is a bigger one, it may be divided into 2 or 3 stories
Headlines of the important stories are read in the beginning and it at the end
of the bulletin
Each story will not have a headline
The place of origin of the story and the time of occurrence of the incident will
be included in the second or third sentence of the story
b. Radio Newsreel
It is a news magazine programme covering major current news issues
It broadcasted once or twice a week
it is combination of relevant sound cuts on current affairs
It consists of a brief introduction and conclusion by the narrator
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Recorded actuality and interviews with people.
c. Radio Documentaries /features
Based on real people and issues
Have only sound- the human voice, music and sound effects.
It is devoted to covering particular copies in depth.
Based on real sounds and real people.
Their views of experience based on facts.
Presented in an attractive and dramatic manner.
d. Current Affairs Programme
Matters of day-to-day life.
Featuring people in all walks of life.
Current affairs programmes are listed below.
[Link]
Radio talk is neither a lecture nor a public address.
An expert is invited to speak 7-8 minutes on a subject of current interest
Followed by a talk between him and an anchor person.
Programmes lasts for 25-30 minutes
Gives a detailed view on an important issue.
f. Discussions
Provides a platform for the exchange of ideas
More than one person is invited to take part in a discussion
Every participant shares his views.
Based on social or economic issues, which may be controversial.
The presenter plays the role of the moderator.
2, Non -news and other entertainment programmes
a. Musical Programmes
It includes signature tunes, musical sound effects, musical introduces and
theme music
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Radio has an important role in the propagation and preservation of all genre
of music
[Link] songs, light music, classical music, folk music
b. Radio Drama
Presented through dialogues
It includes 3 components human voice, music and sound effects
AIR organizes drama festival every year
C. Docudrama
That is, documentary drama
Features dramatized re-enactment of actual events
It is based on known- facts
Dialogues may include the actual words of real life persons
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Shorter than plays
One or more scenes from a play
Constructed around fun in occasions of important social events
[Link], Kandathum kettathum, kalikalam, Vazhivilakku
[Link] in-programmes
It is a live interactive programme
The listener and the presenter to each other
These programmes need advance publicity
e.g. ’Public speak’ every Monday at 9.30 pm
f Radio Bridge
Connecting different stations throughout the country or even foreign country
An expert sitting at a Chennai studio can interact with the man in the Delhi
studio
g. Jingle
It is a musical message
Small song or music piece used for advertising promotion
h. Radio Programme Production
It consists of 5 stages
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Preproduction
2 . Production
3. Post production
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5. Feedback
i. Preproduction
First stage of production
Identify story topics, characters, sounds and scenes
There are two steps at this stage
The research for collecting background information is called formative
research
It helps to form the idea and format of the programme
Identify the people participating in the programmes sound to be used and the
properties and the logistics required
Outline script which details the programme is prepared at this stage
A run down sheet which gives a day by day and hour by hour information of
recording schedules
2. Production
Recording the sound
It may occur indoor /outdoor
Indoor are called studio production
Outdoor are called field production
Ensure the quality of sound
Ensure perfection of recording
Ensure reduction of noise or interruptions
Recording equipments are microphones, recorder unit, headphone socket,
standard batteries, recording media, power supply, headphones etc.
Studio Operations
Room that houses the equipment for radio production
Broadcasters finished product is assembled here Is known as production
studio
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It is a work station set up in the corner of a room with a mix of computer and
audio equipment
Types of studios in a radio station
[Link] on- air studio-used for live, day-to-day broadcasting
Production studio- Used for putting together programming material
recorded for playback.
Performance studio/ announcer booth- it is smaller than other studios
Nothing more than microphones, a table and chairs.
Recording equipment
Sound recording protect recorded sounds- both musical and non- musical
They produce high quality recordings
The recording devices used in an audio studio include microphones
Microphones
It convert a sound wave into an electrical signal
It uses diaphragm ( a then membrane) which mimics the function of the
human ear.
Types of Microphones
Classified on the basis of sound pick up pattern
3 type of microphones
a. Uni-directional microphones
It picks up sound from one direction
If you speak in front of it, your voice is picked up.
If you speak from other side of it, your sound will not be picked up property
It is used by announcers, presenters & news readers
b. Bi-directional Microphone
The sound is picked up from two directions
Used for recording an interview in a radio station
C. Omni-directional microphone
It picks up sound from all directions
It is used when a number of voices are used in a single programme
eg. Used for radio discussion, radio drama
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Common types of Microphones used for Audio Recording
[Link] Microphones :
In dynamic microphones, a physical cone acts like a lens to concentrate the incoming
sound waves.
2. Ribbon Microphones
There microphones consists of a then strip of metallic foil suspended in front of a
magnetic plate.
3. Condenser Microphones:
Rather than a vibrating wire coil, it has a thin diaphragm and solid back plate which
make up a capacitor ( an electronic component)
4. Hands free Wireless Microphones:
They come in 3 popular configurations
Lapel (lavaliere) wireless microphones
Collar wireless Microphones
Hand free wireless microphones
5. Digital Recording Equipment
It is used for digitalized sound production
6. Digital Audio player (DAP)- an electronic device that performs storing,
organizing and playing audio files
7. Software includes
Apple logic Pro
Digidesign’s Pro Tools
Cubase and Nuendo by steinberg
Sony’s Sound Froge
Adobe’s Cool Edit Pro
MOTUDigital Performer- popular for MIDI
8. Other audio editing software includes
Ableton Live
Cakewalk Sonar
ACID Pro
FL Studio
Adobe Audition
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Auto Tune
Audacity and Ardour
9. Recording
10. Recording
It is an electrical or mechanical inscription and re-creation of sound waves
It records spoken voice, song, instrumental music or sound effects
Sound could be recorded, erased and re-recorded on the same tape many times.
11. Sound recording technology is classified into two
Analogue Recording
Digital Recording
Analogue Recording
It is a technique used for recording of analogue signals.
It converts an audio input into an analogous electrical waveform
Reasons for rejection of analogue machine
Space and cost considerations
Scarcity of tape
Lack of machine parts
12. Digital Recording
It explores the tools and techniques of digitized sound production
It is stored and transmitted by a wider variety of media.
Hg7nujv,lpl gth.;,kmnjbhszhjxnjhgxyuidckjihuytrcVHYzjThe digital format overcome all drawbacks of
analogue recording
13. Advantages of digital editing
14. [Link] recording can be cleaned up easily and precisely
15. [Link] can be charted and detected.
16. [Link] can be automated
17. [Link] and mixing are more precise
18. [Link] can be prolonged
19. [Link] editing process is visual centric . It is performed on a screen
20. [Link] is encouraged by ‘Undo’ command
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3. Post Production
This is the last stage of production
There are 2 activities involved in it
Mixing
21. Editing
22. It is to prepare a programme by starting with some raw sound elements and
making a finished product to be broadcast.
23. First step involves the selection of the required voice elements.
24. Decide and select the background sounds.
25. Identify the portion where it is to be included
26. Second phase is the preparation of cue sheet
27. In cue sheet, we note down the chronological list of voice.
28. Start time
29. End time
30. Name or identifier of sounds
31. Duration
32. Fade information (in or out)
33. Comments
ii. Mixing
It is the combination of the balance and control of amplitude of sound elements
The mixing process is done in real times
It involves raising and lowering the volume of the various tracks
The producer sets level individually for each track.
4. Transmission
A radio wave acts as a carrier of information bearing signals
The digital radio uses a transmission system
A digital radio broadcast offers compact disk quality reception and reproduction on the FM band
34. 5. Feedback
The best way to get connected with the listeners
Can judge the result of the presented programmes
Quality of a good radio presenter
Be prepared and avoid rambling
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Read thoroughly any text that you are going to present on air
Try to inject some humor and lightness
Make an effort to lighten serious topics
Listen and learn :
Listen different styles of radio presenters
Compare the quality of presenting styles
Record every bit of your output and listen back to it and analyse it
Ask some others to listen to your presentation and collect their opinions
Good radio voice
Voice must have strength and clarity
Should have rhythm, pronunciation, emotion, fluctuation
Radio News Reader
Tips that increase the efficiency of a radio newsreader
Before you go on air, do some exercises
Practice aloud until you feel confident
Pay special attention to difficult words
Practice your pace and rhythm
Underline key words, mark pauses and write phonetic pronunciations for foreign words
If you make a mistake don’t panic but apologize and correct it.
Qualities of a Radio jockey (RJ)
Pleasing voice and aptitude to speak sensibility
Good command over spoken language
Knowledge of local dialects
The ability to befriend the listeners
Solid knowledge of technology and familiarity with the equipment for radio transmission