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Chapter-6
NEW MEDIA CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS
1. Define new media
o The term new media means the application of the digital, computerized or networked
information technologies for communication between and among individuals all over the
world.
o It refers to on-demand access to content anytime, everywhere on any digital device,
as well as interactive user feedback and creative participation.
2. Describe Evolution of Internet
a. ARPANET
 The first form of internet
 Advanced Research Project Agency Network
 Sharing information between and among computers.
 Established in 1969 to transfer military information
 The first network to implement TCP/IP
b. USENET
 Created in 1979 by PG students of the University of North Carolina.
 Email and discussion groups have an important place in it.
c. NSFNET
 Developed by National Science Foundation in the late 1980s
 Use various technologies including fiber optics and satellites.
 Became backbone of all academic activities
 Academicians, students, doctors, scientists and farmers passed useful information in
the beginning.
3. Milestones of the Internet revolution in India
 1986 : ERNET project started email exchange using UUCP protocol established
between National Centre for Software Technology, Mumbai and IIT Mumbai.
 1994 : ERNET established a hub in Bangalore to provide TCP/IP level connectivity
over satellite links to locations otherwise unreachable.
 1995 : The Internet Gateway in India opened at Mumbai under VSNL(Videsh
Sanchar Nigam Ltd)
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 1995 August 15, VSNL introduced public internet access in India via dialup services in
6 cities .
 1995 March 13, India world portal was launched.
 1996 [Link] India’s news portal launched.
 1996 India’s first cyber cafe launched in Mumbai.
 1998 : Indians newspapers, magazines, publishing houses, political parties
commercial firms, banks and government departments began operating their own websites.
 2010 : 3G spectrum, Wi Max licensee auctioned
 Telephone Regulatory Authority of India released National Broadband plan
 2015 : Government of India launched NOFN
4. Describe NOFN
 National optical fiber network
 Launched in 2015.
 Inter-rural connectivity scheme.
 The largest network project in the world
 Connects about 2.5 lakh rural panchayats in the country through NOFN.
 This is made possible by a broadband optical fiber network
 It is a group of interconnected computer networks.
 Web browser and search engine are also available to provide internet
5. World Wide Web
 W.W.W
o Invented by Tim Burners Lee
o The multimedia part of the internet with graphical interface.
o A system of interlinked hypertext documents, images, videos and other multimedia
viewed with the help of a web browser
o A massive collection of digital pages
o Documents on the World Wide Web are interconnected using a hyperlink and a
Uniform Resource Locator.
o HTML language is used
o All documents on the web will have a URL
o The full form of URL is - Uniform Resource Locator
Web.2
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o The new advanced form of www

o Open to ordinary users
o User Generated Content (UGC) can be added to it.
o Refers to the sites and spaces on the internet where users can put words, pictures,
sounds & videos
o The central platform of the new media communication.
Web.3
o It is an extension of web 2
6. How to get access to World Wide Web
 Need a computer and a modem
 Need broadband internet connection
 Need, internet service provider eg:-BSNL
 Need browsers and search engines.
 Type website address or Uniform Resource Locator.
 Enter URL-request is send to a Domain Name Server (DNS)-get access to websites
server.
7. Difference between Web Browsers and Search engine
a. Web Browsers
 The tools that people use to access over the internet to obtain information published
as part of the www
 Searches and finds information
 Retrieves information
 Brings back and renders the information for display on computer
 eg:- Microsoft Internet Explorer, Firefox , Google chrome.
b. Search Engines
 A software system designed to search information on the Web.
 Works like an index on the last pages of a book
 It is useful for immediate reference to topic or key work
 Essential tools to visit countless websites
 Eg:- Google, yahoo.
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8. What is meant by Online Journalism

 The art of writing and presentation of news and views on the www
 Collective term for news portals, online editions of newspapers, digital newspapers, e-
magazines, internet radio, web television, user generated content in blogs, social media
and so on.
 It is a contemporary form of journalism where editorial content is distributed via the
internet.
 Online journalist [content writer]-write contents for online newspapers, radio,
television, e-magazines, portals, blogs and social media.
9. Characteristics of Online Journalism
1. Immediacy
2. Hypertexuality
3. Interactivity
4. Multimedality
5. Archiving.
1. Immediacy
 Online journalism real time reporting
 News websites update contents within minutes
 Breaking news is available to the audience as and when it occurs with quick editing.
2. Hypertextuality
 Hypertext is a word or words that contain a link to a website.
 Hypertext is the foundation of the World Wide Web, enabling users to click or tap a link
in order to switch to another part of the same Web page, another page on the same site or
to a website anywhere in the world.
[Link]
 The active participation of sender and receiver in constructing a message
 Online media users can interact immediately with the writer or producer by ‘email’ or
‘comment column’ provided under the story.
 Type your views-enter ‘name’ & ‘email’- click post button
4. Multimediality
 The simultaneous use of all sense organs.
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 Multimedia-refers to the existence of different media in a single system or

convergence of the media.
 BBC online-Eg for multimedia news website
 We can read the text of news stories, hear audio and watch video footage
 Can get further information on the subject by clicking the links
5. Archiving
 The capacity of store huge quality of data for later viewing and research
 Can be accessed by anyone
 E.g.:-The Hindu’s old stories are available in the archive for several/months.
10. Short notes on Online Newspapers
 Newspapers have online editions since 1994
 The Hindu-the first newspaper to introduce an online edition.
 Deepak-the first Malayalam newspaper on the net
 Have no printed editions
 Accessed with a URL
 Hybrid Newspapers-Newspaper which are online with limited hard copy publishing
11. News Reporting for Online Newspapers
 Computer Assisted Reporting (AR)
 News gathering technique Involves two specific stages
a. Online Research
 Research using the internet and other online service, through observation and
interview
b. Database Journalism
 An approach to writing for public
 The journalist analyzes large data sets to identity potential news stories.
 Government data bases are important sources of information
 The searcher can depend on government records as primary sources of news.
12. Trends in Online News Reporting
1. . Participatory journalism
2. Crowd sourcing
3. Open source Reporting
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4. Annotative Reporting

1. Participatory Journalism
 The act of a citizen or groups of citizens, playing an achieve role in the process of
collecting, reporting, analyzing and disseminating news and information
2. Crowd Sourcing
 It is a technique of collecting materials from the audience.
 This is a relatively new term, coined by Jeff Howe in a 2006
 News organizations are increasingly receiving and using user generated content
(UGC), that include, photos, videos and stories, from their readers.
3. Open Source Reporting (Collaborative Reporting)
 Similar to citizen journalism and participatory journalism
 Refers to projects that are open to the public
 Drawn on other projects that are feels available to the general public
 Eg:- Wikipedia/wiki news-a project to which public write and edit.
4. Annotative Reporting.
 Nora Paul coined the term Annotative journalism
 The interactive new media environment stimulates the readers or users to construct
there on news.
 Readers are guided by giving commentary and explanatory notes or annotations.
13. Principles and Practices of Web Writing and Editing OR WED
 The production cycle of a story passes through three stages:
 Writing, editing and design
 All these stages together called WED,
 This concept put forward by world famous newspaper designer Mario Garcia.
14. Describe different methods of Online news writing styles
1. Floating inverted pyramid
2. 2, Multi-laying
3. 3, Summary approach
4. 4, Conversational style
1. Floating Inverted Pyramid
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 Helpful in writing web stories

 Web copy writers split their writing into smaller pieces.
 Each page is structured as an inverted pyramid.
 The entire work seem like a set of pyramids floating in cyberspace
 The most interesting and important information is presented in the intro.
 eg:-A lengthy newspaper story can be re-structured into 3 or 4 separate stories
 A web page is a set of multiple inverter pyramids
2. Multi-layering
 Online story construction approach is multi directional and multi-layered.
 The story is divided into chunks
 Each chunk is layered, creating hyperlinks to sources on the web
 The top layer of the story present basics.
 Lower layers present more specific viewpoints
 Can be applied to breaking news
 Top layer provide traditional five Ws and 1 H
 Next layers provide historical context
 Further layers offer analysis and comments.
3. Summary Approach
 Practiced in content wiring
 Begin with a summary paragraph with key concepts and focus of the story
 Later it is reconstructed into email stories
 For more details, click ‘more’ or open new windows by clicking the key words in the
main story.
4. Conversational style
 Works will on the web
 Good writing uses tight, simple, declarative sentences and sticks to one idea per
sentence
 Avoids the long clauses and passive writing of print.
 Makes the writings easier to understand and holds the reader’s attention.
15. Headline Writing for Web Pages
 Language must be clear and simple.
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 Prefer short straight forward headlines.

 Must clearly tell users what the link gives and what the story is about
 Must be key-word specific
 Each word in headline must have a purpose
16. What are the elements of Web Page
1. Multimedia and Graphics
2. Typography
3. Navigational devices.
1. Multimedia and graphics
 Newspaper web designers use minimum number of colors consistently
 One colour for hyperlinks
 One for headlines
 One for body text
 Newspapers keep white as background
 The researchers suggestion is green and black background is more comfortable to
human eye for e-magazines
 JPEG and PNG aare the most common formats of publishing a photograph on a
webpage
 Infographics are also important elements of webpages.
 Supported by all web browsers.
 Two main files of multimedia present on websites.
(a )Streaming
 Live
 Produced directly from source
 A visitor reads the text and watches or listens streaming video or audio files.
(b) Non-streaming
 Not live
 User could download the audio or video file.
2, Typography
 Typography is the art of arranging letters and text in a way that makes the copy
legible, clear, and visually appealing to the reader
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 Usual fonts to display headlines, body lint and hyperlinks-Times New Roman,
Verdana, Helvetica.

[Link] devices
 Help the visitor to easily navigate through the site.
 Allow different modes of navigation
 Eg Buttons depicting back, top, up and more signs
17. Styles of Presentation on a Web Page
1. Print plus Package
2. Clickable interactive device package
3. Slide shows
4. Audio
5. Live chats
6. Quizzes and surveys
7. Animated stories
8. Interactive webcasts
9. Multimedia interactive
1. Print plus package
 Updated stories of a print version on the web.
2. Clickable interactive device package
 An essential ingredient in newspaper design
 Used to give background for the story
 Readers click on these interactive device
 eg:- info graphics (maps, charts, pie diagrams, tables & other graphics)
[Link] Shows
 The story is presented through a number of slides
 Each slide contains still images with caption or a number of stories.
 Presented through a series of slides
 Readers can click the interesting slide to know more
 Narrated slide shows combine audio and video
[Link]
 Audio streaming is incorporated with the text file which contains the speaker’s photo.
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 Readers click audio files to hear news

5. Live chats
 An interactive session (readers are asking the questions and getting answers)
 A powerful way to convey information
 The readers help to create and shape the story.
6. Quizzes and surveys
 Used to tell stories by organizing information as a set of questions and answers
 Very effective
 Engages the readers
7. Animated Stories
 Stories can be made very interesting on the net through moving images created by the
graphic artist.
 The info graphics will make it more information (graphs & carts, line graphs, bar,
charts, pie diagram, pictographs maps.
8. Interactive webcasts.
 Links related to stories like chats and polls are presented through video streaming
9. Multimedia Interactive
 Many online journalism elements and stories combine multiple forms, creating new
hybrid forms.
 The animation technology of Adobe Flash is used to integrate text, clickable graphics
,etc
18. Define Messaging
 Electronic mail-e-mail- a universal communication tool
 snail mail. the ordinary postal system
19. Web broadcasting (Internet radio and television)

Webcasting

Broadcasting on the internet

Internet radio

Streaming audios and other audio services on the internet

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Podcasting.

 A podcast is an audio file that can be downloaded from the Internet, often in MP3
format.
 It can be listened to on a computer, or be transferred to a portable device such as an
iPod or a mobile phone etc.

Web television

Original television content produced for telecast via Internet

20. User generated content
• User generated content (UGC) is defined as any form of content that were created by
users of digital media.
• Some of the UGC. Blogs, digital images, video and audio files, and other forms of media
Some of the user generated contents are;
• [Link]
• [Link] Media
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link] tube
• 6. Wikipedia
• 7. Apps.
Blogs
 Blog is a tool for self expression
 It is a powerful media of online journalism.
 It sets a stage to participatory journalism..
 A typical blog consists of textual messages, images and links to the other blogs.
 A blog is a frequently updated online journal
 It has a "comments" link that allows readers to post their own thoughts on what the
blogger is writing about.

Personal blog
 Personal descriptions and diaries
 This is a new trend
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 Sharing a person's life experiences

 People pay more attention to the blogs of celebrities like movie stars, athletes and
spiritual masters
Micro blogging

 The current trend

 Microblogging is a specific form of blogging
 Its content is typically smaller
 Micro-blogs "allow users to exchange small elements such as short sentences,
individual images, or video links"
 These small messages are sometimes called microposts.
 Commercial micro-blogs also exist to promote websites, services, and products,
 Twitter-the most popular micro blogging site
Corporate blogs
 Corporate communication tools to reach out to the public
 Basically for business purposes
 Promote marketing brand loyalty and public relations
21. How to create a blog
 Simple word processing skills are needed
 [Link], [Link], [Link], [Link]
 Visit one of these sites and follow steps suggested there.
22. Social Media
 Social networking sites are used by people on a daily basis to express their thoughts
and feelings through e-mail, instant message, chatting and blogging
Facebook.
Facebook is the most popular among the social media networks.
 There are a number of things you can do with Facebook.
 You can list the events and create a group some common interests.
 People post their photos
 They exchange likes and dislikes.
Face book Creator
 January 2004 - Mark Zuckerberg starts work on the [Link]
 February 4, 2004 - Site launched by Zuckerberg with co-founders.
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 June 2004 - Facebook expands to Stanford, Columbia and Yale.

 October 2005 - Zuckerberg changes the new web address to [Link].
 September 2006 - Membership opened to all.
 February 2009 - Like button introduced.
 August 2010 - Time Magazine awards Person of the Year 2010.
 February 2014 - Facebook bought the mobile phone message service WhatsApp.
Twitter
 Twitter is a micro blogging site that allows a user to send a text message of 140
characters.
 Tweet is an expression of a moment or idea.
 It can contain text, photos and videos.
You Tube
 A website that allows users to upload, view and share videos
 Makes use of Adobe Flash Video Player and HTML5
 Display a wide variety of users generated and corporate video
 A visitor can watch or download movies, video clips, TV clips, music videos and on the
contents such as video blogging, short original videos, educational videos and 3D videos
Wikipedia
 A free-access, free-content internet encyclopedia
 Supported and hosted by the non-profit Wikipedia Foundation
 Anyone who can access the site can edit almost any of its articles.
 Wikipedia-sixth most popular website
 Constitutes the internet’s largest and most popular general reference work.
 January 15, 2001 launched by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger.
 Promotes article writing in 288 languages including Malayalam.
 Good reference source for students, teachers and journalist.
Apps.(Applets)
 The heart of mobile journalism
 Created for ordinary persons for information education and entertainment
 A small application that performs one specific task that runs within the scope of
dedicated widget engine or a larger program (as a plug-in)
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23. Free Movement software

 The man behind the free software movement-Richard Stallman
 The worldwide information and communication, technology movement
 Minimize digital divide in developing and under developed countries
24. India’s first computer village
Chamravattom village, Malappuram district, Kerala (August 2003)