ADAPTIVE
IMMUNITY:
SPECIFIC
DEFENSE OF THE
HOST
TOPIC OUTLINE
▪ ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM
▪ DUAL NATURE OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM
▪ CYTOKINES
▪ ANTIGEN AND ANTIBODIES
▪ HUMORAL RESPONSE PROCESS
▪ CELLULAR IMMUNITY RESPONSE
▪ NONSPECIFIC CELLS AND EXTRACELLULAR KILLING BY
ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM
▪ IMMUNOLOGIC MEMORY
▪ TYPES OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
GUIDE QUESTIONS
▪ A small molecule that can react with preformed
antibodies but cannot, by itself, induce their formation
is referred to as
a. Hapten
b. Epitope
c. Complete antigen
d. Cofactor
GUIDE QUESTIONS
▪ A male patient suffering from bacterial infection
received a penicillin injection and he almost
immediately had respiratory distress. This reaction is
most likely to be mediated by
a. T cells
b. IgE
c. IgG and IgM
d. IgG and Complement
ADAPTIVE IMMUNE
SYSTEM
INNATE IMMUNE ADAPTIVE IMMUNE
SYSTEM SYSTEM
Defense present at birth Refined over time
Non-specific, occurs rapidly, no memory Slow response (1st contact)
response Rapid and stronger (memory component)
DUAL NATURE OF
ADAPTIVE IMMUNE
SYSTEM
HUMORAL IMMUNITY CELLULAR IMMUNITY
Extracellular microbes and their toxins Intracellular microbes and cancer
B lymphocytes (B cells) T lymphocytes (T cells)
Antibodies (Immunoglobulin) Cytokines
CYTOKINES
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▪ Communicators between leukocytes
▪ (+) cell proliferation, maturation, migration
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▪ (+) leukocyte migration to the site of infection
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▪ Ability to interfere with viral infection
[Link] NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA
▪ (+) fever and inflammation
[Link] CYTOKINES
▪ Controls the pathway by which stem cells develop (G-CSF 🡪 neutrophils)
ANTIGENS AND
ANTIBODIES
▪ ANTIGENS
▪ Proteins or large polysaccharide
▪ Microbial components 🡪 capsule, cell wall, flagella, toxin
▪ Non-microbial components 🡪 pollen, egg white, blood
surface molecules, transplanted tissue
▪ ≥ 10,000 da
▪ Haptens – small molecules that can bind to proteins 🡪
antigenic
▪ Epitopes (Antigenic determinant) 🡪 specific region of
antigen where antibody react
ANTIGEN AND
ANTIBODIES
▪ ANTIBODIES
▪ Small soluble proteins designed to
recognize and bind to specific antigen
▪ Secreted by Plasma cells
▪ 2 binding sites 🡪 bivalent 🡪 monomer
▪ Typical monomer has 4 protein chains (2
light and 2 heavy chains)
▪ Fab – recognizes antigen
▪ Fc – fixes complement
HUMORAL IMMUNITY
RESPONSE PROCESS
▪ Extracellular pathogens
▪ MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX (MHC)
▪ Displays peptide fragment for T cell recognition (TCR)
▪ MHC I
▪ Found in all nucleated cells, APC, platelets (except RBC)
▪ Presents endogenous antigens to CD8 T cells
▪ MHC II
▪ Found in APC
▪ Present exogenous antigen (bacterial protein) to CD4 T cells
▪ B CELL ACTIVATION
▪ T-CELL DEPENDENT ACTIVATION
▪ Antigens (Protein) that requires T cell to activate a B cell
▪ T-CELL INDEPENDENT ACTIVATION
▪ Antigens (Polysaccharide or LPS) that directly activated B cell
▪ Do not produce memory
CLONAL SELECTION
An encounter with a particular
antigen 🡪 proliferation of that cell
into clones
CLASS SWITCHING
The initial antibody produced is IgM
🡪 cells may produce different class
of antibody
▪ AGGLUTINATION
▪ Antibodies causes antigen to clump
up together
▪ OPSONIZATION
▪ Coating of antigen with antibody or
complement
▪ ANTIBODY-MEDIATED
CYTOTOXICITY
▪ Resembles opsonization
▪ NEUTRALIZATION
▪ Blocking attachment
▪ COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION
CELLULAR IMMUNITY
RESPONSE PROCESS
▪ ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS (APCs)
▪ Presents potential antigenic fragments to T cells
▪ B cells, dendritic cells, macrophages
▪ Produces IL-12 that activates Th1 cells
▪ DENDRITIC CELLS
▪ Have long extensions (dendrites)
▪ MACROPHAGES
▪ Exist in 2 forms
▪ Present antigens, phagocytosis
CELLULAR IMMUNITY
RESPONSE PROCESS
▪ CLASSES OF T CELLS
▪ Can be classified according to its cell surface glycoprotein (CD, Cluster of Differentiation)
▪ T HELPER CELLS (CD4 T CELLS)
▪ TH1 CELLS
▪ IFN GAMMA – activation of macrophages
▪ TH2 CELLS
▪ Secretes cytokines that facilitates the release of IgE
▪ TH17 CELLS
▪ Produces cytokines to recruit neutrophils
▪ T REGULATORY CELLS
▪ Primary function is to combat autoimmune reactions
▪ CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHYOCYTES (CD8 T CELLS)
▪ Attacks virus-infected cells, tumor cells, and transplanted foreign tissue
▪ MHC I displays endogenous antigen that are mostly of pathogen origin
▪ Secretes perforins and granzymes
NONSPECIFIC CELLS &
EXTRACELLULAR KILLING BY
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
▪ NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS
▪ Virus-infected cells, tumor cells, and
parasites
▪ NK cells are not immunologically specific,
meaning that they do not need to be
stimulated by a particular antigen
▪ First contact the target cell and determine
whether it expresses MHC class I self-antigens
🡪 they kill the target cell by mechanisms
similar to that of a CTL
IMMUNOLOGIC
MEMORY
▪ Aka secondary response, memory
response or amnestic response
▪ More rapid, longer duration, considerably
greater in magnitude compared to primary
response
▪ Portion of B cells becomes memory cells
▪ Do not reproduce but are long-lived
TYPES OF ADAPTIVE
IMMUNITY
▪ ACTIVE
▪ Acquired by being exposed to
microorganisms or foreign substances
▪ PASSIVE
▪ antibodies are transferred from one person to
another
GUIDE QUESTIONS
▪ A small molecule that can react with preformed
antibodies but cannot, by itself, induce their formation
is referred to as
a. Hapten
b. Epitope
c. Complete antigen
d. Cofactor
GUIDE QUESTIONS
▪ A male patient suffering from bacterial infection
received a penicillin injection and he almost
immediately had respiratory distress. This reaction is
most likely to be mediated by
a. T cells
b. IgE
c. IgG and IgM
d. IgG and Complement
PRACTICAL
APPLICATIONS
OF
IMMUNOLOGY
TYPES OF VACCINES
▪ LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINES
▪ Living pathogen with reduced virulence
▪ Live vaccines closely mimic actual infection – but produces a relatively mild S/Sx
▪ Chikenpox, Herpes zoster, Measles, Mumps, Rubella,
▪ INACTIVATED VACCINES
▪ Killed microorganisms (Phenol or formalin)
▪ Microorganism is intact but destroys its ability to reproduce
▪ Hepatitis A, Influenza, Poliomyelitis, Rabies
▪ SUBUNIT VACCINES
▪ Contains selected fragment of microorganism
▪ TOXOID VACCINES
▪ Contains inactivated toxins produced by a pathogen
▪ Tetanus toxoid
TYPES OF VACCINES
▪ VIRUS-LIKE PEPTIDE (VLP) VACCINES
▪ Resembles intact virus but do not contain any viral genetic material
▪ Human papilloma virus vaccine
▪ POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE
▪ Made from pathogen’s capsule
▪ N. meningitidis and S. pneumoniae
▪ CONJUGATED VACCINE
▪ Capsular polysaccharide is conjugated with other proteins (Tetanus toxoid)
▪ DNA VACCINES
▪ Naked or encapsulated DNA that encodes specific protein antigens is injected into the
patient so that the receiving cell will synthesize the protein.