Potential Energy: Difference and Absolute.

Electric field = conservative in nature, thus:

∆𝑈 𝑈 𝑈 𝑊 𝑞𝐸⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗
For absolute take R = ∞.

IMPORTANT POINTS:- Work = 0

- Work done is Path independent.
- Work done on charge without external field = 0.
- Work done on charge in external field on close path = 0.

Potential: Difference and Absolute.

Potential at P due to Q at Origin R
Potential at P with respect to R is defined as:
𝐾𝑄
∆𝑈 𝑉
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝐸⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ 𝑅
𝑞
Also, E = , Θ = π) it is
For absolute potential at P take R = ∞.
From this V = Ed.
 Potential due to Dipole, Potential Energy and its corollaries.
Potential Potential Energy
𝐾𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝐾. 𝑟̂
𝑉 𝑈 𝑝𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑝⃗. 𝐸⃗
𝑟 𝑟
𝐾𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 𝐾𝑃
𝑉 𝑈 𝑝𝐸 𝜃 0°
𝑟 𝑟
𝐾𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠 90°
𝑉 0 𝑈 𝑝𝐸 𝜃 180°
𝑟
Quadrupole, dipole, monopole varies
-3 -2 -1 𝑈 0 𝜃 90°
r ,r ,r

Formula for Potential in different cases.

Uniformly Charged
Uniformly Charged Arc Uniformly Charged Ring Uniformly Charged Disc Hemisphere

Potential at point P at 𝑲𝑸 𝝈 Potential at Centre

origin due to uniformly 𝑽𝒙 𝑽𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝑹𝟐 𝒙
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝟏/𝟐 𝟐∈ of hemisphere:
charged arc of angle α is:
𝐾𝑄
𝜆𝛼 𝑲𝑸 𝝈𝑹 𝑉
𝑉 𝐾𝜆𝛼 𝑽𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒆 𝑽𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒆
𝟐∈ 𝑅
4𝜋𝜖 𝒂
Where;
Note: It is Independent 𝑲𝑸 Q = 𝜎(2𝜋R2)
𝑲𝑸 𝑽𝒇𝒂𝒓
of Radius of arc. 𝑽𝒇𝒂𝒓 𝒙
𝒙

Potential of Concentric Shell

Potential because of
very long charged rod

𝜆 𝑎
𝑉 ln
2𝜋𝜀 𝑏 NOTE: Potential dependence on Reference
frame, but Potential difference does not.
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DUE TO DIFFERENT SPHERICAL BODY

For other Spheres (1, 2 & 3) For non-conducting Sphere (4)

𝐾𝑄 3𝐾𝑄
𝑉 𝑉
𝑅 2𝑅
 Capacitor and Capacitance Formulas:-
Parallel Plate Capacitor
Conducting Sphere Spherical capacitor Cylindrical capacitor

∈𝟎 𝑨 For This Spherical Capacitor

𝐂 𝒕 capacitance is given by:
𝒅 𝒕 Capacitance of Cylindrical
𝒌 Capacitor of length
Conducting L:
∈𝟎 𝑨 Sphere of Radius 𝒂𝒃
𝐂 𝐂 4𝜋𝜖0
𝒕𝟏 𝒕𝟐 R is : 𝒃 𝒂 2π𝜀 𝐿
𝒌𝟏 𝒌𝟐 C
𝑏
𝑹 ln
∈𝟎 𝑨 𝑽𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇 𝑽𝒊𝒏 𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝑽𝒊𝒏 𝑎
𝐂 𝑪 𝟒𝝅𝝐𝟎 𝐑
𝒅 𝐊

Energy Stored, Energy Density, and Forces between Plates.

Energy Stored In Capacitor Forces Between Plates

Battery Absent Q 𝑄 Here: Force acting on 1

𝑈 𝐹 𝑄𝐸
= Constant 2𝐶 Q = Charge. one plate of 2
capacitor by
Battery Present V 1
E = Electric
other plate is 1
= Constant
𝑈
2
𝐶𝑉 Field 𝐹 𝜀 𝐸 𝐴
2
V = Potential
Capacitance
𝑈
1
𝑄𝑉
A = Area of The force 1
Unknown 𝐹 𝐶𝑉
2 plates between two 2𝑑
𝑈 1 d = Distance plates of 1
Energy Density 𝜀 𝐸 between plates capacitor is 𝐹 𝑄𝑉
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 2 2𝑑

Redistribution of Charges in Capacitor.

𝑪𝟏
𝒒𝟏 𝑸
𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐

𝑪𝟐
𝒒𝟐 𝑸
𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐

𝑸 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐 𝑪𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝑪𝟐 𝑽𝟐
𝑽𝒄𝒐𝒎
𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐

𝟏 𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐 𝟐
∆𝑼 𝑽 𝑽𝟐
𝟐 𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐 𝟏