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AC Theory Formulas and Applications

The document provides an overview of Alternating Current (AC), highlighting its periodic change in direction compared to Direct Current (DC) and its efficiency in household electricity transmission. It covers the behavior of AC voltage applied to resistors, inductors, and capacitors, including phase relationships and formulas for current and voltage. Additionally, it discusses AC circuits, power calculations, and transformer operations, including key formulas related to reactance, impedance, and resonance.

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11 views3 pages

AC Theory Formulas and Applications

The document provides an overview of Alternating Current (AC), highlighting its periodic change in direction compared to Direct Current (DC) and its efficiency in household electricity transmission. It covers the behavior of AC voltage applied to resistors, inductors, and capacitors, including phase relationships and formulas for current and voltage. Additionally, it discusses AC circuits, power calculations, and transformer operations, including key formulas related to reactance, impedance, and resonance.

Uploaded by

amanca.8d.kmbvm
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Alternating Current

1. Introduction
- Direct Current (DC) does not change direction with time.

- Alternating Current (AC) changes direction periodically.

- Household electricity is supplied as AC voltage because it is more efficient for


transmission.

- AC voltage can be easily converted to different voltages using transformers.

2. AC Voltage Applied to a Resistor


- Consider a resistor R connected to an AC source.

- The applied voltage is given by: v = v_m sin(ωt)

- By Ohm's Law, the current is: i = v/R = (v_m sin(ωt))/R = i_m sin(ωt), where i_m = v_m /
R.

- The voltage and current are in phase.

3. AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor


- Consider an inductor (L) connected to an AC source.

- The applied voltage is: v = v_m sin(ωt)

- Using Faraday’s Law: v = L (di/dt)

- Solving for i(t): i = (v_m / ωL) sin(ωt - π/2), where ωL = X_L (Inductive Reactance).

- Current lags voltage by 90° (π/2).

4. AC Voltage Applied to a Capacitor


- Consider a capacitor (C) connected to an AC source.

- The applied voltage is: v = v_m sin(ωt)

- Using capacitor current equation: i = C (dv/dt)

- Solving for i(t): i = ωC v_m sin(ωt + π/2), where 1/ωC = X_C (Capacitive Reactance).

- Current leads voltage by 90° (π/2).

5. AC Voltage in Series LCR Circuit


- Applying Kirchhoff’s loop rule: v = v_R + v_L + v_C
- Impedance Z: Z = sqrt(R² + (X_L - X_C)²)

- Current: i = (v_m / Z) sin(ωt + φ), where φ = tan⁻¹((X_L - X_C) / R).

- At Resonance, X_L = X_C, and Z = R.

6. Power in an AC Circuit
- Instantaneous Power: p = vi = v_m i_m sin(ωt) sin(ωt + φ)

- Average Power: P = VI cos(φ), where cos(φ) = power factor.

7. Transformers
- A transformer changes AC voltage levels.

- Step-up transformer: increases voltage (N_s > N_p).

- Step-down transformer: decreases voltage (N_s < N_p).

- Voltage and current relations: V_s / V_p = N_s / N_p, I_s / I_p = N_p / N_s.

- Efficiency is limited by eddy currents, hysteresis loss, and resistance losses.

Formulas

1. AC Voltage and Current


v = v_m sin(ωt)

i = i_m sin(ωt + φ)

2. RMS Values
V = v_m / sqrt(2), I = i_m / sqrt(2)

3. Reactances
Inductive Reactance: X_L = ωL

Capacitive Reactance: X_C = 1/ωC

4. Impedance of LCR Circuit


Z = sqrt(R² + (X_L - X_C)²)

5. Resonance Condition
X_L = X_C → ω₀ = 1/sqrt(LC)

6. Power in AC Circuits
P = VI cos(φ), where cos(φ) = power factor.
7. Transformer Equations
V_s / V_p = N_s / N_p

I_s / I_p = N_p / N_s

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