Structural Organization in Animals

4.0 COCKROACH
 Parental care is not found in cockroach
 Cannibalism - if food is not available, then own species eaten as food.
 Cockroach word - originated from Spanish word "Cucaracha"
 Cockroach belongs to tropical climate.
 Cockroach (Periplaneta) - at 25°C runs @ 130 cm/sec.
 It's chromosome no. is 34.
Classification :
 Phylum : Arthropoda
(a) Jointed appendages
(b) Blood containing cavity called
"haemocoel"
(c) Exoskeleton made up of chitin
 Class : Insecta : Largest class
(a) 75% animals included in class Insecta
(b) Body divided into head, thorax,
abdomen
(c) Three pairs of legs (hexapoda )
 Subclass : Pterygota
(a) Two pairs of wings
 Order : Orthoptera : Wings dissimilar type.
 Genus and species :
 Periplaneta americana "Common cockroach" or "American cockroach, or Ship cockroach or
Bombay canaris.
 Blatta (Stylopaga) orientalis
 Blatta germanica - smallest cockroach
(a) Nocturnal animal
(b) Cursorial animal - fast runner and less capacity of flight.
(c) Body divided into three parts called "tegmeta".
some segments fuse in adult stage.
Head 1 (6 segments fused)
Thorax – 3, Abdomen – 10 = Total (14 segment
(d) Exoskeleton of chitin plates occurs in each segment. Chitin plates are called "sclerites".
(e) Sclerites are joined to each other by membrane called "articular or arthroidal membrane."
Sclerites of dorsal side - Tergum or tergite
Sclerites of ventral side - Sternum or sternite
Sclerites of lateral side - Pleurons or pleurites.
 

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 Structural Organization in Animals

 Head :
(a) "Hypognathus Condition ":- Bends downwards
at an angle of 90° from the long axis of body.
(b) Sclerites of the head are joined fully and form
head capsule.
(c) On the lateral side of head apex 1 pair of
compound eyes are present.
(d) A small light coloured spot called fenestra or
ocellar spot is located upon dorsal surface close
to each eye. In insect it functions as a
photoreceptor organ.
In Cockroach - it is inactive and is called "vestigial
simple eye" (ocelli).
(e) Lateral side of head apex bear a pair of antennae.
Main receptor of touch, temperature and vibrations in cockroach.
 Antennae : Long filliform, unbranched.
 Each antenna extending forward from an antennal socket located dorsally upon head capsule
near the compound eye of its side. These are free moving.
(f) A mouth situated in the anterior side of head which is surrounded by many chitinous structure
called "mouth parts"

4.1 Mouth Parts of Cockroach

"Bitting and chewing type"
A cavity formed due to mouth parts called "preoral cavity" or "cibarium".
(a) Labrum or upper lip :- It dorsally overhangs the mouth and hence referred to as "upper lip".

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Structural Organization in Animals

(b) Mandibles :-
 1-pair of mandibles.
 They have grinding and incising region.
(c) First maxillae :-
 1 pair of maxillae.
 With the help of maxillary palp cockroach picks up its food and puts it in preoral cavity for
chewing.
 Maxillary palps are also used as brush to clean antenna and wings.
(d) Second maxillae or "labium"or lower lip :
(e) Hypopharynx or "lingua" :
Median flexible lobe acting as tongue, lies within the cavity enclosed by mouth parts. It bears
several sensory setae at its free end, and the opening of common salivary duct upon its basal part.
 Neck, Soft Neck or Cervicum
- It is extension of prothorax.
- It is highly flexible.
4.2 Thorax
In thorax three segments are present, which are called as : Prothorax, Mesothorax and Metathorax
Thoracic appendages - (A) Legs, (B) Wings.
(A) Legs : One-pair of legs are present in each segment of thorax.
  Each leg is formed of five main podomeres
(segments).
(a) "Coxa" - broadest segment
(b) Trochanter - small segment
(c) Femur - long segment
(d) Tibia - longest segment
(e) Tarsus - made up of five subsegments called
tarsomeres. Terminal tarsomere called pretarsus.
 Arolium or Pulvilus : These are adhesive pads
 One pair claws : move on the smooth surface by the help of "arolium" and on rough
surface with the help of claws. Both pad and claws found on pretarsus.
 Tactile setae are present on each segment of legs.
(B) Wings : There are 2 - pair wings
(a) Fore wings (b) Hind wing
         
On mesothorax On Metathorax
         
Long, narrow, opaque, dark leathery and strong Small, broad, thin,
 soft transparent, membranous
 Fore wings are so long so cover   
full abdomen. In male projecting These wings help in flight
beyond the tip of abdomen

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 Structural Organization in Animals

 These are called Elytra or Tegmina.

A network of fine tubules called "nervures" is present in inner side of wings.
Also called veins, they strengthen the wings.
4.3 Abdomen
(A) 10 segments
 Stink gland present in between 5th and 6th tergum. Smell repels the enemies.
 Each "anal cercus" - "15 segmented" : These are main sound receptor, found on 10th segment (both
sexes).
 Projected one-pairs of structure from 9th sternum of male called "analstyles". These are
nonsegmented and help in copulation.
th th th
 7 sternum of female - special type of boat shaped. Together with 8 –9 sterna, form Brood/Genital
Pouch.
 All characters of sexual dimorphism in cockroach are present in abdomen
4.4 Body Wall
 Body wall is made up of -
(a) Outermost - thick cuticle. Cuticle is made up of alternate layer of protein and chitin.

 "BODY CAVITY"
(a) Heamocoel
(b) Blood filled cavity
(c) Blood of cockroach - "haemolymph"
(d) Blood colourless
(e) Blood not related with respiration
(f) Trehalose sugar in blood - disaccharide.
 "HAEMOCOEL'
(a) Not true coelom
(b) It is a large blood sinus
(c) All arthropods - True coelomate but highly reduced and found only in the form of cavity of gonads.
Cavity of Gonads : True Coelom.
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Structural Organization in Animals

4.5 Digestive System : 3-part

(A) Fore gut or stomodaeum :- mouth to gizzard
Cuticle present in inner side of foregut. Mouth opens into small buccal cavity, which then opens
into tubular pharynx.
Pharynx - leads to a narrow tubular
passage called esophagus.
In thorax oesophagus expands and called
"crop". It stores food.
Crop opens into thick walled gizzard.
(a) Wall of gizzard - circular muscle layer
well developed.
(b) Cavity of gizzard called - "armarium"
(c) Six cuticular teeth occur in cavity.
(d) Fine grinding of food occurs with the
help of cuticular teeth.
(B) "Mesenteron" or " Mid gut"
(a) Anterior Part is called cardia.
(b) Gizzard opens in cardia by "stomodeal
valve".
(c) Six to eight small and tubular, finger
like blind processes called hepatic caeca, project freely into the haemocoel. These secrete
"digestive juice"
(d) Wall of mesenteron is muscular.
(C) "Hind gut or Proctodaeum"
(a) Thin yellow coloured tubules attached at the junction of hind gut and mid gut called
"malpighian tubules". These are excretory organs.
(b) Hind gut has three parts :
(i) Ileum - It's wall is thin and internally folded. It's cuticle bears minute spines, which serve to
break the peritrophic membrane.
(ii) Colon - Longest and broadest part
(c) Rectum - Last part. Its wall has 6 folds - called rectal papillae. These absorb water
(d) Anus - at the end of 10th abdominal segment.
 Salivary Gland :
(a) 1-pair
(b) Common efferent salivary duct arises from both salivary gland.
(c) This duct opens in preoral cavity at base of hypopharynx.
(d) Saliva : Contains carbohydrate digesting enzymes. e.g., amylase, chitinase, cellulase.


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 Structural Organization in Animals

 Food - "Omnivorous" :
(a) Bread, food grain, vegetable, wood , clothes, insects (dead), nymph, moulted exoskeleton.
(b) Identification of food by the help of antenna.
 Digestion :-
(a) Starts from preoral cavity
(b) Saliva - Enzymes of saliva act upon the food till it reaches the crop. Digestion of carbohydrate takes
place.
(c) In crop - Hepatic caeca - Complete digestive juice reaches in crop through the gizzard.
(d) Gizzard - Food thoroughly grinded into a paste by the thick and sharp edged cuticle of internal
folds and grooves.
(e) Grinded food enters into the midgut through stomodial valve.
(f) Wall of Cardia : A membrane secreted around the food called peritrophic membrane. It is made
up of glycogen + protein. It serves to protect the wall of midgut from friction of food particles.
This membrane is permeable to digestive enzymes and digested food. Bacteria present in midgut
which are helpful in digestion of cellulase.
 (g) Distribution of digested food - by "heamocoelomic fluid"
 Peritrophic membrane and undigested food enters into the ileum.
 Spine - break the peritrophic membrane, so undigested substances are released in ileum,
 Maximum absorption of H2O occured in rectum by rectal papilla.
4.6 Respiration
(a) Respiratory system - "tracheal system"
(b) Network of trachea in body.
(c) This network opens out side the body by the "spiracles"
(d) 10- pairs spiracles
 All spiracles : on "Pleurone" (Lateral side of body)
(a) Each spiracle is guarded by a sphincter and bears cilia.
(b) Each spiracle opens into chamber called "atrium" or tracheal chamber.
(c) The tracheal chambers are connected with several main tracheal trunks which repeatedly branch
into a diffuse network of small trachea.
(d) Last branches of trachea called "tracheal capillaries" or "tracheoles"
(e) Tracheal capillaries - "Intra - cellular"
(f) Blood does not related to respiration. In blood respiratory pigment absent. Exchange of gases
takes place at the tracheoles by diffusion.
 Breathing :-
(a) Several tergo - sternal muscles extend between the tergite and sternite of all abdominal segments.
(b) When the abdomen expands, atmospheric air gets filled in the tracheal system through spiracles.
This is inspiration.
(c) When the abdomen contracts, the air is forced out. This is expiration.

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Structural Organization in Animals

4.7 Blood Vascular System

(a) "Open types" or "lacunar types" where blood is filled in blood sinuses.
(b) Blood vessels are poorly developed.
(c) Largest blood sinus - "haemocoel"
(d) Blood of cockroach - "haemolymph" [Colourless – plasma, Blood corpuscles (haematocytes)]
(e) "Haematocytes" -
(1) Phagocytosis of bacteria
(2) Related with blood clotting.
(f) Blood -
(i) It works as "hydraulic skeleton ".
(ii) Exchange of food, hormones and excretory materials.
(iii) Two horizontal septa/diaphragm divide haemocoel into 3 chambers. These are -
(1) Dorsal diaphragm, (2) Ventral diaphragm - these have pores called "fenestrae"

(iv) Diaphragms divide the haemocoel in three chambers i.e.

 P.C.S. has heart in dorsal part (Peri cardial sinus)
 Middle sinus - P. Visceral sinus has alimentary canal and fat body.
 Ventral chamber - Perineural sinus has nerve cord.
 Heart of Cockroach :
(a) Divided into 13 chambers, lie along mid-dorsal line of thorax abdomen.
(b) Chamber - inverted funnel like
(c) Each chamber connected with P.C.S. by 1-pair of pores, called "Ostia". These pores act as valve.
(d) Blood enters from P.C. sinus to heart through Ostia.
(e) Each posterior chamber of heart connected/related with anterior chamber by a valve like pore.
(f) These pore help in flow of blood from posterior to anterior direction.
(g) Special type of cells attached with heart wall called "nephrocytes". Functions of nephrocytes.
(i) These control heart beat, which is 49 heartbeats / mintue
(ii) Storage of excretory substance in the form of "uric acid.:
(h) First chamber of heart is in the form of long tubule called "anterior aorta".
(i) 12-pairs of fan like muscles present in P.C.S. called alary muscles. These help in "blood circulation".
(j) Tergosternal muscles also help in blood circulation.

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 Structural Organization in Animals

(k) "Pulsatile ampulla" present at base of each antennae and base of each wing. Pulsatile ampulla
helps in blood circulation in antennae and wings.

4.8 Excretory System

Excretory system inclues the following structures :
(A) Malpighian Tubules :
(a) Main excretory organ - malpighian tubules (yellow coloured)
(b) These are associated with alimentary canal at the junction of midgut and hind gut.
(c) Number – (100-150)
(d) They collect excretory substances from heamocoel.
(e) Excretory substance mainly in the form of "potassium urate".
(f) Potassium urate converted into "uric acid" which enters into alimentary canal.
(g) Water absorbed by alimentary canal and excretory materials along with undigested substances
excreted outside.
(h) Malpighian tubules are enteronephric and help in osmoregulation.
(B) Other excretory structures are :
(a) Urate cells : Storage, excretion
(b) Nephrocytes : Storage, excretion
(c) Body wall : Absorbs excretory materials from haemocoel and store them in cuticle. At the
time of moulting excretory substances and cuticle separate from body.
(d) Uricose glands : These help in excretion in male cockroach.
(e) Fat bodies
4.9 Nervous System

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 Structural Organization in Animals

 Three types of nervous system :

(A) Central Nervous system:-
(a) Brain ring - It is located in the head around the pharynx.
 Its dorsal part is a supraoesophageal ganglion or "cerebral ganglion" formed by fusion
of three pairs of ganglia.
 Sub-oesophageal ganglion on ventral side of alimentary canal. Sub oesophageal ganglion
formed by the fusion of three pairs of ganglia.
 Both ganglia connected to each other by circumoesophageal connective.
(b) Ventral Nerve Cord : Double solid and ladder like.
 Nerve cord has nine segmental ganglia. i.e. three large ganglia in thorax and six in
abdomen.
 Ganglia formed in embryonic stage by the fusion of 2-ganglia.
(B) "Peripheral Nervous System"
All nerves - mixed nerves
 Motor nerve
 Sensory nerve
(C) Autonomous System :
(1) This system regulates involuntary activities of foregut.
 Compound Eyes :
Compound eye made up of 2000 hexagonal units called ommatidia. These are adapted to perceive
movement of objects.
 Mechanism : two types of visions in insects are :
(A) Apposition or mosaic vision :
(a) Ommatidia fully covered by pigmented membrane.
(b) An oblique light ray, that enters into the focussing
part of an ommatidium, strikes against its pigment
sheath and becomes absorbed.
(c) A straight light ray that enters into an ommatidium
on the other hand reaches into its receptor region
and forms the image of corresponding part of the
object.
(d) Thus all the straight light rays entering into an eye
from an object form separate images of different
parts of the object in the different ommatidia.
(e) The totality of these small image is, however, a compound image of the whole object such an
image is called apposition image.

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 Structural Organization in Animals

(B) Superposition image :

(a) In the night, the pigment sheath of ommatidia
contracts and shrinks to their bases, hence the light
rays can easily cross over from one ommatidium to
adjacent ommatidia.
(b) Complete images are formed in all ommatidia.
In cockroach only apposition images are formed (day
and night) because there is no contraction power in
pigmented sheath.

4.10 Reproductive System

 Male reproductive system :

(a) 1-pair of testis in "4-6" abdominal segment. Each testis formed of "3 or 4 lobes". Each lobe divided
into many lobules
(b) Vasa deferentia - A vas deferens arises from each testis which opens into ejaculatory duct.
(c) Ejaculatory duct opens outside by male genital pore, situated ventral to anus.
(d) A gland associated with seminal vesicles called mushroom gland or utricular gland having two
th th
types of tubules and situated in 6 – 7 abdominal segments.
(i) Small tubules on inner side - utriculi brevivores.
(ii) Large tubules outside - utriculi majores
Tips of long tubules called "Uricose gland" These absorb excretory material from haemocoel.
(e) A gland located on mushroom gland called Phallic gland or Conglobate gland. It opens out side
by a long duct.

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Structural Organization in Animals

(f) Chitinous structures associated with phallic aperture and male genital pore called "Phellomeres" or
Gonapophysis." (External genital organs).
Phellomeres : (1) Left phellomere, (2) Right phellomere, (3) Ventral phellomere
(I) Phallic aperture associated with left phallomeres.
(II) Male genital pore associated with ventral phellomeres.
(A) Left phellomere :-
Four types of lobes attached with it
 Lowermost lobe titillator, with a hooks on tips
 "Pseudopenis" - long with bulbow apex
 Asperate lobe and "acutolobe"
(B) Right phellomere also hooked.
(C) Ventral - phellomere
 Opening of ejaculatory duct lies at it's base.
 (g) Spermatogenesis in testes
(h) Seminal vesicle :-Store the sperms
(i) All sperms glue together to form a ball called "sperm ball" covered by spermatophore.
th
Long tubules secrete 1 layer.
 Small tubules :- secrete a nutritive fluid in spermatophore.
 Ejaculatory duct secrete another coat on spermatophore & make it double layered.
 When they go out side from male genital pore, then phallic gland secretes another layer, so
spermatophore becomes three layered.

4.11 Female Reproductive System

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 Structural Organization in Animals

(a) 1-pair of ovary situated in "2nd to 6th segment of abdomen".

(b) Each ovary is made up of 8-long tubules called "Ovarioles." One egg forms in each
ovariole. It means 16 ova are matured at a time in cockroach. Both oviduct of ovaries fuse and form
"vagina".
(c) Vagina - common oviduct opens into the genital chamber.
th
(d) Genital or brood pouch - formation of genital chamber by the fusion of 3 abdominal sternite (7 ,
th th
8 , 9 ).
th
(e) 7 sternum – large and boat shaped.
th
(f) A pair of "spermatheca" open into genital chamber and found in 6 segment. Spermatheca unequal
in size.
(g) 1-pair of collaterial glands associated with genital chamber. These are branched tubular glands.
Left collaterial gland more branched. These secrete hard egg case/ootheca around eggs.
(h) Three pairs of chitinous processes hanging from the roof of genital chamber into its cavity are the
external ganitalia of female cockroach. These are called ovipositor processes because these serve
to arrange the ova in a newly formed ootheca.

4.12 Copulation
(a) "Breeding season :- from march to september.
The females secrete a highly odourous and volatile "sex attracting scent from their scent glands is
called pheromones or ectohormones.
(b) Male perceives the smell of this scent with the help of their antennae.
(c) The male inserts whole of its phallomeres into the female genital pouch. It inserts its pseudopenis
into the female gonopore for firm anchorage.
(d) Discharge of spermatophore by male.
(e) All its sperms escape out and fill in the two spermathecae of the female. Then the female drops out
the case of empty spermatophore.
(f) Sixteen ova, one from each ovariole, are discharged at a time into the genital pouch where, these
are arranged by the gonapophyses into two parallel rows.
(g) Simultaneously, sperms stored in the spermathecae are also discharged into the genital pouch to
fertilize the ova.

4.13 Fertilization
(a) "Internal fertilization"
(b) After fertilization the collaterial glands secretes ootheca.
(c) Sclero protein forms a common egg case, called ootheca (8 mm or 3/8” long).
(d) The female deposits it in some dark and dry places.
(e) Ootheca is blackish brown to dark reddish in colour.

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 Structural Organization in Animals

 Development :-
(a) On an average, females produce 9-10 oothecae, each containing 14–16 eggs.
(b) Development of egg inside ootheca
(c) Ootheca are adaptation of terrestrial life.
(d) Development time - "4 to 8" weeks
(e) Juvenile stage inside ootheca is called "nymph".
Nymph appears like adult except for wings and reproductive organs
(f) Nymph changes into an adult in - 1 year
(g) During metamorphosis 13 times moulting occurs.
(h) Time interval between two moulting called "stadium.
(i) In between moulting nymph called "instar"
Adult insects are called "Imago".
4.14 Metamorphosis
"Incomplete or paurometabolus"
 Egg - "megalecithal" and "centrolecithal"

 If the head of a cockroach is cut off, it still survives for as long as one week.
 It is because their head holds a bit of a nervous system, while rest of it lies in, i.e., ventral part of the
body, i.e, in belly region. They are cold-blooded need much less food which is also one of the reasons
for its survival. Without the brain, their body can still perform some functions in terms of very simple
reactions.
 Their body ultimately dies due to the dehydration or starvation or from infection of bacteria, viruses
etc.

COCKROACH
1. In cockroach, ootheca is produced by secretion of–
(1) Phallic gland
(2) Prothoracic gland
(3) Gonapophyses
(4) Collaterial gland

2. Mark the incorrect match w.r.t. function–

(1) Seminal vesicle - Storage of sperm
(2) Phallic gland - Covering of spermatophore
(3) Collaterial gland - Oothecal covering
(4) Phallomeres - Nourishing sperms

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 Structural Organization in Animals

3. Heart of cockroach consists of elongated muscular tube lying along–

(1) Mid ventral line of thorax (2) Mid ventral line of abdomen
(3) Lateral to the alimentary canal (4) Mid dorsal line of thorax and abdomen

4. If the head of cockroach is cut-off, it will still live for as long as one week, because–
(1) Head holds a large mass of nervous system (2) Head holds a bit of nervous system
(3) Nervous system present only in abdominal part (4) No control of brain over the body

5. Find out the incorrect pair w.r.t. cockroach–

(1) A pair of testis – 4th – 6th abdominal segments
(2) Mushroom gland – 6th – 7th abdominal segments
(3) Titillator – Left phallomere
(4) Innermost layer of spermatophore – Utriculi breviores

6. Nymph differs from adult cockroach in–

(1) Absence of wings (2) Smaller in size
(3) Absence of mature reproductive organs (4) All of these

7. In cockroach which of the following features is not associated with conservation of water?
(1) Wall of rectum is provided with six rectal papillae
(2) Uricotelism
(3) Thick-waxy cuticle
(4) Presence of thin and transparent chitinous membrane on the inner lining of mesenteron

8. One of the following muscles mainly deal with respiration of cockroach–

(1) Alary muscles (2) Tergo-sternal muscles
(3) Intercostal muscles (4) Diaphragm muscles

9. During metamorphosis, under the influence of the eccdysone hormone, moulting occurs_____times in
Periplaneta americana–
(1) 3 (2) 20 (3) 13 (4) 2

10. In male cockroach, outermost layer of spematophore is secreted by–

(1) Ejaculatory duct, during copulation (2) Phallic gland, during copulation
(3) Mushroom gland, during copulation (4) Collaterial gland, during copulation

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