Bài giảng môn học
ANH VĂN CHUYÊN NGÀNH HÓA
(English for specific purpose chemistry)
TS. Phạm Thanh Đồng
HÀ NỘI 2022 1
Chapter 7
Organic chemistry
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Definition
✓ Organic chemistry studies structure, properties, composition,
reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds,
which include not only hydrocarbons but also compounds with
other elements, including hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, halogens,
phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur.
Definition
✓ This branch of chemistry was originally limited to compounds
produced by living organisms but has been broadened to include
human-made substances such as plastics.
✓ Application of organic compounds is enormous and also includes, but is
not limited to, pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, food, explosives,
paints, and cosmetics.
Importance of organic chemistry
✓ Animals, plants, and all forms of life consist of organic
compounds.
✓ Organic products are found in foods, drugs, clothing, fuel, and
many other products that we use everyday.
✓ Organic chemistry is an enormous field.
> 90% of all found compounds are organic.
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History of Organic Chemistry
✓ Scientists originally thought organic compounds contained a “vital force” due to
their natural origin.
✓ Until 1828, when Friedrich Wöhler made urea (found in human urine) in the lab
from inorganic starting materials (potassium cyanate and ammonium sulfate)
✓Today, many organic compounds are synthesized in the laboratory.
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[Link]
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Bonding in Organic Compounds
✓ Organic compounds are mostly made of non-metals, so they have covalent
bonds.
✓ Atomic orbitals of a certain element would be hybridized to form hybrid
orbitals using to form covalent bonds. For example, 1 orbital 2s and 3 orbital
2p of C would be hybridized to form four sp3 orbitals. Each sp3 orbital has one
electron.
sp3
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Bonding in Organic Compounds
✓ In a single bond, atoms share one pair of electrons. For example, in the CH4,
four sp3 hybridized orbitals are overlapped by four hydrogen 1s orbitals.
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Carbon is Unique
✓ Carbon atoms readily form multiple bonds with different elements resulting
in many different compounds. It is because atomic orbitals of carbon would
be hybridized to form many different hybridized orbitals.
sp2 sp
sp3
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Bonding in Organic Compounds
✓ The sp2 hybridization is the mixing of one s and two p atomic orbitals. Thus,
there are three orbital sp2 and one pure p orbital. The sp2 orbitals would form
sigma bonds. While pure p orbital would form a pi bond.
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Bonding in Organic Compounds
✓ In the sp hybridization, one s and one p atomic orbitals will be mixed.
Thus, there are 2 sp orbitals and two pure p orbitals. These sp orbitals
would form sigma bonds while these two pure p orbitals would form two pi
bonds.
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Bonding in Organic Compounds
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Carbon is Unique
✓ Carbon would display wonderful catenation – the ability of an atom to form
stable bonds with itself, called a chain or ring.
CnH2n+2 n = 1to (no limit)
SinHn+2 n = 1 to 6 only
GenH2n+2 n = 1 to 3 only
SnnH2n+2 Only SnH4 exists
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Isomers
✓ Isomers are different molecules with the same molecular formula.
• Structural Isomers (or Constitutional Isomers) have a different pattern
of atom attachment.
• Stereoisomers have the same atom attachments, but a different spatial
orientation.
Structural (Constitutional) Isomers
✓ Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural
formulas. Example, n-butane and isobutane both have the molecular formula
of C4H10 but their structural formulas are quite different.
n-butane
isobutane
[Link]
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Stereoisomers
✓ Different molecules whose atoms are connected in the same order, but have a
different spatial orientation.
➢ Optical isomers
nonsuperimposable mirror images.
➢ Cis-trans isomers
cis means “same side”, trans means
“opposite side”.
[Link]
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Functional groups
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Functional Groups
✓ The concept of functional groups is central in organic chemistry, both as a means
to classify structures and for predicting properties. A functional group is a
characteristic atom or group of atoms inserted into a hydrocarbon.
✓ The presence of a functional group
changes the properties of a
compound, and determines the
reactions it will participate in. nonpolar polar, H-bonded
gas liquid
Functional Groups
[Link]
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Classification
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Hydrocarbons
✓ Hydrocarbons (compounds composed solely of carbon and hydrogen) are
divided into two classes: aromatic compounds and aliphatic compounds.
➢ Aromatic hydrocarbons contain conjugated double bonds. A conjugated
system is a system of connected p orbitals with delocalized electrons in a
molecule.
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Hydrocarbons
✓ Aliphatic compounds can be saturated, like hexane, or unsaturated, like
hexene and hexane. These saturated compounds are less reactive than
unsaturated compounds. Aliphatic hydrocarbons are subdivided into three groups
of homologous series according to their state of saturation.
➢ Alkanes (paraffins): Without any double or triple bonds
➢ Alkenes (olefins): Contain one or more double bonds
➢ Alkynes (acetylenes): Have one or more triple bonds.
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Types of Organic Reactions
✓ Substitution – atom(s) of the starting
material are replaced by other atom(s).
✓ Elimination - atoms of the starting material
are “lost” and a new bond is formed.
✓ Addition - atoms are added to the starting
material.
Types of chemical reactions
Synthesis
Decomposition
Single replacement
Double replacement
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Polymers
✓ Polymers are long, chainlike molecules composed of repeating units.
✓ A monomer is the fundamental repeating unit of a polymer.
Natural Polymers
✓ Natural Polymers play an important role in living organisms.
Examples:starches, proteins, and DNA.
Synthetic Polymers
✓ Synthetics are man-made materials that have no duplicate in nature.
✓ The first synthetic polymer was prepared by Leo Baekeland in 1907.
✓ Due to the scientific approach, chemists have been able to tailor new
molecules for specific purposes.