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Mathematics
Quarter 3 – Module 5:
Probability of a Union of Two
Events
Mathematics – Grade 10
Quarter 3 – Module 5: Probability of a Union of Two Events
First Edition, 2020

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Mathematics
Quarter 3 – Module 5
Probability of a Union of Two
Events
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use
this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while
allowing them to manage their own learning at home. Furthermore, you are
expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included
in the module.

For the learner:

As a learner, you must learn to become responsible of your own
learning. Take time to read, understand, and perform the different activities
in the module.
As you go through the different activities of this module be reminded of
the following:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part
of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer Let Us Try before moving on to the other
activities.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are done.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module,
do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that
you are not alone. We hope that through this material, you will experience
meaningful learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant
competencies. You can do it!

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 Let Us Learn

After going through this module, you are expected to:

Illustrates the probability of a union of two events – M10SP-IIIg-1

Specifically, you will;

1. Solve probabilities of a union of two events.

2. Apply real-life situations involving probability of a union of two
events.

Let Us Try
Probability is a mathematical term for the likelihood that something will
happen, for example, picking a blue marble from a bag of marbles with assorted
colors or drawing an ace from a deck of cards. You use probability in every aspect of
life to settle choices when you don’t know what the outcome will be. Most often, you
will use probability to settle on judgment decisions and decide the best strategy.

Before we go through our lesson, let us have a review of the past lesson. This review
will help you to understand the content of our new topic.

Directions: Select the correct answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet.

1. How many shapes are there in the array?

a. 14 c. 16 For items 1 - 4
b. 20 d. 12
2. If you were to select 1 shape at random
from the array, what is the probability
that the chosen shape is a circle?
a. 1/16 c. 5/16
b. 3/16 d. 7/16

3. If you were to select 1 shape at random

from the array, what shape would have
the greatest probability of being selected.
a. Star c. square
b. Circle d. none
4. Which shape has a 31.25% chance of being selected?
a. Star c. square
b. Circle d. none

5. A jar contains 10 caramels, 8 mints, and 12 dark chocolates. What is the

probability of selecting a mint expressed as a fraction?
a. 1/14 c. 2/15
b. 4/15 d. 3/20

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 Let Us Study
We want to find the probability of spinning orange or spinning a b.
Try this: b
1. How many sections are there in the spinner?
2. How many sections are orange?
3. How many sections have b? orange

4. How many sections are orange and have b?

5. What is the probability of spinning orange or

orange
spinning a b?

Guide Questions:
a
Spinner in Figure 1.
1. Have you answered items 1 – 3 correctly?
2. What concept did you apply in item number 4?
3. How did you answer item number 5? What particular techniques/ strategies
did you apply?

PROBABILITY OF THE UNION OF TWO EVENTS

Definition: The union of two or more sets is the set that contains all the elements of
each of the sets; an element is in the union if it belongs to at least one of the sets.
The symbol for union is ∪ and is associated with the word “or” because A ∪ B is the
set of all elements that are in A or B (or both.). To find the union of two sets, list the
elements that are in either (or both) sets.

The general probability addition rule for the union of two events states that
P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A∩B)
Where:
A∩B - is the intersection of the two sets.
P (A) - is the probability of event A,
P (B) - is the probability of event B.

KEYNOTES:

Experiment - is any procedure that can be infinitely repeated and has a well-defined
set of possible outcomes, known as the sample space.
Event – an event is an outcome or defined collection of outcomes of a random
experiment.
Sample Space - a sample space is a collection or a set of possible outcomes of a
random experiment. The sample space is represented using the symbol, “S”.

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Simple Events - A simple (or single) event is an event with a single outcome. The
formula in finding the probability of an event is
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

Compound Events - A compound event is the combination of two or more simple

events.
Union of Events – a set contains all of the elements that are in at least one of the
two events. Union is denoted by the symbol ∪.
Intersection of Events – a set that contains all of the elements that are in both
events. The intersection is denoted by the symbol ∩.
Probability of an Events – If each of the outcomes in a sample space is equally
likely to occur, then the probability of an event E, denoted as P(E)is given by
P(E)= (number of outcomes in the event) / (number of outcomes in the sample space).

Illustrative Example

1. You flipped a coin, what is the probability of getting

a head?

When we flip a coin there is always a probability to

get a head (H) or a tail (T).

To find the probability of an event, we used the general form:

𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒕 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒐𝒄𝒄𝒖𝒓

𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒃𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕 =
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔
Let:

P(E)- the probability of event getting a head.

S - the total sample space of a coin.
So, S = {𝑯, 𝑻}.
n(S) = 2, the total number of outcomes in the sample space.
A – be the event of getting a head.
So, A = {H}.
n(A) = 1, the total number of outcomes that occur.

Solutions:

𝒏(𝑨) 𝟏
𝑷(𝑬) = 𝑷(𝑬) = by substitution
𝒏(𝑺) 𝟐

Therefore, the probability of getting a head is ½.

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2. The illustration on the right side shows a
container with 4 triangles, 5 squares and
7 circles. What is the probability that the object
is a cicle?

Let:

P(E)- the probability of event that the object is a circle.

S - the total objects in a sample space. In the given example,
there are 4 triangles, 5 squares and 7 circles.

So, n(S) =16, the total number of outcomes in the sample space.

A – be the event that the object is a circle.

So, n(A) = 7, the total number of circles.

Solutions:

𝒏(𝑨) 𝟕
𝑷(𝑬) = 𝑷(𝑬) = by substitution
𝒏(𝑺) 𝟏𝟔

Therefore, the probability that the object is a circle is 7/16.

3. Hilla Rhyanne Good Foodies has 15 cakes for sale, including 5 Blueberry
cakes. What is the probability that a randomly selected cake will be a
Blueberry cake?

Let:

P(E)- the probability of event that is Blueberry cake.

S - the total cakes in a sample space. In the given example,
there are 15 cakes that are for sale.

So, n(S) =15, the total number of outcomes in the sample space.

A – be the event that is Blueberry cake.

So, n(A) = 5, the total number of Blueberry cakes.

Solutions:

𝒏(𝑨) 𝟓
𝑷(𝑬) = 𝑷(𝑬) = by substitution
𝒏(𝑺) 𝟏𝟓

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 𝟓 𝟓 𝟏
𝑷(𝑬) = 𝟏𝟓 ÷ 𝟓 = reduced to lowest term
𝟑

Therefore, the probability that is Blueberry cake is 1/3.

The illustrations given in numbers 1 - 3 are examples on how to get the

probability of simple event. A simple event is an event with a single
outcome. Now, let’s proceed to the next example.

4. Consider the experiment of rolling a die.

Find the probability of getting an even number or
a number that is multiple of 3.

Let:
S – the sample space of a dice. So, S = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔}.
n(S) = 6, the total number of outcomes in the sample space

A - be the event of getting an even number. So, A = {2, 4, 6}.

n(A) = 3, the total number of outcomes in the first event.

B - be the event of getting a number that is multiple of 3. So, B = {3, 6}.
n(B) = 2, the total number of outcomes in the second event.

Solutions:

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Find P(A) hence, we have 𝑃(𝐴) =
6
2
Find P(B) hence, we have 𝑃(𝐵) =
6
1
Find A∩B hence, we have 𝐴∩𝐵 =
6

The general probability addition rule for the union of two events states that

P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A∩B)

𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐
P(A∪B) = + − = ÷ = by Substitution then reduce to
𝟔 𝟔 𝟔 𝟔 𝟐 𝟑
lowest term.

𝟐
Therefore, P(A∪B) =
𝟑

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 5. A single card is chosen at random from a standard deck of 52 playing cards.
What is the probability of choosing a king or a club?

Let:

n(S) = 52, the total number of cards.

A - be the event of choosing a king. So,

A = {king of heart, king of diamond, king of spade, king of club}.

n(A) = 4, the total number of outcomes in the event.

B - be the event of choosing a club. B = {club is 13}.

n(B) = 13, the total number of outcomes in the event.

Solutions:

𝟒
Find P(A) hence, we have 𝑷(𝑨) =
𝟓𝟐
𝟏𝟑
Find P(B) hence, we have 𝑷(𝑩) =
𝟓𝟐
𝟏
Find A∩B hence, we have 𝑨∩𝑩 =
𝟓𝟐

The general probability addition rule for the union of two events states
that

P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A∩B)

𝟒 𝟏𝟑 𝟏 𝟏𝟔 𝟒 𝟒
P(A∪B) = + − = ÷ = by Substitution then reduce
𝟓𝟐 𝟓𝟐 𝟓𝟐 𝟓𝟐 𝟒 𝟏𝟑
to lowest term.

𝟒
Therefore, P(A∪B) =
𝟏𝟑

The illustration given in numbers 4 - 5 are examples on how to get the

probability of a compound event. A compound event is the combination of two
or more simple events.

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 Let Us Practice
Directions: Solve and show your solution. Write your answers on a separate
sheet.

1. If a letter is to be selected from the word MILLENIALS, find the probability that
the letter is:
a. A vowel letter
b. A consonant letter

2. A group of students took a test. Grades and gender are summarized below. If one
student is chosen at random, find the probability that the student was female or
got a ‘C’.

A B C Total
Male 18 19 3 40
Female 12 4 9 25
Total 30 23 12 65

The extracurricular activities in which the junior class at Crossing Bayabas

National High School participate are shown in the Venn Diagram.

Math Arts
Club
30
51
38

10
4 8

137
Sports

67

Questions:
3. How many students are in the junior class?
4. How many students participate in sports?

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5. If a student is randomly chosen, what is the probability that the student
participated in sports and math club?

Let Us Practice More

Read the questions, carefully solve, and show your solution then write your
answers on a separate paper.

1. In a math class of 30 students, 17 are boys and 13 are girls. On a unit test, 4
boys and 5 girls made an A grade. If a student is chosen at random from the
class, what is the probability of choosing a girl or student with an A grade?

2. A card is drawn from a standard deck. Find the probability of drawing a heart or
a 7.

3. In a class of 40 students, 8 are in the drama club and 12 are in the art club. If a
student is selected at random, what is the probability that the selected student
is:
a) in the drama club?
b) in the art club?

Let Us Remember

• Probability of an Events – If each of the outcomes in a sample space is

equally likely to occur, then the probability of an event E, denoted as P(E)is
given by P(E)=(number of outcomes in the event)/(number of outcomes in
the sample space).

• Union of Events – a set contains all of the elements that are in at least
one of the two events. Union is denoted by the symbol ∪.

• Intersection of Events – a set that contains all of the elements that are in
both events. The intersection is denoted by the symbol ∩.

• Simple Events - A simple (or single) event is an event with a single

outcome. The formula in finding the probability of an event is

• Compound Events - A compound event is the combination of two or

more simple events.

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 • Sample Space - a sample space is a collection or a set of possible
outcomes of a random experiment. The sample space is represented using
the symbol, “S”.
• Event – an event is an outcome or defined collection of outcomes of a
random experiment.
• Experiment - is any procedure that can be infinitely repeated and has a
well-defined set of possible outcomes, known as the sample space.

Let Us Assess
Directions: Solve and show your solution. Write your answer on a separate
sheet.

You will be graded according to the rubric below.

3 2 1 0
Word Solution is Representation Solution is No answer.
Problem/solution essentially were incorrect.
correct. essentially
correct but not
accurately or
completely
labeled.

1. A bowl contains 15 chips numbered from 1- 15. If a chip is drawn randomly from
the bowl, what is the probability that it is

a. 7 or 15?
b. 5 or a number divisible by 3?
c. Even or divisible by 3?
d. A number divisible by 3 or divisible by 4?

2. If a pair of die is rolled, what is the probability of rolling on an odd number or a

multiple of 3?

3. On New Year's Eve, the probability of a person having a car accident is 0.09. The
probability of a person driving while intoxicated is 0.32 and probability of a person

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 having a car accident while intoxicated is 0.15. What is the probability of a person
driving while intoxicated or having a car accident?
Let Us Enhance
PERFORMANCE TASK

Goal – Your goal is to make a video presentation that shows the concept of
probability and its application to real-life situation.
Role – You are a song composer, dancer, poem writer, actor/actress.

Audience – The audience will be the social media users.

Situation - The video must contain application of probability in real- life situation.
Product, Performance and Purpose - You will make a video presentation that
contains real- life application of probability for the beneficial of social media users.
Standard – You will be graded according to the following criteria below.
10 6 2 SCORE/TOTAL
Editing & Great & clean edits Mostly clean edits Some
Compositio with a clear & with a good problematic or
n thorough demonstration of rough edits &
understanding of narrative only a general
narrative composition. composition demonstration
of narrative
composition
Filming and Fantastic use of Mostly effective Some problems
Direction camera angles & camera angles & with camera
movement, clear & movement, angles &
precise direction agreeable movement,
direction direction, or
acting
Originality The student composed The song
an original song with a composed is not The song
clear theme. very original, but composed is not
there are some very original.
elements that are The message is
not excellent. not conveyed.
Relevance The themes are clearly The theme from
to the explained and relevant. The theme from the composition
theme the composition is totally not
is not clearly explained and
explained and specific
specific evidence evidence that
that supports supports this
this claim is not claim is not
provided. provided.
Props/Cost Student uses several The student
umes props (could include Student uses 1-2 uses no props
costume) that props which OR the props
accurately fit the make the chosen to
period, show presentation detract from the
considerable better. presentation.
work/creativity and
make the presentation
better.

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 Let Us Reflect
Directions: Write your answer on the separate sheet.
British journalist and a businessman Walter Bagehot once quoted, “Life is a
school of probability”. Reflect on this statement. Express your answer in 3-5
sentences.

______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________.

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 12
Let us assess
Let us Practice More
1. a. 2/15 𝟏𝟕
b. 2/3 1.
𝟑𝟎
c. 2/3 𝟒
2.
𝟏𝟑
d. 7/15 𝟏
2. 2/3 3. a.
𝟓
𝟑
3. 0.26 b.
𝟏𝟎
Let us Practice Let us study Let us try
1. 4/11 and 7/11 1. 6 1. c
2. b
2. ½
2. 28/65 3. a
3. 1/3
3. 345 4. c
4. 1/6 5. b
4.159/345
5. 227/345 5. 2/3
Answer Key
 References

K TO 12 GRADE 10 LEARNING MODULE IN MATHEMATICS pages 328 - 336

Orlando A. Oronce and Marilyn O. Mendoza, Grade 10 E-MATH book in Pasig City,
Philippines pages 301 - 308

Fernando B. Orenes, Mirla [Link] , Grade 10 Math- Next Century Mathematics

pages 324 - 330

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

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Department of Education – Region XI

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