INTERNATIONAL ISLAMICS SCHOOL MALAYSIA (A-LEVELS)

PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

Learning objectives:
1
• extend the idea of ‘reverse differentiation’ to include the integration of 𝑒 ax+b, ,
𝑎𝑥+𝑏
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏), 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) and 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏);
• Use trigonometrically relationships (such as double-angle formulae) to facilitate the
integration of functions such as cos2 x ;
• Integrate rational functions by means of decomposition into partial fractions (restricted to the
types of partial fractions specified in paragraph 1 above);

5.1 Introduction
We know that Integration is a process of finding a function from its derivative, which reverse process
of differentiating. Also an important application of integration is to calculate areas and volumes.

Differentiation
𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝐹(𝑥) =
𝑛+1
Integration

Case I: Standard Form Case II: General Form

(ax + b )n+1 + c
 (ax + b) dx
n

xn+1 =
 x dx = +c (n + 1) d (ax + b )
n

n +1 dx

=
(ax + b)n+1 + c
(n + 1)a

Example 1: Find the following integrals,

dx
a) x
2
− 2 dx b)  x −1 dx c)  5(3 − 2 x )
3

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 INTERNATIONAL ISLAMICS SCHOOL MALAYSIA (A-LEVELS)
PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

Example 2: Integrate the following function

5 3 1 2

 (2 x + 1)(x + 3) dx
1
a)  2 dx  6 x + 2 x dx  3x
3 2
b) c) d) dx
2
x −3 0 1

Ans:
1
a) 0.3 b) 0 c) 7 d) 7
6
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 INTERNATIONAL ISLAMICS SCHOOL MALAYSIA (A-LEVELS)
PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

We now look at more functions whose integrals can be found by recognizing them as the differentials
of known functions.

5.2 Integrating Exponential Functions

In general, EXPONENTIAL function can be integrated as follows:

f (x) e f (x)
 e dx =
f (x )
d
dx

Example 3: Integrate the following function

1 x

 e dx e +
2+
e
3x 2x
a) b) dx c) 2
dx
e2 x

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 INTERNATIONAL ISLAMICS SCHOOL MALAYSIA (A-LEVELS)
PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

Exercise 1: Integrate the following function

e  4e e  2e
4x −x 3x −2 1−5 x
a) dx b) dx c) dx d) dx

Ans:
1 4x 1 3 x −2 2 1−5 x
a) e +C b) − 4e − x + C c) e +C d) − e +C
4 3 5

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 INTERNATIONAL ISLAMICS SCHOOL MALAYSIA (A-LEVELS)
PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

Exercise 2: Evaluate the following definite integrals

2 1 3 2

e  2e e −e
2x x +1 2− x x
a) dx b) dx c) dx d) dx
0 −1 2 0

Ans:
e −1
a)
e4 −1
(
b) 2 e − 1
2
) c)
e
d) 1 − e 2
2

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 INTERNATIONAL ISLAMICS SCHOOL MALAYSIA (A-LEVELS)
PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

5.3 Integrating Reciprocal functions

1
In general, Reciprocal functions, can be integrated as follows:
ax + b
1 ln ax + b
 ax + b
dx = +C
d
(ax + b )
dx

Example 3: Integrate the following function

4 −2

 (3x − 1) dx
1 1
 − x − 1 dx
−1
a)  dx b) c)
2
x −3

Ans:

ln (3x −1) + C
1
a) ln 2 b) c) ln 2
3
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 INTERNATIONAL ISLAMICS SCHOOL MALAYSIA (A-LEVELS)
PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

Exercise 3: Integrated the following functions

−3
 1 
0 0 0
1 1 2
a)  dx b)  dx c)  dx d)   2 + x − 1 dx
−6
x+2 −1
2x −1 −1
3x − 5 −1

Ans:
1 2
a) − ln 4 b) − ln 3 c) ln 5 − ln 4 d) 2 − ln 2
2 3

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 INTERNATIONAL ISLAMICS SCHOOL MALAYSIA (A-LEVELS)
PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

k
1
Exercise 4: Find the exact value of the constant 𝑘 for which  2 x − 1 dx = 1
1

Ans:
2
(
1 2
)
e +1

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 INTERNATIONAL ISLAMICS SCHOOL MALAYSIA (A-LEVELS)
PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

5.4 Integration of Trigonometric Functions

In general, the integrals of Trigonometric function,

sin f (x )
1.  cos f (x )dx = +C
f ' (x )

− cos f (x )
2.  sin f (x )dx = f ' (x )
+C

tan f (x )
 sec f (x )dx = f ' (x) + C
2
3.

Example 4: Solve the following integrals

 1  1 
a)  cos 3x − 4  dx b)  − sin  2 x dx

Ans:
1  1  1 
a) sin  3x −   + C b) 2 cos x + C
3  4  2 
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 INTERNATIONAL ISLAMICS SCHOOL MALAYSIA (A-LEVELS)
PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

Exercise 5: Find
1 
 cos 2 x  tan 4  − x  dx  cos
3
a) dx b) c) x dx

Ans:
1 1  1
a) sin 2 x + c b) ln cos  − x  + C c) sin x − sin 3 x + C
2 4  3
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 INTERNATIONAL ISLAMICS SCHOOL MALAYSIA (A-LEVELS)
PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

Exercise 6: Show that


6
5
 2 cos x − cos x dx =
3
a)
0 12

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 INTERNATIONAL ISLAMICS SCHOOL MALAYSIA (A-LEVELS)
PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION


3
1
b)  cos ec2 d

=
2
ln 3
6

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 INTERNATIONAL ISLAMICS SCHOOL MALAYSIA (A-LEVELS)
PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

Exercise 7: Evaluate
  

 1   1 
6 6 2
a)  sin (3x )dx
0
b)  cos 2 x − 2  dx c)  2 sin  2 x − 2  dx
0
4

Ans:
1 1
a) b) − c) 0
3 4
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 INTERNATIONAL ISLAMICS SCHOOL MALAYSIA (A-LEVELS)
PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

Exercise 8: (W2016_P32_Q5)

Ans:

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 INTERNATIONAL ISLAMICS SCHOOL MALAYSIA (A-LEVELS)
PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

Exercise 9: (S2011_P31_Q9)

Ans:

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 INTERNATIONAL ISLAMICS SCHOOL MALAYSIA (A-LEVELS)
PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

Learning objectives:
𝑘𝑓′ (𝑥) 𝑥
• Recognize an integrand of the form and integrate, for example, or tan x
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥 2 +1
• Recognize when an integrand can usefully be regarded as a product, and use integration by parts to integrate,
for example, x sin 2 x , x 2 e 2 , or ln x
• Use a given substitution to simplify and evaluate either a definite or an indefinite integral;
• Use the trapezium rule to estimate the value of a definite integral and use sketch graphs in simple cases to
determine whether the trapezium rule gives an over-estimate or an under-estimate.

f ' (x )
5.5 Integrals of the form
f (x )

f ' (x )
ln f (x ) = f (x ) we can write as
d 1 d
We know that •
dx f (x ) dx f (x )

 f ' (x ) 
can be recognized as ln f (x ) + C
Therefore, an integral of the form
  f (x) dx
𝑓′ (𝑥)
In general, the function in the form of 𝑓(𝑥)
can be integrated as follows:

 f ' (x ) 
  ( ) dx = ln f ( x ) + C
 f x 

Example 5: Integrate the following function

x x2
a)  x 2 + 2dx b)  1 + x dx c)  tan xdx

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 INTERNATIONAL ISLAMICS SCHOOL MALAYSIA (A-LEVELS)
PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

Exercise 8: Integrated the following functions

cos x ex x cos x
a) b) c) d)
4 + sin x 3e x − 1 1 − x2 sin x

Ans:
1 1
a) ln 4 + sin x + C b) ln 3e x −1 + C c) − ln 1 − x 2 + C d) ln sin x + C
3 2

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 INTERNATIONAL ISLAMICS SCHOOL MALAYSIA (A-LEVELS)
PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

Exercise 9: Integrated the following functions

1
x3 2x + 3 sec x tan x
a) b) 1 d)
1 + x4 x + 3x − 4
2 c) i.e. x 4 + sec x
x ln x ln x

Ans:
1
a) ln 1 + x 4 + C b) ln x 2 + 3x − 4 + C c) ln ln x + C d) ln 4 + sec x + C
4

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PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

Exercise 10:

Ans:

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 INTERNATIONAL ISLAMICS SCHOOL MALAYSIA (A-LEVELS)
PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

Exercise 11:

Ans:

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 INTERNATIONAL ISLAMICS SCHOOL MALAYSIA (A-LEVELS)
PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

5.6 Integration by parts (integration product)

We use a formula to differentiate a product, 𝑢𝑣, where 𝑢 and 𝑣 are function of 𝑥,

i.e
d
(uv )dx = v du + u dv
dx dx dx

Integrating with respect to x gives

 dx (uv)dx =  v dx dx +  u dx dx  
d du dv du dv
 uv = v dx + u dx
dx dx

Rearranging gives  udv = uv −  vdu

• With 𝑢 and 𝑣, the second integral may be easier to evaluate than the first
• No standard rules state whether 𝑢 and 𝑑𝑣 is to be chosen, but two guidelines way be used

du
1. 𝑢 is normally chosen such that is of a simpler form than 𝑢.
dx
2. 𝑑𝑣 is normally chosen such that  dv is easily integrated.

Another Tips: choose 𝑢 according L.I.P.E.T. priority

L = Logarithmic function (1st priority)

I = Inverse trigonometric function (2nd priority)

P = Polynomial function (3rd priority)

E = Exponential function (4th priority)

T = Trigonometric function (5th priority)

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 INTERNATIONAL ISLAMICS SCHOOL MALAYSIA (A-LEVELS)
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TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

Example 6: Integrate xcos x with respect to 𝑥

Ans: x sin x + cos x

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 INTERNATIONAL ISLAMICS SCHOOL MALAYSIA (A-LEVELS)
PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

Exercise 10: Find

 xe dx x
x 4
a) b) ln xdx

Ans:
1 5 1 5
a) xe x − e x + C b) x ln x − x +C
5 25

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 INTERNATIONAL ISLAMICS SCHOOL MALAYSIA (A-LEVELS)
PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

Exercise 11: Find

a)  ln xdx b)  3x sin xdx

Ans:
a) x(ln x −1) + C b) 3(sin x − x cos x )
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 INTERNATIONAL ISLAMICS SCHOOL MALAYSIA (A-LEVELS)
PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

Example 7: Integrate x 2 e x with respect to 𝑥

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 INTERNATIONAL ISLAMICS SCHOOL MALAYSIA (A-LEVELS)
PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

Example 8: Integrate x x − 1 with respect to 𝑥

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PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

Example 9: Integrate e x cos x with respect to 𝑥

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TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

 
Example 10: Prove that x 2 sin xdx = − x 2 cos x + 2 x cos xdx . Hence by using integration by parts

a second time, find  x 2 sin xdx . Use similar method to integrate the following function with respect
to 𝑥

a) x 2e 2 x
1
b) x 2 cos x
2

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PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

Ans:
(2 − x )cos x + 2 x sin x + C
2

a)
1
4
(2 x − 2 x + 1)e + C
2 2x

( )
b) 2 x 2 − 8 sin
1
2
1
x + 8 x cos x + C
2
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 INTERNATIONAL ISLAMICS SCHOOL MALAYSIA (A-LEVELS)
PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

5.7 Integrating product and quotients

5.7.1 Substitution Method

• When the functions that we want to integrate become more complicated, other techniques
of integration needed.
• A laborious approach is to expend x(3x − 1) and then integrate the function by using
10

power rule. A more efficient approach, however, is to use the method of integration by
SUBSTITUTION.
• This method can be used to transform integration problems into simpler ones.

Let f (x ) , g ( x ) , and u (x ) be differentiable functions of 𝑥 such that

 f (x)g (x)  g (u )
du
dx = dx
dx
=  g (u ) du

= G (u ) + C

Example 11: Determine the following integrals

 (3x + 2) ( )
5 10
a) 𝑑𝑥 b) x x2 − 1 𝑑𝑥

Solution:

Let 𝑢 = 3𝑥 + 2
du du
= 3 rearrange then dx =
dx 3

Hence,

 (3x + 2)
5
dx =

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 INTERNATIONAL ISLAMICS SCHOOL MALAYSIA (A-LEVELS)
PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

Exercise 12: Integrated the following functions

x  cos x sin ex
3
a) 2
x 3 + 5 dx b) x dx
c)  dx
1 − ex

Ans:

a) (
2 3 3
x +5 2 +C) b)
1 4
sin x + C c) ( )
− ln 1 − e x + C
9 4
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 INTERNATIONAL ISLAMICS SCHOOL MALAYSIA (A-LEVELS)
PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

Exercise 13: Integrated the following functions

a) n
(
 x 1+ x
n +1
)
2
dx b) 
sin x
dx c)
x+3
 (4 − x ) dx
7 + cos x
5

Ans:
5 + 4x
a)
1
3(n + 1)
( 3
)
1 + x n +1 + C b) − 2 7 + cos x + C c) +C
12(4 − x )
4

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 INTERNATIONAL ISLAMICS SCHOOL MALAYSIA (A-LEVELS)
PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

5.7.2 Integration by Partial Fraction

𝑓(𝑥)
• If a rational function, a quotient of polynomials, cannot be integrated by any basic
𝑔(𝑥)
2𝑥+3
integration method, for example, ∫ (𝑥+1)2 𝑑𝑥 the function should be expressed in partial
fractions, which are easily integrated.
• After complete separate using partial fraction, then proceed with the integration as
reciprocal function as in page 5.
1 ln ax + b
 ax + b
dx = +C
d
(ax + b )
dx

ax + b A B
= +
( px + q )(rx + s ) px + q rx + s
Type 1: Linear/Simple factor

x
Example 12: Use partial fraction to evaluate  (x − 1)(x + 2)dx

1 2
Ans: ln x − 1 + ln x + 2 + C
3 3

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 INTERNATIONAL ISLAMICS SCHOOL MALAYSIA (A-LEVELS)
PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

Exercise 14: Express each function in partial fraction and hence find the integral of each function with
respect to 𝑥.
2
a)  x(x +1)dx

x
Ans: 2 ln
x +1

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 INTERNATIONAL ISLAMICS SCHOOL MALAYSIA (A-LEVELS)
PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

2x
b) x 2
− 5x + 6
dx

Ans: ln
(x − 3)6
(x − 2)4
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 INTERNATIONAL ISLAMICS SCHOOL MALAYSIA (A-LEVELS)
PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

Exercise 15: Express each function in partial fraction and hence find the integral of each function with
respect to 𝑥.
4
x
a)  (x − 2)(x + 2)dx
3

1 5
Ans: ln
2 3

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 INTERNATIONAL ISLAMICS SCHOOL MALAYSIA (A-LEVELS)
PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

1
5
b) x
−1
2
+ x−6
dx

1
Ans: ln
6

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 INTERNATIONAL ISLAMICS SCHOOL MALAYSIA (A-LEVELS)
PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

ax 2 + bx + c A B C
Type 2: Repeated factor = + +
( px + q )(rx + s ) px + q (rx + s ) rx + s
2 2

x2 − 7 x − 6
Example 13: Use partial fraction to evaluate  x 2 (x − 3) dx

2
Ans: A = 2, B = 3, C = −2 − + 3 ln x − 2 ln x − 3 + C
x
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 INTERNATIONAL ISLAMICS SCHOOL MALAYSIA (A-LEVELS)
PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

4
Exercise 16: (a) Use partial fraction to evaluate  (x − 1)(x − 3) dx
2

2
Ans: ln x − 1 − ln x − 3 −
(x − 3)
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 INTERNATIONAL ISLAMICS SCHOOL MALAYSIA (A-LEVELS)
PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

6
16 10
(b) Show that  x (x + 4) dx =
1
2
3
− ln 3

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 INTERNATIONAL ISLAMICS SCHOOL MALAYSIA (A-LEVELS)
PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

ax 2 + bx + c A Bx + C
= + 2
Type 3: Quadratic linear factor
( )
( px + q ) rx + s px + q rx + s
2

x2 + x
Example 14: Use partial fraction to evaluate  (x − 4) x 2 + 4 dx
( )

Ans: ln (x − 4) +
1
2x
(
ln x 2 + 4 )
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TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

x 2 + 18
1
Exercise 17: Use partial fraction to evaluate 0 x x 2 + 9 dx
( )

9
Ans: ln
10

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 INTERNATIONAL ISLAMICS SCHOOL MALAYSIA (A-LEVELS)
PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

2 x 2 + 11x − 8
1
Exercise 19: Use partial fraction to evaluate 0 (2 x − 3) x 2 + 1 dx
( )

2 2
Ans: ln  
 9 
 

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TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

Type 4: improper fractions

1.14 Partial fractions of improper fractions

An algebraic fraction is improper if the degree (highest power) of the numerator

is greater than or equal to that of the denominator. Suppose we let 𝑑 equal the
degree of the denominator, and 𝑛 the degree of the numerator. Then, in addition
to the partial fractions arising from factors in the denominator we must include an
additional term: this additional term is a polynomial of degree 𝑛 − 𝑑.

Note that:
a polynomial of degree 0 is: 𝐴, a constant
a polynomial of degree 1 is: 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵
a polynomial of degree 2 is: 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶,
and so on.

Example 15: Express into partial fraction

x +1 x +1
a) b)
x x −1

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PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

Exercise 20: w03/03

x3 − x − 2
Let f (x ) =
( )
(x − 1) x 2 + 1
Cx + D
(a) Express f ( x ) in the form A +
B
+ 2 where A, B, C and D are constants.
x −1 x +1

1 2x
Ans: (a) 1 − + 2
x −1 x +1
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x3 − x − 2
3
(b) Hence show that 2 (x − 1) x 2 + 1 dx = 1
( )

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TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

Exercise 21: S10/32/Q10

(a) Find the values of the constants A, B, C and D such that
2 x3 − 1 B C D
= A+ + 2 +
x (2 x − 1)
2
x x 2x −1

2 1 3
Ans: 1 + + 2−
x x 2x − 1
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TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

2 x3 − 1 3 1  16 
2
(b) Hence show that 1 x 2 (2 x − 1) dx = 2 + 2 ln 27 

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TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

Exercise 22: S12/31/Q10

4 x 2 + 5x + 3
By first expressing in partial fractions, show that
2 x 2 + 5x + 2

4 x 2 + 5x + 3
4

0 2 x 2 + 5x + 2 dx = 8 − ln 9

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1 3
Ans: 2 + −
2x + 1 x + 2

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5.7.3 Trapezium Rule

• The trapezium rule is a way of estimating the area under a curve.

• We know that the area under a curve is given by integration, so the trapezium rule gives a
method of estimating integrals.
• This is useful when we come across integrals that we do not know how to evaluate.
• The trapezium rule works by splitting the area under a curve into a number of trapeziums,
which we know the area of.

width of strip 𝑠𝑡
Area = [1 height + 2(sum of middle heights) + last height]
2
h
Area = [𝑦0 + 2(𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦3 + ⋯ + 𝑦𝑛−1 ) + 𝑦𝑛 ]
2
Usually, we simply use the table corresponding values of 𝑥 and 𝑦 within specific interval of 𝑥

x y = f (x )

x0 y0 = f ( x0 )

x1 y1 = f ( x1 )

x2 y 2 = f ( x2 )

x3 y3 = f (x3 )

x4 y 4 = f ( x4 )

x5 y5 = f (x5 )

x6 y6 = f (x6 )

x7 y7 = f ( x7 )

x8 y8 = f ( x8 )

Then, substitute these values into formula,

h 𝑏−𝑎
Area = 2 [𝑦0 + 2(𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦3 + 𝑦4 + 𝑦5 + 𝑦6 + 𝑦7 ) + 𝑦8 ] where h= 𝑛

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 INTERNATIONAL ISLAMICS SCHOOL MALAYSIA (A-LEVELS)
PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

Example 16: w14/31/Q2

(i) Use the trapezium rule with 3 intervals to estimate the value of
2

3

1
 csc  dx

6
Giving your answer correct to 2 decimal places. [3]

(ii) Using a sketch of the graph of y = csc  . Explain the trapezium rule gives an
overestimate or an underestimate of the integral in part (i) [2]

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 INTERNATIONAL ISLAMICS SCHOOL MALAYSIA (A-LEVELS)
PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

Ans: (i) 1.95 (ii) overestimate

Example 16: s09/03/Q2

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INTERNATIONAL ISLAMICS SCHOOL MALAYSIA (A-LEVELS)
PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

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 INTERNATIONAL ISLAMICS SCHOOL MALAYSIA (A-LEVELS)
PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

Example 17: W14/33

 (1 + 3x )
0.3
2 −2
It is given that I = dx . Use trapezium rule with 3 intervals to find an approximation
0
to 𝐼. Giving the answer correct to 3 decimal places. [3]

Ans: 0.255

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 INTERNATIONAL ISLAMICS SCHOOL MALAYSIA (A-LEVELS)
PURE MATHEMATICS 3
TOPICS 5: INTEGRATION

(
(b) For small values of 𝑥, 1 + 3x 2 ) −2
 1 + ax 2 + bx 4 . Find the values of constant 𝑎 and 𝑏.
0.3

 1 + ax + bx 4 dx , find a second approximation of 𝐼, giving the answer

2
Hence, by evaluating
0

correct to 3 decimal places.

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