‫‪Lesson (1) Cell theory‬‬

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‫‪Mr : Mohamed Salem‬‬ ‫‪Tell : 01115391444‬‬
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Cell: The building unit of living organisms which can carry out all vital
.processes

-:Cells have different shapes which are suitable for their functions, for example
-:Nerve cells (neurons)
Neurons are long to be able to send messages from the spinal cord (in the
.vertebral column) to all body parts

Fig. (1) Neuron

-:Muscle cells
They are long cells with cylinder shape which form muscle tissues. They have the
.ability to contract and relax to be able to move

Fig. (2) Muscle cell

-:Scientists who took part in cell discovery

Robert Hooke

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An English scientist who discovered cell. He invented a simple microscope in
1665 and examined a piece of cork using it. He concluded that it consists of a
"number of tiny vacuoles. He named these vacuoles "Cells
 The word "Cell" is derived from the Latin word "Cellula" which means
""Vacuole or small chamber

Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek

A Dutch scientist who worked as an employee in the government. He was
fascinated about lenses. In 1674, he used these lenses to make a simple
.microscope of magnification power 200x
This microscope was used to examine blood, lakes water and other things.
Therefore, Leeuwenhoek was the first to see the world of living cells and
.microorganisms
Mathias Shleiden
.A German scientist who discovered in 1838 that all plants consist of cells
Theodor Schwann
.A German scientist who discovered in 1839 that all animals consist of cells
Rudolf Virchow
-:A German physician who stated in 1855 that
Cell is not only the building unit of living organisms, but only the functional unit -
.of them
.Cells are produced only from cells that existed before them -
The efforts of those scientists formed the so-called "Cell theory" which is one of
.the most important theories in modern life science

-:Cell theory has three laws, which are

1- All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. (See Shleiden and
Schwann)

2- The cell is the basic unit of structure, function, and organization in all
organisms. (See Rudolf Virchow)
\

All cells come from pre-existing living cells (See Rudolf Virchow -3
)

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Light microscope
.It was the only method available for scientists till 1950
Properties of light microscope
It depends on light (sunlight, artificial light) -1
It can magnify things by cutting them to thin slices which allow light to -2
.penetrate them
It can magnify things up to 1500 times according to the magnification power of -3
the eyepiece and objective lenses in it. They cannot magnify more than 1500 times
.because this make the photo unclear

The magnification power of light microscope = Magnification power of eyepiece

x magnification power of objective lense

Scientists discovered better ways to observe samples clearly by increasing the

differentiation between the parts of the sample
These are two of the methods of increasing the differentiation between parts of
-:samples
Dyeing certain parts of the sample to become clearer as what happens when -1
.examining white blood cells
.Disadvantages of method: Dyes kill living samples
Changing the level of lighting -2

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 Fig. (3) Light microscope
Electronic microscope
.Scientist began using electronic microscopes in 1950
How does an electronic microscope work
A beam of electrons with great speed is used instead of light. These electrons are
controlled by electromagnetic lenses. This microscope has a magnification power
.of 1,000,000x (one million)
Importance
It helped scientist discover unknown cellular organelles and more accurate
.details about unknown structures
-: Electronic microscope is better than light microscope because
it gives clearer magnified photos with high differentiation due to the short wave -
.length of electronic beams
It receives the magnified photos of bodies on fluorescent screen or very sensitive -
.photo screen

Fig. (4) Electronic microscope

Kinds of electronic microscopes

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Scanning electronic microscope: Used to study the cell surface -1
Transmission electronic microscope: Used to study the internal structure of -2
.cell

Cell: The building unit of living organisms which can carries out all vital
.processes inside living organisms

Cell theory: A theory which states that all living organisms consist of one or more
cells, cell is the basic functional and structural unit of living organisms, and that
.cells are produced for pre-existing ones
Light microscope: A microscope which works by artificial light and sunlight with
.magnification power of 1500x
Electronic microscope: A microscope which works by beams of electrons
controlled by electromagnetic lenses instead of light, it has magnification power
.of 1,000,000x

.Robert Hooke contributed in the discovery of cell -1

Because he examined a piece of cork using a simple microscope and discovered
.that it consists of vacuoles called cells
.Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek is called the father of microscopy -2
Because he invented a microscope in 1674 which could magnify samples up to
.The theories of scientists Schleiden and Schwann are the basis of cell theory -3
Because Schleiden stated that all plants consist of cells in 1838, and Schwann
.proved the same to animals in 1839

.Physician Rudolf Virchow was among those who formulated cell theory -4
Because he proved that is the building and functional unit of living organisms,
.and that cells are produced from pre-existing ones
.The importance of light microscope -5
Because it has the ability to magnify things up to 1500 times, which helped
scientists examine cells

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.The importance of electronic microscope -6
Because it has the ability to magnify things up to 1,000,000 times clearly, and
.give magnified photos of bodies on fluorescent screen

Choose the correct answer -1

Scientist …… gave the name cells to cork vacuoles -1
A- Robert Brown B- Rudolf Virchow C- Robert Hooke D- Leeuwenhoek
Scientist …….. invented a microscope that has magnification power of 200x -2
A- Leeuwenhoek B- Mathias Schleiden C- Theodor Schwann D- Virchow
.Scientist …….. stated that cells are produced from pre-existing ones -3
A- Schleiden B- Virchow C- Robert Brown D- Charles Darwin
microscope has magnification power of 1500x ..…… -4
A- Electronic B- Light C- Stereo D- Digital
.microscope works by sunlight and artificial light .…… -5
A- Electronic B- Light C- Stereo D- Digital
Complete -2
Scientist ………. coined the term cell, while scientist…….. stated that all -1
.animals consist of cells
……… Light microscope is composed of two lenses which are …….. and -2
Light microscope has a magnification power of …….. x, while electric -3
microscope has a magnification power of ……….x
Scientist …….. stated that cell is the functional unit of living organisms, while -4
.scientist ……. Stated that all plants are composed of cells
Scientist ……. Invented a microscope in 1674 of magnification power of ….x -5
Write the scientific term -3
.The building unit of living organisms -1
A microscope which depends on light and has a magnification power of 1500x -2
A microscope which gives clear magnified photos of samples with high -3
.differentiation
Show the importance of -4
Light microscope -1
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‫‪Electronic microscope -2‬‬
‫‪Scanning electronic microscope -3‬‬
‫‪Transmission electronic microscope -4‬‬
‫‪Lesson (2) Cell ultra structure‬‬

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‫‪Mr : Mohamed Salem‬‬ ‫‪Tell : 01115391444‬‬
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Cell is the functional and structural unit of living organisms, it can reproduce,
!!respond to environment, and even respire

Cell is composed of a protoplasmic substance surrounded by cell membrane

.Protoplasm consists of cytoplasm and nucleus

-:Cells are divided into

Animal cells -1
Plant cells -2

Fig. (5) Structure of animal cell Fig. (6) Structure of plant cell

The cells of some bacteria, fungi, plants and algae are surrounded by a wall of
.Cell wall
 Cell walls have holes and made up of cellulose fibres, which makes substances
.and water pass through them easily
-:Function of cell walls
.They support and protect plant cells, and give them their definite shapes

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Definition: A thin membrane which surrounds the cell, it separates between the
.cell components and its external medium
-:Function
.It organizes the passage of substances to and from the cell -1
.It prevents the spread of cytoplasm outside the cell -2
-:Structure
Cell membrane is composed of phospholipid bi- layer. The hydrophilic heads
(heads which can dissolve in water) of these molecules face the aqueous medium
outside cell, while the hydrophobic tails (tails which cannot dissolve in water)
.exist inside

Fig. (7) Phospholipid bilayer in cells

There are some protein molecules between the two layer of phospholipids which
-:work as
.Passages of the substances that enter and get out of the cell -
Regions to identify the substances entering cells (such as hormones and -
nutrients)
 Cell membrane is liquid (resembles oil in water) because the phospholipids
.forming it are in liquid state
 There are some cholesterol molecules bound to phospholipids in cell
.membrane to keep the membrane cohesive

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Definition: The largest and most obvious organelle in cell, it has a spherical or
.ellipsoidal shape

-:Nucleus consists of
Nuclear membrane -1
A double layer which separates between the components of the nucleus and
cytoplasm. It has nuclear pores through which substances pass between the
nucleus and cytoplasm

Nucleoplasm -2
A jelly-like transparent fluid which contains some filaments coiled around each
other called chromatins
Nucleolus -3
There might be more than one nucleolus in cells (especially those which are
responsible for secreting proteins like enzymes and hormones)

Fig. (8) Structure of nucleus

-:Structure of chromosomes
During cell division process, chromatins condense forming chromosomes.
Chromosomes appear at Metaphase stage during cell division process in the form
of two threads (two chromatids) attached together at a point called centromere
Structure of chromatids
. Chromatids are composed of DNA coiled around Histones proteins
 DNA carries the hereditary traits of living organisms, which are being
inherited across generations by reproduction process

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 Fig. (9) Structure of chromosome
N.B: Chromosome (Word derived from Latin which means colour body) is called
by this name because it is stained by basic dyes which makes it more obvious
.during cell division

Definition: A semi-fluid substance filling the space between the nucleus and cell
.membrane. It's composed of water and other organic and inorganic substances
Cytoplasm contains group of microtubes and filaments called cytoskeleton,
-:which
.Supports the cell -1
Works as passages for the transport of substances within cell -2
-:Cytoplasm also contains cell organelles, they are divided into
Membranous organelles: Organelles surrounded by membranes
Examples: Golgi bodies – endoplasmic reticulum – plastids - mitochondria –
.Vacuoles
Non-membranous organelles: Organelles which are not surrounded by
membranes
.Examples: ribosomes and centrosomes

Ribosomes -1
 They are non-membranous round organelles inside the cell which synthesize
-:proteins, they exist in two regions of the cell
In Cytoplasm: They synthesize protein and send it -1
immediately to the cytoplasm to be used in growth and
.renewal processes
Attached to the external surface of endoplasmic -2
reticulum: They are more than those in cytoplasm, they
synthesize proteins which are send outside the cell
through the inner endoplasmic reticulum after modifying
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 .them

Fig. (10) Ribosome

Centrosome -2
 A structure which exists in animal cells (except
nerve cell). It is composed of two particles called
centrioles
 There aren't any centrosomes in plant, algae
and most fungi cells, but instead, there are parts
of cytoplasm that carry out the functions of
.centrosome

Fig. (11) centrioles

-:Function
It plays an important role in cell division process because spindle fibres -1
between the two centrioles extend between the poles of cell, which helps the cell
.split into two cells
.It forms cilia and flagella -2
Endoplasmic reticulum -3
 A group of membranous microtubes which permeate all parts of cytoplasm, it
.is connected with both plasma and nuclear membranes
Function: It transports substances across all parts of cell and form nucleus to
.cytoplasm
-:Types of endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
-:It doesn't have any ribosomes, it works on
.Synthesizing lipids in cells -1
.Changing carbohydrates into glycogen -2
Changing the nature of some toxins to become -3
less poisonous
Fig. (12) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Rough Endoplasmic reticulum

It has a great no. of ribosomes, its works on
.Synthesizing proteins in cells -1
Modifying proteins produced by ribosomes -2
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.Producing new membranes for cells -3

Fig. (13) Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi body -4
 A group of flat membranous sacs with spherical
.ends
-:Function
It receives the substances produced by -
endoplasmic reticulum through transport
,vesicles. Then, it classifies these substances
-:modify them, and send them to
.Parts of cells which may use them -
Secretary vesicles which expel them from cell -
.in the form of secretions

Fig. (14) Structure of Golgi body

N.B: The no. of Golgi bodies inside cell differs according to the secretory (
)acitivty of cell, The cells of glands have great no. Golgi bodies
 Golgi bodies were names after scientist "Camillo Golgi" who was the first to
.describe them in 1898
 Golgi bodies in plants and algae are called Dictyosomes

Lysosomes -5
 They are small spherical membranous
vesicles formed by Golgi bodies, they
.contain digestive enzymes within them
-:Function
Getting rid of useless old and destroyed -1
.cells or organelles
Digestion of nutrients being swallowed -2
by cells and breaking them to simple
.substances
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 White blood cells use Lysosomes in
.killing microbes
Fig. (15) Lysosomes function

 Cell is not affected by the enzymes of Lysosomes because their enzymes are
.separated from the other components of cell by a membrane

Mitochondria -6
 A sac-like membranous structure that exists
-:in all cells, it is composed of
Inner membrane -1
It includes folds in it called Cristae
Cristae -2
,They are folds occurring in the inner membrane
they increase the surface area of the medium of
chemical reactions occurring inside
mitochondria to speed them up
Outer membrane -3
Fig. (16) Structure of mitochondria
Function of mitochondria
It stores respiratory enzymes in the cell -1
It stores substances which are formed as a result of oxidation of nutrients such -2
.as glucose
It stores the energy resulted from respiration process in the form of a -3
compound called Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) from which the cell can release
.energy again

Vacuoles -7
They are small membranous sacs which exist in cells, they exist with great no. in
.animal cells, they can accumulate in one or more bigger vacuoles in plant cells
.Function: They store water, wastes and food till the cell use or get rid of them

Plastids -8

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They are membranous organelles which have different shapes and exist in plant
cells, there are three kinds of plastids which are classified according to the kind
-:of pigments in them, they are
Leucoplasts (White plastids) -B

They are colourless plastids which don't contain

.any pigments
.Function: They store starch
-:They exist in cells of

Inner cauliflower leaves -1

Potato roots -2

Fig. (17) Leucoplasts

Chromoplasts (Coloured plastids) -2
,They contain pigments called Carotenoids
.their colours may be red, orange or yellow
-:They exist in cells of
.Petals of flowers and fruits -1
Roots of some plants such as radish -2

Fig. (17) Chromoplasts

Chloroplasts (Green plastids) -3

 They contain chlorophyll pigment
which change the light energy of sun to
chemical energy stored in glucose
chemical bonds
:They exist in the cells of
.Green leaves and stems of plants
-:Structure
-: A chloroplast consists of
Inner membrane Fig. (18) Structure of a chloroplast -1
Outer membrane -2
Stroma: An inner filling surrounded by the bi-layer membrane -3
.Granum: Stacks of inner membranes in the form of disks -4
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Cell wall: A wall made of cellulose which surrounds the cell membranes of plant
.cells and gives them definite shapes
Cell membrane: A thin membrane which surrounds all cells, it consists of
.phospholipid bi-layer and allows the passage of substances to and from the cell
Nucleus: The largest and most obvious organelle in eukaryotic cells which
carries chromosomes which are responsible for transferring hereditary traits to
.the offspring
Cytoplasm: A jelly-like fluid filling the space between the nucleus and cell
.membrane which consists of water, inorganic and organic compounds
Ribosomes: Spherical organelles which occur in cytoplasm or endoplasmic
.reticulum of cells, they play an important role in protein synthesis process
Centrosome: An organelle in animal cells which consists of two centrioles, it
.plays and important role in cell division process
Endoplasmic reticulum: A group of membranous tubes which spread across the
cell and connected with both cell and nuclear membranes, it plays an important
.role in transporting substances around the cell
Golgi body: A flat membranous sac-like organelle which receives the substances
.transported by endoplasmic reticulum and distribute them across cell parts
Lysosome: A small spherical membranous organelle which plays an important
.role in digesting nutrients and getting rid of wastes
Mitochondria: An organelle inside living cells which plays an important role in
.generating energy
Vacuoles: Membranous sacs inside cells which store water, nutrients and wastes
.Plastids: Membranous organelles which occur in plant cells
.Leucoplasts: They are colourless plastids which don't contain any pigments

Chromoplasts: They are coloured plastids which contain coloured pigments

.called carotenoids
Chloroplasts: They are green plastids which contain green pigment called
.chlorophyll, they play an important role in photosynthesis process

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Plant cells have definite shapes -1
Because they are surrounded by cell walls made of cellulose which give plant
cells their definite shapes
Cell membrane is in liquid state -2
Because the phospholipids forming it are in liquid state
Cell membrane is cohesive -3
Because there are cholesterol molecules bound to phospholipid ones, which
makes the membrane cohesive
The importance of nuclear membrane in nucleus -4
Because it separates between the nucleus components and cytoplasm

Plasma membrane plays an important role in cell -5

Because it identifies the substances entering cells and allow their passage from
.and to them
Nucleus is the most important organelle in cell -6
-:Because
It controls all processes occurring in cell -1
It contains chromosomes which contain genes (hereditary material) -2
It controls cell divison process -3
It contains the nucleolus responsible for the formation of ribosomes which -4
.synthesize proteins
Ribosome plays an important role in cell -7
Because it synthesizes proteins in cell
The importance of ribosomes which exist in cytoplasm -8
Because they synthesize proteins and send them to all cell parts to be used in
.vital processes like growth
The importance of ribosomes which exist in endoplasmic reticulum -9
Because they synthesize proteins which the inner endoplasmic reticulum send out
of the cell in the form of secretions
.Centrosome plays an important role in animal cells -10

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Because it plays an important role in cell division process, as its centrioles
migrate towards the two poles of cell forming spindle fibres. It also forms cilia
.and flagella which helps the cell move
The importance of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum -11
Because it synthesizes lipids, changes carbohydrates into glycogen, and make
some toxics less poisonous
The importance of rough endoplasmic reticulum -12
Because it contains a great number of ribosomes to synthesize proteins and
.modifies them, too
Chromosome are called by this name -13
Because they contain basic dyes that colour them , as the word chromosomes is
"derived from Latin language and means "colour body
Golgi bodies are called by this name -14
.To honour scientist "Camillo Golgi" who discovered them in 1898

Golgi bodies play an important role in cells -15

Because they receive substances produced by ER and transport them across the
.cell or expel them out of it in the form of secretions
.The importance of Lysosomes in cells -16
Because they get rid of old and destroyed organelles or cells, and contain
.digestive enzyme that digest nutrient inside cells
The importance of Lysosomes in white blood cells -17
Because they destroy microbes
Cell is not affected by the digestive enzymes of Lysosomes -18
.Because Lysosomes are surrounded by membranes
Mitochondria have folds in their inner membranes called Cristae -19
In order to increase the surface area on which chemical reactions occur to speed
them up
The biological importance of Mitochondria inside living cells -20
Because they store respiratory enzymes, substances which contain stored energy,
and the energy resulted from respiration in the form of a compound called
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
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Most cells have vacuoles -21
To store water ,nutrients and wastes
Plant cells can perform photosynthesis process, while animal cells cannot -21
Because plant cells have chloroplasts containing chlorophyll, which change light
energy of sun into chemical energy and store it in glucose chemical bonds, while
.animal cells do not have these chloroplasts

.Plant cells were not surrounded by cell walls -1

They would not have definite shapes
Cell walls didn't have any pores (holes) -2
.Water and dissolved substances would not be able to enter plant cells
Nuclei of eukaryotes did not have any nuclear membranes surrounding -3
.them
The components of nucleus would mix with cytoplasm
Cells didn't have ribosomes -4
Cells wouldn't be able to synthesize proteins
Animal cells didn't have centrosome -5
They wouldn't be able to divide into two cells, as the two centrioles of centrosome
form spindle fibres across the cell during cell division process (which help the
cell divide into two cells)
Cells lack endoplasmic reticulum -6
.Substances won't be transported across and outside the cell
Cells didn't have smooth endoplasmic reticulum -7
They wouldn't be able to synthesize lipids or form new membranes for cellular
.organelles
Cells didn't have Golgi bodies -8
Substances wouldn't be transported from the endoplasmic reticulum to other parts
.of cell
White blood cells didn't have Lysosomes -9
They wouldn't be able to destroy microbes
Living cells didn't have Lysosomes -10
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.They wouldn't be able to digest nutrients or get rid of wastes
Lysosomes of cells are not surrounded by membranes -11
The digestive enzymes inside the cell would spread in cytoplasm which may harm
.it
Cells didn't have mitochondria -12
.They will not be able to store energy or respiration enzymes
Plant cells didn't have chloroplasts -13
They will not be able to perform photosynthesis process

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Choose the correct answer -1
Cell wall is formed from ………. organic compound -1
A- Lipids B- Glucose C- Phosphoproteins D- Cellulose
..…… Cell membrane is composed of -2
A- Phospholipids bi-layer
B- Cellulose layer
C- Chitin bi-layer
D- Glycoprotein bi-layer
.are responsible for protein synthesis process in living cells .…… -3
A- Mitochondria B- Lysosomes C- Cytoskeleton D- Ribosomes
..…Centrosome exists in all animal cell except for -4
A- Nerve cells B- Sperm cells C- Liver cells D- Muscle cells
Chromosomes are formed in ……. Stage of cell division -5
A- Anaphase B- Metaphase C- Telophase D- Prophase
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form cilia and flagella in animal cells ..…… -6
A- Centrosome B- Mitochondria C- Lysosome D- Ribosome
is responsible for generating energy in cell .……… -7
A- Centrosome B- Mitochondria C- Lysosome D- Ribosome
.is responsible for digesting nutrients in cell.……… -8
A- Centrosome B- Mitochondria C- Lysosomes D- Ribosomes
are plastids which are devoid of pigments .……-9
A- Leucoplasts B- Chromoplasts C- Chloroplasts D- Chromatin
..…… All the following organelles exist in animal cells except -10
A- Cell wall B- Cell membrane C- Mitochondria D- Lysosomes
.cells do not have true nuclei .……… 11
A- Bacteria B- Monera C- Plants D- Animals

Write the scientific term-2

A cell that doesn't have a true nucleus and most cellular organelles -1
.A cell which has a true nucleus and many cellular organelles -2
.A structure which is responsible for synthesizing proteins -3
.A structure which is responsible for synthesizing lipids -4
A structure responsible for digesting nutrients -5
Pigments which exist in chromoplasts -6
A pigment which exist in chloroplasts -7
Thin filaments coiled around each other which turn into chromosomes during -8
.cell division process
Compare between -4
Animal and plant cell -1
Prokaryote and eukaryote -2

This is the diagram of a typical plant cell, answer the following question -5

‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
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‫‪Label the previous cell -1‬‬
‫‪Mention the function of (A), (D) and (G) -2‬‬
‫‪?Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing proteins -3‬‬

‫‪This is the diagram of a typical anima cell, answer the following questions -6‬‬

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‫‪Label the previous cell -1‬‬
‫‪Mention the function of (A), (I), (J) -2‬‬
‫‪Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing lipids in cell -3‬‬

‫‪Lesson (3) Differentiation of cells and diversity of plant and animal‬‬

‫‪tissues‬‬

‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
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 There are many types of cells, every kind of cells has a particular function,
. cells unite together forming tissues
-:There are two types of tissues, which are
.Simple tissues: They are tissues formed from identical cells
.Complex tissues: They are tissues formed from different types of cells
Tissues unite together forming organs (ex. Heart), organs unite together forming
systems (ex. Circulatory system). These systems form living organisms' bodies

Simple tissues -1
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‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
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Parenchyma tissue -1
Definition: A living tissue with thin and flexible
walls whose cells have spherical or ellipsoidal
shapes. These cells may be coloured, green or
.colourless
 There are spaces for aeration between the
cells of Parenchyma tissue. Parenchyma cell
contains one or more vacuoles filled with water
.and mineral salts
Fig. (21) Parenchyma tissue
-:Function of Parenchyma tissue
Performing photosynthesis process -1
Storing nutrients such as starch -2
.Responsible for aeration -3
Collenchyma tissue (flexible tissue) -2
Definition: A living tissue whose cells are semi-rectangular, its walls are
.irregularly thickened with cellulose
.Function: Supporting the plant by providing it with suitable flexibility

Fig. (22) Collenchyma tissue

Sclerenchyma tissue (solid tissue) -3
Definition: A non-living tissue, the walls of its
.cells are thickened by a substance called Lignin
Function of Sclerenchyma tissue: It supports
.the plant and gives it flexibility and solidity

Fig. (23) Sclerenchyma tissue

Complex tissue -2
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
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-:They are divided into
Xylem (wood tissue) -1
-: They are composed of
Xylem vessel elements: They are tubes which consist of -
a vertical row of cells which lost protoplasm and their
horizontal walls. Then, Lignin precipitated inside those
cells changing them to long wide vessels through which
.water and mineral salts can be transported
Xylem trancheids: Each trancheid is composed of one -
cell which lost protoplasm and its cell wall is thickened
.with Lignin
Fig. (24) Xylem tissue
Parenchyma cells -
-:Function of xylem
It transports salts and water from roots to leaves -1
It supports the plant -2

Fig. (25) Structure of xylem

Phloem -2
 Sieve cells are formed from vertically-arranged cells which lost their nuclei
and their walls separating between them became holed which are known as Sieve
plates. Cytoplasm permeates these sieve plates in the form of cytoplasmic
.filaments
 There are some living cells near sieve tubes known as companion cells, these
.cells provide sieve tube with energy

-:The function of Phloem

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‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
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It transports the substances resulted from photosynthesis process from leaves to
.all parts of plant

Fig. (26) Phloem structure

Epithelial tissues -1
 They are cells which cover the surface of body or line its cavity, it consists of
a great number of attached cells with little intracellular substances between them
-:There are two types of epithelial tissues, which are
Simple epithelial tissues -1
-:Their cells are ordered in one layer, for example
Simple squamous epithelial tissue: It is composed of one layer of flat cells -1
Examples: Capillary linings – The walls of air alveoli in lungs

‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
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 Fig. (27) Simple squamous epithelial tissue

.Simple cuboidal epithelial tissue: It is composed of one layer of cuboidal cells -2

.Examples: The lining of kidney tubules

Fig. (28) Simple cuboidal epithelial tissue

.Simple columnar epithelial tissue: Composed of one layer of columnar cells -3

Examples: The lining or stomach and intestine

‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
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 Fig. (29) Simple columnar epithelial tissue

Complex (stratified) epithelial tissue -2

Its cells are arranged in many layers
Stratified squamous epithelial tissue: It is composed of many layers or arranged
.cells above each other, the upper layer is squamous
Example: Skin

Fig. (30) Stratified squamous epithelial tissue

-:The functions of epithelial tissues
-:They perform different functions according to their locations, such as
.Absorbing water and digested food as in the lining of small intestine -
Protecting the cells they cover from dryness and harms as in skin -
Secreting mucus to keep the cavity soft and moist as in air trachea and digestive -
canal
Connective tissues -2
 They are composed of relatively distant cells, the intracellular spaces between
..them are filled by liquid, semi-solid, or solid substances
Connective tissues are classified according to the type of intracellular material
-:into
,Proper connective tissues: The most common type -1
it has a medium degree of solidity and high flexibility
Function: Connecting tissues and different organs
.with each other
Example: Under skin – Peritoneum (in small intestine)

Fig. (31) Proper connective tissue

‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
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Skeletal connective tissue: It has solid intracellular substance (in bones, -2
calcium is precipitated in it)
Examples: Bones – Cartilages
Function: Supporting the body

Fig. (32) Skeletal connective tissue

.Vascular connective tissue: It has liquid intracellular substance -3

.Function: Transporting digested food, gases and execrations
Examples: Blood – Lymph
Muscular tissues -3
They have the ability to contract and relax, which enable living organisms to
.move
-:There are three kinds of muscular tissues, which are
Smooth muscles: They are composed of involuntary non-striated muscles -1
.fibres
Examples: They exist in the wall of digestive canal, urinary system and blood
vessels
Skeletal muscles: They are composed of striated voluntary muscles, they are -2
.usually found attached to the skeleton
Example: The muscles of hands, legs and stem
Cardiac muscles: They are composed of striated -3
involuntary muscles, they are found in the walls of
heart only. Cardiac muscles contain intercalated
disks which are attached to muscle fibers, they make
.heart pump blood regularly

‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
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Fig. (33) Cardiac muscles

Nervous tissues -4
They are responsible for regulating the different functions or body organs
-:because
They receive sensory stimuli inside or outside the body and send them to the
.brain and spinal cord. Then, it sends movement orders to responding organs

Fig. (34) Nerve cell

Parenchyma tissue: A living tissue composed of irregular cells with thin walls
and intracellular distances between them. It is responsible for aeration,
.photosynthesis process and storing nutrients like starch
Collenchyma tissue: A living tissue composed of rectangular cells, its wall are
not thickened with Lignin but with cellulose
Sclerenchyma tissue: A tissue which supports the plant and protects its inner
.tissues
Epithelial tissue: A tissue which covers the outer surface of body to protect it
from outer stimuli (Temperature, Dryness, Microbes,) or line the body from
.inside
Connective tissue: A tissue whose cells are relatively distant and it has a solid,
.liquid or semi-solid intracellular material
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
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Muscular tissue: A tissue which is known as muscular cells or fibres, it has the
ability to contract and relax (which doesn't exist in all body cells)
Smooth muscles: Muscles which are composed of involuntary non-striated
.muscles fibres
Skeletal muscles: They are composed of striated voluntary muscles, they are
.usually found attached to the skeleton
Cardiac muscles: They are composed of striated involuntary muscles, they are
found in the walls of heart only
Nervous tissue: A tissue whose cells receive sensatory stimuli and transporting
.movements orders

Parenchyma tissues play an important role in plants -1

Because they are responsible for aeration and photosynthesis processes and
storage of nutrients such as starch in plants
Collenchyma tissues are very important in plants -2
Because it supports the plant by making it flexible
The biological importance of Sclerenchyma tissues -3
Because they support the plant by making it flexible and solid
Xylem is from the most important tissues in plants and trees -4
Because it transports water and salts from their roots to their leaves
Phloem is from the most important tissues in plant and trees -5
Because it transports nutrients produced by photosynthesis process from plants'
leaves to all their parts
In phloem tissues, there are living cells attached to these tissues sieve tubes -6
In order to provide them with energy
Epithelial tissues cover the outer surface of living organisms -7
In order to protect the cells under these surfaces from microbes, damage and
dryness
Epithelial tissues line the small intestines of living organisms -8
To absorb water and digested food
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Epithelial tissues exist in cavities such as digestive canal and air trachea -9
In order to keep them moist and soft by secreting mucus
Proper connective tissues are from the most important tissues in living -10
organisms
Because they connect different tissues and organs with each other

The biological importance of vascular connective tissues -11

Because they transport water, nutrients and wastes around the bodies of living
organisms
Skeletal muscles are so-called (called by this name) -12
Because skeletal muscles are found attached to skeleton (such as the muscles of
hands and legs)
.Cardiac muscles are found attached to intercalated disks -13
To allow heart work and pump blood regularly
Muscle tissues have so many mitochondria -14
To provide muscles with the energy required for them to perform their functions
.perfectly

Plants and trees didn't have Parenchyma tissue -1

.Plants wouldn't be able to perform photosynthesis process and store nutrients
Plants and trees didn't have Collenchyma (or Sclerenchyma) tissues -2
The plant wouldn't be flexible
Xylem tissues didn't exist in trees and plants -3
The roots of plants wouldn't be able to transport salts and water to their leaves,
and the plant won't be supported
Phloem tissues didn't exist in trees and plants -4
The nutrients produced during photosynthesis process wouldn't be transported
.from the plants' leaves to all its parts
.The outer surfaces of organisms weren't covered with epithelial tissues -5
Their cells would be damaged
.Epithelial tissues in small intestine disappears -6
It won't be able to absorb food and water
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Epithelial tissues in cavities like air trachea are absent -7
.Mucus won't be secreted in these cavities and they won't be moist and soft
Muscle tissues cells don't have many mitochondria -8
.They will work improperly due to the lack of energy

Choose the correct answer -1

The tissue which is responsible for storing nutrients in plants -1
A- Parenchyma B- Sclerenchyma C- Collenchyma D- Phloem
.……… Cell walls of Collenchyma tissues cells are thickened with -2
A- Lignin B- Cellulose C- Chitin D- Glucose
..……… The solid tissue is known as -3
A- Sclerenchyma B- Collenchyma C- Epithelium D- Parenchyma

..……The cell walls of Sclerenchyma tissues cells are thickened with -4

A- Lignin B- Cellulose C- Chitin D- Glucose
The tissue which is responsible for transporting water and salts from roots to -5
.leaves
A- Xylem B- Phloem C- Sclerenchyma D- Parenchyma
.The plant tissue which transport nutrients from leaves to all plant parts -6
A- Collenchyma B- Sclerenchyma C- Xylem D- Phloem
An epithelial tissue which forms the lining of capillaries -7
A- Simple columnar epithelial tissue
B- Simple vascular epithelial tissue
C- Simple squamous epithelial tissue
D- Stratified squamous epithelial tissue
.A tissue formed from one layer of flat cells -8
A- Simple columnar epithelial tissue
B- Simple vascular epithelial tissue
C- Simple squamous epithelial tissue
D- Stratified squamous epithelial tissue

.A tissue forming kidney tubules -9

A- Simple columnar epithelial tissue
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B- Simple vascular epithelial tissue
C- Simple squamous epithelial tissue
D- Stratified squamous epithelial tissue

.Tissues which support body -10

A- Skeletal connective tissues
B- Vascular connective tissues
C- Simple squamous epithelial tissue
D- Stratified squamous epithelial tissue
are formed from non-striated involuntary muscle fibers ……… -11
A- Smooth muscles
B- Skeletal muscles
C- Cardiac muscles
D- Skeletal connective tissues
are formed from striated voluntary muscle fibers ……… -12
A- Smooth muscles
B- Skeletal muscles
C- Cardiac muscles
D- Skeletal connective tissues

Write the scientific term -2

A living tissue composed of irregular cells with thin walls and intracellular -1
distances between them for aeration
A living tissue composed of rectangular cells, its wall are not thickened with -2
Lignin but with cellulose
.A tissue which supports the plant and protect the inner tissues -3
A tissue which covers the outer surface of body to protect it from outer stimuli -4
.(Temperature, Dryness, Microbes,) or line the body from inside
A tissue whose cells are relatively distant and it has a solid, liquid or semi- -5
.solid intracellular material
A tissue which is known as muscular cells or fibres, it has the ability to -6
contract and relax (which doesn't exist in all body cells)
.Muscles which are composed of involuntary non-striated muscles fibres-7

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‫‪They are composed of striated voluntary muscles, they are usually found -8‬‬
‫‪.attached to the skeleton‬‬
‫‪They are composed of striated involuntary muscles, they are found in the walls -9‬‬
‫‪.of heart only‬‬

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‫‪Mr : Mohamed Salem‬‬ ‫‪Tell : 01115391444‬‬
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