MANUAL

OF THE

SIKKIM LANGUAGE
 Q Sg s a m e @ tu f0 o r.

Berr)^ (g)cf. 3 7 “ PP’ J?piG<2' 15 s ’

IDanbboofc of
Colloquial Cibeiait;
Being a Practical duicle: to tjje language o|

Central TiBet.

IN TH REE PARTS :

(1) Grammar of the Colloquial.

(2) Conversational Exercises and Copious Technical

Lists setting forth the Mythology, Zoology, Botany,
Food-stuffs, Religious Rites and Appliances, Bud­
dhist Sects, Titles of State, Weights and Measures,
&c. &c.
(3) Compendious Vocabulary : Ladaki—Central Tibet­
an -Literary Tibetan.
 MANUAL
OF THE

SIKKIM BHUTIA
LANGUAGE
OR

DEN JONG KE
BY

GRAH AM SAN D BERG, b.a .,

CHAPLAIN : H. M. BENGAL GOVERNMENT.

Second and Enlarged Edition

W E ST M IN ST E R
ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE & CO.
PUBLISHERS TO THE INDIA OFFICE.

1895.
 P r i n t e d By Ja d u N a t h S e a l ,
HARE PRESS :
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 TO T H E R E A D E R .
writer of these pages has often
wondered why those who spend so
many months yearly at Darjiling never
seem to take the slightest interest in the
language spoken by the bulk of the popula­
tion there. They may not be aware that
the uncouth-sounding chatter of the Bhutias
about the place is in reality a dialect of one
of the great literary languages of Asia. It
differs in many particulars from Tibetan
but on examination will be found full of
interest, and by no means so barbarous a
speech as is supposed. To acquire the
Sikkim dialect might form a preliminary
step to the study of the Tibetan tongue,
which has been so long and strangely neg­
lected. Moreover, now that Sikkim is
being fast opened out, the traveller, and
especially the missionary, the sportsman
and the soldier, will find a knowledge of
this dialect most desirable. At any rate an
exposition of this Bhutia speech, never
previously analysed, is here made and pre­
sented to the public.
Jhan si : N. W. P., J u ly 1888.
 C 8 ]

The annexation of Sikkim has enhanced

the importance of the language. In this
Second Edition of my manual, the former
issue (containing many errors unavoidable
in the first investigation of a new tongue)
has been revised throughout and the size
more than doubled. Numerous sen­
tences have been added to the colloquial
exercises, together with several new sec­
tions. The lists in the appendix and the
ample Vocabulary are likewise additional
matter, now first printed.

Sabathu : P u n ja b , J
[ G R A H A M SA N D B E R G .
A p ril 1895* J
 T A B L E O F CON TEN TS.

I ntroductory N ote ii

I. GRAM M AR.

P ronunciation l7
T he A rticle . 21
N oun S ubstantives . 22
A djectives . 31
P ronouns 34
T he V erb 40
A dverbs . 52
Postpositions 54
•Conjunctions 56
F ormativfs 58
N umerals 59

II. C O L L O Q U IA L E X E R C ISE S.

B rief O rders . . . 63
U seful Q uestions and A nswers 65
On a Journey . . 67
A sking the W ay 69
T he W eather . 7°
B uying and S elling . 72
P reparing and E ating F ood 74
H orses and G uns . . 7^
S hooting in the H ills . 77
E ngaging C oolies . 78
 [ 10 ]

A N ight ’s L odging . . . .8 0
U p to the D ong-khya/ Pass between S ikkim and
T ibet . . 82
T eaching in S chool 89
T alk on R eligion . . 92
L ord’s P rayer in D e ' n-Jong K e/ . g6
M iscellaneous S entences . 96

III. E N G L ISH -SIK K IM VOCABULARY. io i- ir 4

IV. A P P E N D IC E S.

1. Mammalia of S ikkim . . . 117

2. T opographical L ist with S ignifications 123
3. Lepcha W ords and P hrases . . . 139
 IN T R O D U C T O R Y N O T E .

The state of Sikkim, which until 1891 was under

the suzerainty of the Grand Lama of Lhasa, is that
portion of the Eastern Himalaya Mountains which
lies wedged in between the kingdom of Nepal and the
independent territory of Bhutan. The northernmost
point on the Tibetan frontier falls under Lat,
28°-7'3o" N. and the southern apex lies in Lat. 27°5#N.,
barely ten miles north of Darjiling. Comprising as
it does some of the highest and most rugged moun­
tains in the world, as well as being rent and parcelled
out in every direction by ravines and river-gorges of
stupendous depth and labyrinthine course, the actual
area of Sikkim cannot with certainty be estimated.
However the theoretical superficies measured in one
plane may be put down at 2684 square miles and not
r 55° square miles as given in Hunter's Gazetteer.
Moreover, before the Darjiling and Kalimpong dis­
tricts were severed the area approached 4000 square
miles.
“ Sikkim ” is only the Gurkha name of the territory
•we are dealing with. The Tibetan appellation is D£i-
 [ 12 ]

jong (vulgarly Denjong) or “ rice district; ” whilst the

Lepchas or Rong-pa (i.e., “ Ravine folk,’’) said to be
the oldest occupants of the country, formerly styled it
Nelyang but now call it Ren-jong.
In estimating the inhabitants of the country we
shall naturally class with them the native population
of Darjiling and Kalimpong, who, but for the recent
overflux of Nepalese immigrants, are practically one
with the Sikkim folk. Tribes of various races have
settled in these mountainous regions ; but the De-
jong-pa or Bhutias everywhere predominate in Sikkim
Proper; and these latter are being constantly aug­
mented by accessions from their Tibetan and Bhuta­
nese cousins. The rightful occupants of the country
are apparently the Lepchas whose kings formerly were
Tulers here. But the Sikkim Bhutias can now fairly
claim an historical connection with the la n d ; and,
though of Tibetan origin, by this time have acquired
an autonomy and local characteristics of their own.
This Tibetan race began to over-run D6n-jong or
Sikkim some 350 years ago ; and the first Bhutia King,
P ’unts’o Namgyal by name, assumed control here
about the same year that King Edward V I. ascend­
ed the British Throne. These Bhutias came from the
province of Tsang in Tibet and doubtless brought with
them the then prevailing dialect of that province.
 C 13 ]

Both their sovereigns and their speech continued to

the present day ; but, alas, since the first issue of this
little book, the kings have been suspended, and the
Gye* po of Sikkim, whose ancestors so long had held
the throne, is now a poor prisoner at Kursiong with less
pay than a junior clerk in a Government office.
The Lepchas, also, have maintained their own
language, and have a distinctive and peculiarly beauti­
ful series of characters in which it is written ; never­
theless, the Bhutia folk being now in point both of
numbers and of power the predominant people, we may,
we think, not unreasonably speak of the Bhutia
tongue as the Denjong K e or vernacular of Sikkim.
The language in question is admittedly a Tibetan
dialect— some doubtless would style it a corrupt
Tibetan, because both in vocabulary and grammatical
forms it differs from the speech of Lhasa. So far as
pronunciation goes, however, it seems to be the
speech of Lhasa which has acquired corruptions \
whilst the Denjong Ke, in common with the dialect
of Balti beyond Ladak, has retained, in some notable
instances, a purer method of pronunciation— at least
a method more in accord with the ancient spelling.
It must not be supposed that the Denjong dialect
is the general speech of all Tibetans in Sikkim. Our
tenancy of Darjiling has attracted many from the
 [ H ]

mother country and elsewhere, who rarely use, though

they may understand, the grammatical peculiarities o f ;
the Sikkim folk. In the Kalimpong district many ■
families speak the Tibetan dialect of Bhutan. At
Ghum are settled pure Tibetans and Wallung-pa from *
Nepal, who rather despise the Sikkim race. The
Sharpa Bhutias, a cross race between the Lepchas and
Bhutias, make use of the Denjong vernacular.
The great divergence between the orthography and
the pronunciation of Tibetan words is well known.
In this respect the Sikkim speech has peculiarities of
its own. Thus the kr. gr. &c., which in Tibetan are
sounded as the cerebral t, d, &c., are here pro­
nounced ky, gy, &c. As a dialect distinct from
the general Tibetan language, the Denjong Ke cannot
claim to be called a written speech. Sikkim indeed in
past years has been the native home of literary
authors, both of the Lepcha and Bhutia race, who have
•issued works in their own respective languages. The
heads of the two great Sikkim monasteries, Labrang
and Tashiding, are always held to be incarnate lamas,
having within them the spirits of two of the Buddhist
apostles who converted the Lepchas (in part) and the
Murmis to the latter faith. Two or three of the line
of these incarnate ones have produced in their day
religious works, written of course in classical Tibetan.
 [ i5 ]

These were printed either at Nart’ang in Tibet or

■ else in Khams. One popular Bhutia composition is
said to be indigenous to Sikkim, where it is met with
chiefly in M S. form, namely, the Bkrashis Gsung.
There also exists a Lepcha translation of the book.
The official language of Denjong is Tibetan and in
the Kalimpong and Darjiling districts our Govern­
ment notices are primed collaterally in Bengali and
Tibetan. Unfortunately the tendency under the new
regime is to foist a foreign idiom on the people.
Hindu clerks are employed in preference to Tibetans •
and the “ Bhutia Boarding School” has been turned
into a mixed Hindustani academy !
The running hand employed in letters and business
contracts, as written by the Lamas of Sikkim, appears
to be rather different from that in general use in
Tibet. We wish we could have reproduced a speci­
men epistle written to us by our friend P’unts’o
Wingden, an accomplished caligraphist; but the
expence of lithography must not be incurred, at least
in the present form of this little book.
 GRAMMAR
OF THE

DEN-JONG LANGUAGE.
The sounds occurring in the Den-jong dialect of
Tibetan are these :—

CO N SO N AN TS.
k ; pronounced as the English k in “ king.”
k h ; the aspirated k as in the Hindustani “ khana.”
g ; as our hard g in “ goat.”
ng*; occurring both as an initial and as a fin al; at the
commencement of a word sounded something as
our gn in “ gnarled” but more nasal,
e h ; as in our “ church.”
e h h ; the aspirated ch— as the ch and h taken to­
gether in sounding the words “ reach-hither.”
j ; as in our “ jam,” but generally more aspirated,
n y ; an initial whose sound may be learnt by pro­
nouncing n and y together in such a word as
“ nyim.”
t ; as our t.
d ; as in “ den.”
t h ; the aspirated /, not as our th but as t and
h together in such a combination as “ hit him ”
and as the H in d i: “ thana.” We shall represent
this sound by f.
dh ; d aspirated as the last letter, to be represented by d .
The four last-named letters sometimes occur
with a slightly different sound. Instead of being pro­
 [ i8 ]
nounced with the tongue touching the teeth or gums,
they are varied by being sounded with the tongue put
back and pressed against the front part of the roof of
the mouth. They are then called cerebrals ; and will
be represented by the ordinary letters with a dot
underneath.
p ; as in our “ put.”
ph; the last letter aspirated; not sounded as f, but
as the p and h together in “ top-heavy; ” herein
to stand as p\
b ; as the English b.
m ; as in “ mast.”
t s ; as in “ lets,” but always an initial, never a final,
t s ’ ; same aspirated.
-dz ; our d and z sounded together as a rough z.
W ; as our w in “ woof.”
z h ; as the French j in “jujube”— a rough sh.

y;
r ;
1; ► all as the English letters.
sh ;
s;
h; J
ky; I The k, g, and aspirated p, sounded with y
g y ; V immediately following; the last to be re-
p h y ; J presented here by fly.
h i ; the 1 aspirated. Not unlike the sound of the
Welsh double 1.
V O W E LS AN D D IPH T H O N G S.
d ; as a in “ father.”
a ; as u in “ fun.”
 [ 19 ]

<e; as a in “ lane,” but in 3-letter syllables as our e in

“ men.”
i ; as ee in “teem,” but often as our i in “ tin,” e.g. in
the Bhutia words min, rin, f i n &*c.
O ; always as o in “ stone,” never as o in “ pot,” &c.,
except in potso “a boy” and about two other words.
I I ; as 00 in “ P oon a;” shorter than our 00 in “ pool”
a u ; as au in “ taught” or as ou in “ ought.”
6U \ as u in “cue,”
a i ; the Tibetan mode of sounding their a s ; either
like 6 as above, or more correctly as a followed
rapidly by a very short i (ee). Thus ndi “ here.”
e ’ ; represents the sound of a final ad in the original
Tibetan spelling, and is heard as if ea ; or perhaps
as our ay in “ may”, only more prolonged.
6 ; is our o and e conjoined and sounded with the
opening of the mouth narrowed as if about to
whistle; or one might describe it as an e said with
affectation. In German a well known sound,
i i ; as eu in the French word “ feu,” pronounced with
the lips pointed and almost closed.
At first when speaking it will be found difficult to
•give the sounds the exact accent, or rather tone of
the Bhutia natives. The two last mentioned diph­
thongs are puzzling sounds to imitate ; and yet, if an
ordinary o and u were to be used in their places, words
would be understood perfectly different to those which
were intended.
“ Ng,” though easy enough to say as a final, when
occurring as the first letter of a word requires much
practice to acquire. Two separate sounds must not be
made of the n and g. It is one letter, and therefore a
single nasal vowel sound, uttered with the roof of the
 [ 20 ]

mouth, must alone b e ; heard. Practice “ unga” ah$

that will lead you to the correct sound.
To say “gy” rightly, personally I have found it
almost advisable, strange though it may seem, to pro­
nounce it as dy. Thus gyuk-she “to run” is almost:
dyuk-she.
Remember u is always nearly as long as our oo
not as our u in “ duck,” but as our u in “ put.”
In two-letter syllables ending in o, as bo, mo, the o
is heard rather as an abrupt u (oo) yet still an o sound.
Now and then in these pages we have employed
accents to shew where the stress should be laid ; but a
merely ndicates the long Irish “ a” as given above.
 L 21 ]

I.— T H E A R T IC L E .
The indefinite article a, an, is represented by chik
placed after the noun or adjective. The final k is-
generally, however, left unsounded : Pum chi' a. girl.
We do not often use this article except when the
noun is in the nominative case, unless indeed it occurs
■ in the sense of “ one.” Thus “a boy” will be Potso chi;
“of a boy” Potso k y i; “ of one boy” Potso chiyi.
The definite article is very much in use : di the.
It is heard with the inflected noun as well as when the
latter stands in the nominative. When the noun has a
possessive pronoun attached we often find di still
added, (see IV. I. d)
The plural of di is di-ts'o, as gyomci di-ts'o, the
ants.
JDi changes to tc when something previously re­
ferred to is again mentioned.
Ordinarily di follows its noun ; but where any singl­
ing out of the noun is desired we have one di placed
before and another di after the word, e.g., di p'yd d i
the bird, (see also IV. 3. Exam J
 [ 22 ]

II.— N O U N S U B S T A N T IV E S .
i . — In the Denjong K e the different cases of th e
noun are specified by means of short syllables, called'
postpositions, annexed to the words :—

Khirn chi a house.

Nom : Khim chi a house.
Gen : Khim kyi or hi of a house.
D a t : Khim lo to a house.
Accus : Khim or Khim lo a house.
Loc : Khim na at or in a house.
A b l : Khim ne or le from a house.
Agentive : Khim kyi by a house.

Where the word terminates in g or ng a variation*

is made :—

Chd-dong di the tea-churn.

Nom : Chd-dong di the tea-churn
Gen : Chd-dong gi of the tea-churn
Dat : Cha dong lo to the tea-churn
Accus : Chd-dong or
chd-dong lo the tea-churn
Loc : Chddong na in or at the tea-churrb
Abl : Chd-dong le from the tea-churn
Agen : Chd-dong gl by the tea-churn
 L 23 ]
Also with words ending with a vowel, the affixes
of the genitive and agentive are rather different:—

P ’yd chi a bird

Nom : P y d chi a bird
Gen : P ’y d-i or P y c of a bird
D a t : P'ya-lo to a bird
Accus : P y d or P y d lo a bird
Loc : P }y d na in or at a bird
A b l : P y d ne or le from a bird
A g en t: P'yd-i or kl by a bird

But where a final consonant has been elided in

the original spelling the genitive, &c. is not altered :—

Khd-rii chi a snow-slip.

Gen : Kha-rii kyi of a snow-slip
Agent : Khd-ru kyi by a snow-slip

After a final vowel the gen. affix ought to be “ i” 01

“yi” sounded separately ; but kyi is often employed-
especially after the article : e. g., di-kyi of the.
The Plural number is not often expressed; but where
doubt would arise, the particles cha or ts’o may be
added, e. g n y i- la m a dream nyi-lam cha dreams;
Gya-mi a Chinaman Gyd-mi ts'o Chinamen, Chinese*
The case signs would follow the plural particle.
 E H ]

Where any case other than the nominative occurs

'the definite article is not expressed, e. g. >
Potso-kyi lu d i : The song of the boy ; the boy’s song.
Khyi di alii lo so-tap ong : The dog will bite the cat.

In the latter sentence alii lo is the accus. after the

verb so-tap ong will bite, so-tap meaning ^ / strike, so
(with the) teeth.
However the definite article is sometimes used
with the accus. when the verb is in the Imperative
Mood :—
Gom di p 'i : Open the door ! To-za di tso : cook the food !
T h e other connections of nouns such as “ with,”
“ upon.” “ under,” “ unto,” will be explained under the
heading P o stpo sitio n s . These are indeed at times
,added where we should not consider their introduction
required, as where we should use only a simple case
sign, *. g.
Shing audi teng-kha dzek : Climb this tree.

Here teng-kha “ upon” is introduced in accordance

with Tibetan idiom ; and placed after Shing audi “ this
tree.” The accus. case may be expressed by the
simple word without the affix lo, where no ambiguity
,would result as to wiiich were the nominative, espe­
cially in imperative sentences, as in the example given
above —
Gom di p ’ i : Open the door.
But where a dative sense is implied in any way the
■ lo must be used :—
M i-lo lam di ten n a n g : Shew (to) the man the way.
 I *5 ]

2.— A rather important case rule to be remembered

^however is this :—
Where both subject and object occur in any sen­
tence, the subject is put in the agentive case, except
where the verb of the sentence is part of the verb “ to
be,”
Rule though this is, it is generally not observed by
the uneducated ; and therefore we shall not keep to
it in our conversational examples to be given hereafter,
the nominative being usually heard as in English.
One example is now given : —
Bagrak kyl ts'dng chi p’ya chen d u ’ : A spider is making
a web.

This is literally :
((By a spider a web for “ nest") is making / ’

We conclude the present section by appending a

-classified list of useful nouns :—

A n im a te B e in g s .

mi man tunclo any animal

g&J'ok ' 1 husband id horse
khyo-ga ) te mule
mobi: woman bong-gu ass
khimme; wife bhdchu cow
d fio : father jo-mo milch-yak
rdmo : mother luk sheep
.fiugu : child rapo goat
tsd-yuk: grand child fag-mo pig
 [ 26 ]

potso: boy khyi dog

p u m : girl alii or \
shempa : youth shim )
a f t : grandmother f b calf
pu : son p it si rat
p u m : daughter . jag-ma squirrel
pun : brothers, relatives dm silver fox
drcho: elder brother dom bear
piin-gya: younger brother kardi-pyu marmot
a ji: elder sister p'yd any bird
num: younger sister p'ya-lak eagle
singmo: a sister khim-p'yd domestic fowl'
yo-ko: servant ok-ld crow
bomsho: head servant beu (byu) snake
ku-nyet: temple chowkidar bep frog
bak-khen : coolie p'yd-wang bat
fti-pbn : head of District. nyam-yo tree-cricket
tarpon: sub officer si?7iuk tree-frog
T hings E a t a b l e . *
Chd tea de-chhang rice beer

* Many herbs and so-called weeds, neglected in Europe,

are cultivated in prepared soil as articles of vegetable food
by the cottagers of Sikkim. These include large docks and
Polygonum cymosum (known as Pu-lop-bi) boiled like our
spinach ; also shepherd’s purse, various nettles, several
balsams, Thlaspi arvense, mithridate cress, Galeopsis, two kinds
of Cynoglossum, a purple Dentaria (styled kenrup-bi) common«
English Poa grass (for cattle) and especially the white radish
 [ 27 ]
pa-leb loaf singma murwar beer
khu cake chhu water
shurbu dough-balls in
kyur-ru vinegar
tea or soup
to or to-zd victuals, dinner kyiu potato
om milk tarulbdk yam
gongdo eggs dowa artichoke
mar butter rdmpd Sikkim leek
fukpa broth khdmbu peach
sha-chuk dry meat ts'd lumpa orange
luk-sha mutton kye-dong plantain
chum rice ts’erlum raspberry
khim fiyd fowl chukhd rhubarb
nyd fish kara sugar
chu soft curds ts'd salt
chuzip dried curds,
khabze twisted pastry-cake-
pulverised

H ou se an d its C o n t e n t s .

khim house p'orpa bowl

nyuk-khim house of bamboo loknyo spoon
shing-khim hut of wood ki-chhung knife

(known as lapuk). Besides these, the tubers of several large

arums are used as food (styled tong) after the poisonous
juices have been extracted by boiling; also chokli, the flower-
heads of a large pot-herb, a Smilacina.
 28

, do-chhal the pavement karyo cup

gom door derma dish
khang-mik room tse-a basket
ge-kdr window mezen blanket
entar floor kho-di teapot
ker-khd stair ladder dom or gum box
mi fire pallattila scales
chenfe table fe-kyal flour-bag
gy&fi chair sang cooking-kettle, degchi
shu-ten cushion-seat te-ko wash-basin
chhd cupboard shel fglass in window, &c.)
nyd-fi bedstead gyimtse scissors
khyu-zhong bathing tub p ’akze brush
de-cho W. C. chumi lamp

N a t u r a l O bjects .

nyim sun kya-ma fern

dau moon do stone
kdm star mukpa fog
humpo cloud khd snow
ri mountain khek ice
gang hill-spur iak rock
. kang-chen glacier sha-mo fungus
rong ravine soke shdmo mushroom
sdrrii land ship shing-gi ddma tree-leaf
kha-rii snow-slip chha-rd evergreen oak
 [ 29 J

fokpo deep gorge pd-ma cypress

lam-t’ang cliff-ledge gomrok holly
fokzdr torrent-bed shukpa juniper
chhabo rain ydli maple
tsang-chhu river gai dong india-rubber tree
tsd grass kydn-me shing pine tree
shing tree p ’yung smaller bamboo
mi?itok flower du7ii-po tree-trunk

P arts of th e B o d y .

zuk the body mi-ko throat

go head to-ko stomach
kya hair kye-pa waist
khddong face che tongue
kha mouth so tooth, teeth
dempo cheek le-dui?i leg (upper part)
nd nose kang-pa foot, leg ( lower
part) >
namcho ear lak-ko arm, hand
mido eye dzum-mo fingers, toes
gyap back kup backside

M is c e l l a n e o u s .

chha-kha a thing kangshd funeral ceremony;*-

wing name tdrcho flag
ur noise do magic stringed stick s.
 [ 30 ]

ma a sore set gold

lu song ngii silver
h i market khyd blood
lapta school ko-lak coat
yVkhang post office torma trousers
gompa temple sha??i-ko lama’s skirt
du-gang temple hall hlam boots
thhor-ten sacred obelisk shdmbu cap
ku-ten images sungbu charm-locket
 [ 3i ]

I I I .— A D JE C T IV E S .

The adjective invariably follows its n ou n ; and

•when the noun is thus qualified by an adjective the
proper case-sign is affixed to the latter only, e.g.

PHru noksup chi : a dark night.

Potso tsok kyi lak-ko d i ; the hand of a dirty boy.

P u lem chi : a good son.

Where the adjective is used as an attribute, the

article is often placed before as well as after the
noun; e.g.

PH-ru d i noksup be l The night is dark.

or D i p'i-ru d i noksup be i
Here is the adjective as a single attribute :
Ngd fa n g chhe-po y in : I am tired.

The adjective is rendered more intense by various

words placed before \t:—hd-chang or ?iyogi= much,
very. Mam and nyok= \tr y ; and follow the adjective.
But these are properly adverbs.

Td di hachang nyambu d u ’ : The horse is very quiet.

Rin di hdchang be*: The price is too much.
D i nyim di nyogi futn-po be*: The sun is very hot.
Td-to nyogi khya-bo be’ : It is very cold now.
Te-kha nyok : Very dirty.
 [ 32 ]

C om pariso n of A d je ctiv e s .

“ Greater” is rendered te-le chhe “ than that, great.”

“ Stronger” ,, ,, te-le she “ than that, strong.”
Pa-shing audi te-le she min du' : This pole is not stronger
than that.
“ Strongest ” is rendered gun le she “ than all, strong.” ,

Tsim field gim le fo be\ That peak is the highest.

Tse-o di lo riyung audi le ringkyam chi go p e : The
basket requires a longer tie-rope than th at: {lit: To
the basket, than this tie-rope, a long is wanting.)
The comparative form of sentence may be slightly
varied by the insertion of the word yang after the
particle le which stands for “ than.”

My heart is heavier than my load : Nge sem di nge toi d i

le yang ji-chen be\

A common superlative expletive is ckhok:

This is the best : audi lem chhok be\

This way is the shortest: D i lam di Vung-kyam chhok bed

S ome O r d in a r y A d je ctive s .

Lem good chhempo or chhe great

Mdlep bad chhung small
yak po good \o f actions and nyok-ma muddy
wakpo bad j things tsok or te-kha dirty
she??ipa young tsangmo clean
ge-po old noksnp dark
 [ 33 ]

nyom-chhung poor wd-chen light

ji-chen heavy kh'e-ta or khesta clever
ydng-ke or yang-mo light she strong
jamtong easy bekta weak
jdm-po soft gyop fast
takia hard bul-po slow
khe-li all, the whole bom-po thick (also “ loud”)
sarpa fresh, new sim-bu thin (slender)
nying-po old, not new zhang-zhang broad
fiimpo hot zhangme’ narrow
khya-bo cold map red
ring-kyam long ndk-po black
fung-kyam short kdp white
kom-bo dry serp yellow
po?ig-po wet leb-lep flat
lo-chen lazy ddlchen quiet, smooth
dze-bo pretty kyur-po sour

2
 [ 34 ]

IV .— PR O N O U N S.

i. P e rs o n a l P r o n o un s — a. These are subject to

inflection of case as nouns and adjectives are.
Ngd or ngd-rang I ; Nge of me, my ; Nga-lot me,
to me ; ngdki by me.
Chho you ; Chho-kyi of you, your ; Chho-lo you,
to you ; Chho-ki by you.
Kho : he ; Kho-i of him, his ; Kho-lo to him,
him ; Kho-yl or Kho by him. (Kho frequently sounds
Khu).
Mo : she ; Mo-i or mo of her, hers ; Mo-lo to her
her ; Mo-yl or mo by her.
D i : It ; Di-kyi of it ; Di-lo it, to it.
The use of mo as the feminine third personal
pronoun is not universal, and kho in many parts of
Sikkim as in Tibet represents both “ he” and “ she”.
b.— The Plural forms are Ngdcha we, Khong and
Khocha they, Di-ts'o them ; but, except where mis­
apprehension might arise, the singular forms fre­
quently stand in their place. There is, however, a
special plural possessive of the first person, ngdchi
our, invariably resorted to, as
Kho ngdchi lopon be’ / He is our teacher.
In many districts ngd-rang is always used in pre­
ference to ngd.
Examples : —
Chhd pum lent be' : You are a good girl.

Kho pdtso malep be' : He is a bad boy.

 [ 35 ]
'Chho-kyi mi-do tsum : Shut your eyes.
Kho nga-lo gongdo gu ts’ong she ’ in : He will sell me
'time eggs.
Mo-i kya ring-kyam du : Her hair is long.

Nga-rang rampa dama sd do’ in : I am eating rampa

3eaves.

c. — The genitive affix is often omitted from Chho

and Kho, the simple pronoun being used to express the
^possessive as well as the nominative. So we hear—
Chhd lak-ko tsang min be’ : Your hands are not clean.

d— A curious point in the use of the possessive

case of these pronouns must be noted. The noun may
be accompanied (as in Italian) by both the possessive
^pronoun and the definite article.

Nge dom d i bdk shvk : Bring my box.

This is literally : “ Bring the my box but the con­

struction evidently arises from the pronoun being
treated as a noun in the genitive case, and if a noun
were to be substituted for the pronoun the above form
would be perfectly regular. The rendering is really ;
Bring the box of me. The employment of this article
in such cases seems often to be left to the choice of
the speaker or else is ruled by the general custom in
each individual instance. However the article must
be used in this way where the intention is to parti­
cularise anything belonging to a person as apart from
the property of others. Where no stress is laid upon
the ownership the article may be omitted, e. g.
Moi pu shi song d u ’ : Her son has died.
Moi pu d i ngd-lo ten nang : Show me her son.
 [ 36 ]

Again :—
Di-kyi gong di nyok be' : The price of it is much.

N. B .— The pronoun di it, stands for “ this” when*

the latter is used apart from any expressed noun, ancfc
is varied to te for “ that” when similarly occuring.
2. D e m o n s t r a t iv e P r o n o u n s — Although we
have appended the foregoing note to the poceeding
section, we find the article di often loosely conjoined
to a noun to indicate both “this” and “ that.” In-
classical Tibetan we find the same practice ; but, in
the colloquial dialect of Sikkim, provision has been pro­
perly made for distinguishing the demonstrative pro­
nouns from the mere definite article. The pronouns
themselves are
A u d i : this. P 'id i : that.

However where we should ordinarily say “ that” we

frequently find andi is the pronoun used. The fact
is, this usage really arises from the accuracy with which
Tibetans ( in common with other orientals) employ
their demonstrative pronouns to. discriminate at once
the proximity or distance in situation of the thing
indicated. We on the contrary generally use “ this”
or “ that” almost indiscriminately and more in relation
to the priority of the time of mentioning a thing than
in reference to its actual place.
In fact
A u d i = this here ; P ’id i = that yonder

These pronouns are used both when conjoined to>

nouns and when pure pro-nouns, e.g.
A ud i ke-kyi khim bo ? Whose house is this ( or “ that near
here” )
 [ 37 ]
K him audi ke bo : Whose is this house P
Chh'o audi kam p ’y a do* : Why are you doing that ?
(properly this )
Nga-lo gompa p ’ idi nangsha ta go ; I want to see within
^that temple (yonder)
[We may usefully construe the last sentence:
Nga-lo to me, go it is necessary td {she) to see na?ig-sha
within gompa f idi that temple.]
In numerous instances, as in the case of the per­
sonal pronouns, the definite article is used in conjunc­
tion with the demonstative pronoun. The latter is
then placed before instead of after the noun, e.g.
Audi ki-chhung d i nyogi ring-kyam du’ : That knife is
very long, (near at hand).
A udi dom d iyd -te bdk song : Take that box up-stairs.
Ngd-lo audi den di mingo : I don’t want this carpet.

Where there is an interrogative pronoun also, the

di by custom is placed after the latter : e.g.
A udi pum kd di bo : Who is this girl ?

3. R e l a t iv e P ron o un s .— These which hardly

occur at all in literary Tibetan are perhaps altogether
absent from D6n-jong ke’, except in a few correlative
phrases which need not be particularised here. How­
ever, all the purposes of our relative pronouns are
fitly compassed by means of participial clauses. The
participial clause is introduced immediately in front
*of what would in English be the antecedent of the
relative pronoun, and stands as if it were a huge com­
pound adjective qualifying the antecedent noun to
'which it refers. Thus the sentence “ The man who
 [ 38 ]

lived in that house died yesterday” would take the-

form : “ The living-in-that-house man died yesterday/'
Here “ living-in-that-house” is the big adjective-
qualifying “ man.” In literary Tibetan this participial
clause might be placed, like any ordinary adjective,
either following the noun to which it was related, or
else before it with the participle of this clause inflect­
ed in the genitive case. In the Sikkim colloquial
the latter alternative seems to be the only admissable
practice, the genitive inflection being, however, dis­
pensed with.
The participle is formed by merely affixing the-
the syllable khen to the root of the verb ■; and, save-
in a few exceptional instances, we find no difference
in expression between the present and the past
participle. The context must determine the time to-
the English speaker ; for the Tibetan sees no necessity
to discriminate between a present and a past in mere
dependent clauses. Thus we have :— ts'ongnyi to*
sell ; ts’ong khen, selling, who sells ; ts'ong khen^having
sold, who sold.
The participles passive would even be loosely
rendered by the very same expressions as the fore­
going ; although if precision were required we should
probably find the distinction marked by the addition o f
zhe or kyap to the verbal root, thus :— ts’ong zhe’ khen
being sold, which is sold ; ts'ong zhe'khen having been
sold, which was sold, which had been sold. Kyap is
used only with certain verbs. “ Had been sold” might
be further discriminated by the insertion of ^«^,thus :
ts'ong song zhe khen ; but this compound would only
be used where particular stress as to time and manner
of the transaction was thought to be desirable.
 [ 39 ]

E xamples of R elative C lauses.

a. Chho t&song nyo khen om d i nga-lo nang. Give me
the milk which you bought this morning.
fi. Khim lo luk bak yong khen shempa di-yi potso-i hlam
ku bak so n g : The butcher who brought the sheep to
the house stole the boy’s boots.

(N. B. Shempa di-yi the instrumental case as given

in this sentence is grammatically correct; but common­
ly, as we have, sufficiently shewn, the nom. is always
used and thus the y i would most likely not be said.)
7 * Konchhok lo de-pa kye khen d i-ts’o ngd nyinpo kyd-nyi :
I want to love those who have faith in God.
§. D i pHru kyang ab khen khyi di sung-khyi mdlep be9 :
The dog who barks all night is a bad watch dog.

(Here we find the definite article placed at the

commencement and close of the relative clause, thus
neatly marking it off. This is only as expansion of a
similar use of the article already noticed in § I )
4. I n t e r r o g a t i v e P ron o un s . These are ke or
kd who, kan or kam which, what, karnbe why, ke or ke-
kyi whose, ke-nai from whom ? All such have been
sufficiently illustrated under § 2 of this chapter. One
further Example
P 'id i alii ke-kyi bo : Whose cat is that ?

Kam supplants Kan when initial of word following

is b, m, or p,
5. I n d e f i n i t e P ron o un s . We may mention
khe-li all, dtsichi some, any, reshi, some, zhiima others
zhen chi another, ts'angma the whole, chhdbu part.
 [ 40 ]

V .— T H E V E R B .

We find in the Sikkim Dialect a fairly systematic

method of expressing the various phases of the verb.
I,n fact the different tenses are particularised in this
dialect with greater accuracy and regularity than are
to be found in the book language of Tibet. Some
variety in the affixes appended to the verbal roots is
met with according to the locality of the speakers. In
the Darjiling and Kalimpong districts we find certain
strange affixes which disappear as we proceed north
o f Tamlong. On the Tibetan frontier moreover the
verbal inflections assimilate entirely with those pecu­
liar to Tsang. We believe however the southern
manner of inflexion to be that proper to the Sikkim
dialect and to be generally comprehendible to natives
.and itinerants in the northern districts. Nevertheless
all variations shall be noted below.
1. I n f i n i t i v e .— This is formed by adding she or
nyi to the root of the verb, e.g., kap-she or kap-?iyi to
cover. She is the usual affix throughout Tsang and
equally common in Sikkim. Nyi is peculiar to the
Darjiling district.
2. F u t u r e t e n s e . — From the Infinitive the
future tense is formed by adding 7 >z (really jiv>2) for the
first person and be’ or sometimes du' (duk) for the 2nd
and 3rd person. But frequently when the 3rd person
future has to be expressed the regular Tibetan future,
formed by the addition of ong not to the infinitive
but to the root, is resorted to.
Examples will make this sufficiently understood :

I shall drink : J Nga t ’ung she Hn.

\ or Ngd t’ung nyi ’ in
 [ 4i ]

( Kho t ’ung ong.

He will drink : or kho t’ ung she be’ .
I<
Ong becomes yong in northern Sikkim as in Tibet. Else­
where always ong as in Balti.
The formation of the future from the infinitive, it will be
noted, is very natural ; for ’ i n = am, ^ ’= is . So we have t'ung
she to drink ; t' ung s h e ’ in am to drink = will drink; t ’ung-
she-be’ is to drink = will drink.
3. P res ent t e n s e .— The root with do ’in annex­
ed ''probably du' *in or dukyin) is generally heard when
the first person occurs. The root with chen du’ or
chen bd for the 2nd and 3rd persons. Thus—
I am eating rice : Nga chum-lo sa do ’in.
He is coming home : Khu khim-lo ong chen d u '.
You are beating the I ^ ^ i0 ny 0g{ chen d u ’ .
horse very much 1 j & r
But in many districts of Sikkim do bd or to bd
would be employed with the 2nd and 3rd persons ; to
being used for do when euphonically more suitable : —
He is sitting on the ground : Kho sd-Io dii to bd.
He runs like a horse : Kho id deni chhong do bd.
The water is freezing : Chhu di khek gyu do bd.
The lama is speaking : Lama di lap to be.
Sometimes the bd is omitted :—
1 am sinking into the snow : Ngd khau-d nangsha nup gyu
do.
The use of the present tense in do is, as we shall
•see, common throughout Sikkim in the interrogative
form. (See V. § 9.) Often be or pe) alone, added to
the root, stands for the simple present ; e. g.
The yak grunts loudly : Yak di bompo nguk bd.
You look very clean to-day : Chho taring tsang
mam tam-pd.
 [ 42 ]

4. P erfect tenses.— The past definite form*

generally can be expressed by the root of the verb
with zhe, che, or jhe (variously sounded) annexed. The
past indefinite requires song zhe or song du\ Thus—
He wrote a letter : Kho yige chi pH zh e .
To-day the sun has shone : Taring nyim dilshd]zhe.
He has written a letter : Kho yige chi pH song du\
Sometimes with d u ’ alone:
Mo zung d u 1 she seized, did seize.
Mo or mu-i chhak d u *: She broke.

There seems no decided distinction between Active

and Passive voices : chhak song du’ has been broken
but gyu chung often indicates the Passive, e.g., sd gyu
chung has been eaten.
Certain styles are preferred for certain verbs.
Thus shi she to die, always forms the past tense witb
song.
shi song , died; shi song zhe has ^quite) died, is dead.
shi song d u ’ did die (emphatic)
t'ong chef saw ; t'ong song zhe has seen

Other verbs have special past forms :—

gyu-she , to go ; song went
bdk do nyif to take, take aw ay; bdk song zhe has taken.
pya-she} to do ; zhe or c h e : did : zhe song has done. And1
a few others.

5. I m p e r a t i v e .— The simple ro o t ; or else the

root with tang and, as a politer form, with nang or
nyd added.
Eat this: andi sd. Open the door: gom-di pH ! Cook food::
to tso ta n g ! Fasten the dog: khyi tdk ta n g l
 [ 43 3
Please show the w a y : Lam di ten-nang.
Please give me a rupee: Nga-lo tiruk chi p ’ in nang or p in
tang.
Look for i t : Ts’ ol nyd.
Please assist him : Kho-lo rok be' nyd.

A favourite inperative affix with many persons is-

me\ used in both positive and negative sentences:—
Ask him : Kho-lo d i me’ .
Don’t kill the bird : P ’ya di ma se’ me'.
Be quick : Gyop be' me’ !

6. P o t e n t i a l M oo d .— The root, or sometimes-

the infinitive, with chog or ts'uk annexed. The better-
form is the latter verb, chog or ckok being provincial.
I can run quickly : Nga gyop chong ts’ uk.
He can climb up the tree: Kho shing di dzek chok.

The interrogative form is most frequently used

and differs from the ordinary interrogatives to be
explained hereafter :—
Can you read the book : Chho chho d i dok ts'uk kd ?
Can you see the gentleman : Chhd kusho di t'ong chog-gd ?
Is he able to use a gun : Khu mindd chi kyi p'ent'o p'yd she
chog-gd ?
Are you able to fight: Chho t'abmo kyap chhug-gd ?
Can the boy sing a song : Potso d i lu kyap ts’uk-kd ?
Does he know : Khu she’kd ?
 [ 44 ]

T H E S U B S T A N T IV E V E R B .

In the Sikkim district be' 'really bad) is the com­

mon word for “ is” ; but be' is often varied to me' and
pe'> When used interrogatively “ is” takes the form
bo or mo.

Ngd or ng&rang 'in : I am. Ngdchd 'in : We are.

Chho or chhorang be' : Thou art. Chho be' : You are.
Kho or korang be' : He is. Khnng be' :
Khong-ts’ o be' :
i They are.

la m very w et: Ngd nyogi bong-bo ' in.

I am sorry : Ngd-lo sent duko be' (*• there is sorrow to me.” )
You are a bad girl : Chho pum mdlep b e'
The book is easy to read : D i chho di dok-nyi jam -tong be'.
You are a clean boy : Chho potso tsang-mo be'.
You are a filthy girl : Chho pum tsok be'.
He is an idle man : Kho mi she-Lo be'.
The woman is pretty and dirty: D i pum di dzebo tdrung
malebo be.

The other form of be' namely me' might be heard

in the above. We find occasionally du' substituted for
be' by the more Tibetanized folk.

That girl is my wife : A u d i pum di nge mobi du'.

That pretty girl is to be my wife : Pum dzebo audi nge
.mobi chung she d u'
She is unmarried: Mo menshar d u ’ .
 L 45 ]

The interrogative form of the verb “ to be” runs

thus :—

N gdyo’ td : am I ? Chho bo : are you ? Kho bo : is he ?

A common alternative form of bo is m o:

Where are you P Chho ka-kha mo ?

Who is that lama behind the house: A ud i Idma khim d i
se-lo di kd mo ?
Are you young : Chho shempa bo ?
Is the horse cold : Td di khyabo vio ?
Where is the man who came | Ndi khdsong ong khen m i
here yesterday f d i ka-khd be' ? or kd-khd bo ?
Who is out there : P'd-ki p ’ila kd mo ?

8. T he P ossessive v e r b “ to h a v e .” — As in
Russian, Hindustani, and many other languages the
possessive verb is rendered by the circumlocution
“There is near----- ” or “ to----- there is.” Thus : I
have three children” becomes “ to me three children
are” “Ngd-lo pugu sum be.” Again : “you have a warm
dry coat” is best turned “ near you a warm dry coat is”
Chho zd ko-lak tum-po kambo du\” Interrogatively :
“ Have you three children” Chho-lo pugu sum bo ?
“ Have you any boots to sell Child zd di tsong-khen
hlam kan di bo ? Here note how the double article
di— di is used to bind the participle ts'ong-khen to its
proper antecedent.
Where have is a simple auxiliary joined to another
verb, it is usually represented by du\
 [ 46 ]

9— G e n e r a l I n t e r r o g a t i v e s .

a— The primary mode of expressing these is by

’the addition of the particle bo or mo to the proper
tense of the verb required, thus

Did you go to the bazaar Chho khdsang he'-lo song bo ?

yesterday :
Will you sell me that sheep : Chhd nga-lo luk p ’id i ts*ong
she m o ?

When the present is used interrogatively, that form

of the tense is chosen which takes do or to (ante § 4):

Are you drinking beer : Chhd chhang t ’ ung do bo ?

Are you fetching the bellows : Chhd bipa bdk nang do bo ?

p —By custom the interrogative particle is abridged

.into 0 with certain verbs ending in k (really g) :

Did you break the dish : Chhd derma di chhdk-o ?

Where have you put the oranges : Chhd ts’d-lumpa te kdna
zhak-o ?

Have you read it : Chhd di-lo dok-o ?

y— Except when it is itself the verb substantive,

the interrogative particle can be omitted if an interro­
gative pronoun occurs :—

Why are you doing that : Chhd audi kam be p'ya chen du ?
What are you throwing away : Chhd chhd-la kan ko
tang do ?
Who teaches you at school : Chhd lap-ta-lo ke-ki hlap to ?
 [ 47 ]

However the particle is as frequently heard with

-such pronouns in many common phrases :—

Who is living in the white house : Khim hap na ke du

to mo.
From where are you driving Chhd audi dzo di-ts'o kdnale
those dzo (cross-breed yak) : da to bo ?

5.'— Sometimes the interrogative perfect requires

a further affix sounded nya as well as bo :

Have you come from Darjiling : Chhd D orling-le ong

bo-nya ?
Did he get a dog for m e : Kho nge ton-le khyi chi Pop
bo-nya ?

Also, when the concluding affix of the perfect is

zhe or che, a particle na is substituted for bo :

Has the lama sold my horse : Lama d i nge td di ts'ong

zhe-nd ?
Did you see it there : Pina di-lo t ’ong che-nd ?

e.— With a Potential auxiliary the interrogative

seems always to follow the ordinary Tibetan style :
Can you read : Chhd yi-ge dok chog-ga
Can you come with me : Chhd nge nyambu ong ts'ug-gd
We have also heard the Tibetan form in other expressions,
such as “ do you like n : go-pe-ka or ga-ei-ka ?
 [ 4§ ]

i o — N e g a t iv e s .

The negative verb is expressed by the particle ma

with the perfect or imperative and by mi with the
present or future tenses :

Don't talk nonsense : Chhdl-kha ma lap !

He did not give me one rupee : Kho nga-lo tiruk chV pHn
ma che.
The girl will not come with me : Pum di nge nyambu ong
nyi min (or m 'ong nyVin)
He will not bite : Kho so tap mi ong.
He is not reading your book : Kho chho-kyi chho d i dok
chen min du\
He is not eating now : Ta-to sd do min.

It will be observed from the above examples that

the negative is either compounded with the auxiliary
member of any verb or placed immediately preceding
the last syllable of the verb. With the past tense the
latter course is always pursued : e.g., Kho shi ma song:
He has not died. With the infinitive form of the verb
we find the negative placed last : e.g.,
The idle man has nothing to eat : M i shelo di sd
nyi mi.
11. P a r t i c i p l e s . — The syllable khen added to
the verbal root forms the participle. This important
branch of the verb is fully illustrated under § iv, 3.
12. G e ru n d s .— These are formed by the addition
of certain brief particles to the verb of the gerundial
clause. These particles are te often vulgarly ti}, ne,
jang, and par or war.
 L 49 ]

a.— The first two are commonly employed to ex­

press clauses such as in English are introduced by the
words “ when,” “as,” “ having.” Examples will best
illustrate our meaning :—
Having eaten his food, he desired the remainder :
Ri-kyi to di sd song-te hlak-ma do zhe du\
( N. B .— Ri-kyi is here used for khoi because the
possessor is also the acting subject of the sentence
§ iv, i , b.)

When you have done, come to m e: Chhd-kyi zhe song-ne

nga-lo shok.

( Chhd-kyi is the agentive case which should always

be used with transitive verbs instead of the nom. case ;
but colloquially the rule is only in a few such instances
as the present one commonly observed. Zhe song is
the past tense of p'yd she to do).

Go and fetch it (i.e., “ going, fetch it” ) : Gyu-ti di-lo bdk

shok.

(This form is exactly parallel to the Hindustani

jdkar usko le-ao).

Since then he has been sick and has left his employment:
Te 6nd-le khu nd-ti yok tang-bo-be’

l — Tang joined to the infinitive best interprets

short dependent clauses :—

On my firing the gun, three men fe ll: Nga mindd kyap-pa

tang , mi sum hlum song zhe.

3
 [ 50 ]
(Kyap-pa is the Tibetan form of the infinitive
which in our dialect should be kyap-she; yet this is
the form we generally hear with tang, which, be it
noted, invariably requires the infinitive when used as
a gerundial particle).

Hearing you call, I cam e: Chho ke kyap-ne ngd nyen-pa

tang ong zhe.(Lit-, “ you calling, I on hearing carne.’’^)
Looking down the kud, I saw the man ly in g : K ad d i teng-
lo mik td-ne ngd d i nye-khen mi d i t'ong zhe.

c.— We find par or war joined to the repeated root

to express concurrent clauses introduced in English
by the word “ while.”

While I am sleeping, don’t make a noise: Ngd nye nye par

tir ma kyap.
While I am going to the market, you must dig up the arti­
chokes : Ngd he} la gyu gyu •mar chhorang do-wa ho go.
While I am gone, watch : Ngd song song par hug tang !

This section may be concluded by the enumeration

of certain of the more commonly occurring verbs :—

P'in-she to give Tong-she to see

nar-nyi to bestow tip-she to beat
gyu-she to go ko-iungshe to throwaway
dul-nyi to walk ten-nyi to show
chong-she to run mik td-7iyi to look at
hlum-she to fall kon-nyi to wear, put on
ong-nyi to come zhak-she to place, put
 [ 51 ]
sa-nyi to eat fyd-nyi to do, make
fung-she to drink tsuk-nyi to strike, push
hlap-ngo-she to learn ts'uk-she to be able
.hum ghd nyi to choke chhog-she to be able
nye-she to lie down top-she to obtain
nya'-do-nyi to sleep ko-nyi to dig
or die nyi to sit, or kyap-she to throw
remain ts'ol-she to seek
nyo-nyi{or nyu-tita she) ngoshi-she to know
to buy hyamba gyushe to walk
ts'ong-she to sell gii-she to stay, wait
khyu-she to wash, bathe shi-nyi to die
yige-dok-she to read lap-she to speak
pH-she to write ser-she to tell, to name
pi-she to open gau-deb-she to laugh
isum-she to shut gyo do shor-she to laugh
dzung-she to consider go-she to want
dzung-she to hold tabmo kyap-she to fight
kdp-she to cover ne' kyap-she to become ill
nyen-she to listen, hear tok-nyi to cut
khd nyen she to obey dzek-she to climb
bak ong nyi to bring lem-she to crush
bdk nang nyi to fetch den-she to pull, draw
hdk gyu nyi to take sik-she to hoist, shove
away up.
 [ 52 ]

V I.— A D V E R B S .

i. In the Sikkim colloquial we find no distinction'

made between the adjective and its corresponding,
adverb. Thus ja m p o t both “ soft” and “ softly;”
sarpa=-li new” and “ fresh” “ newly jam-tong=
“ easily” and “ easy.”
However, in addition to the adverbs derived from
adjectives, there are in use a number of primitive
adverbs, both simple and compound— adverbs of
time and place.
A few of these may be noted here.
“ Always” is rendered by dtang mache ; “ often”
by dtang.
“ Never” is expressed by dtang or nd-mong, with*
a negative before the verb, thus :

Ngd nd-mong chha-kha malep mi ts’o n g : I never sell bad'

things.

The past sense requires ma nyung after this verb-

without any prior word as :
Chhd ngd-lo lahta chi p'in ma nyung : You have
never given me any present.
Other temporal adverbs are gyop soon, lok-te
again, mold immediately, har suddenly, tdto now, lately,,
and se-lo afterwards. Also those in connection with
the measurement of time :—
Td-ring to-day Tasong this morning ; tdringp'iru
to-night. Khdsang yesterday ; dang last night; nyim-
 rL 53 ]

kyang all day. N^aru : to-morrow (morning) ; forang

to-morrow ; nang day-after-to-morrow.
Adverbs of Place :— Nat here, ftdki yonder, hdki
-over there, tekya-lo straight on, forward ma-ki
below, at bottom, yd-ki up there khor round, khor-
khor around, pang-kha outside, nang-kha inside,
ts'angma-la everywhere, di me'lo the lower part, diyen-
do the upper part. Ond here ; p'ind there.
2. I n t e r r o g a t i v e a d v e r b s .— These are nam
'when, ka-khd or kd-na where, kd-na whither, kd-na-le
•whence, jhi-tar how, in what way, kd-dem how, kd
dzil (mo) how much, kd dzii sdnte how long 'i.e. time)
tu-tu how many. They are employed precisely as
the interrogative pronouns ; in the sentence generally
standing next before the verb. ^See § v, 9).

Examples

Dumra nang-sha zigmo tu-tu t'ong bo : How many por­

cupines did you see in the garden ?

Kho nam shi song zhe : When did he die P

Chhd Dorling-lo kd d zii sdnte dii she mo: [Link]

you remain in Darjiling?
 [ 54 ]

V I I .— P O S T P O S IT IO N S .

These are simple and compound ; the first being;

merely the case-signs already enumerated. On the
former however a few remarks may be made here. Lo
the dative and accus affix rarely signifies “ to” except
after verbs meaning “ to give.” The locative na is of
course the proper affix to use in those cases where we
should say “at” or “ to.” However for “ at” the post­
position z a = unear” is sometimes employed, just as
pas is used in Hindustani. The best form for “ from”
is le (pronounced lai in Tsang. i The Tibetan termi-
native case is hardly heard at all in southern Sikkim.
Compound Postpositions are very frequent. Some
of the chief are these :—

nang-shd or | . . , tonda le because of, on account of

A
na-sna rJ’ln>lnt0- se-lo behind, after.
ten-le for, instead of. diin-tu before.
teng-kha or ) buna in the middle of
khd f on, upon. khd-ivak under, beneath
teng-lo. down. nyam-bo with, along with
dem like, such as. sdn-te up to, unto.
tsd-hha .near tengkha le from off

On the above let us remark teng-kha is sometimes*

used for “ up,” e.g. Shing di teng-kha dzek\ climb up-
the tree ; sdnte when combined with a negative is the
method of expressing “ until.” The latter usage is
worthy of note. Thus: “ I shall wait until you return”'
is rendered chh'o lokti ma ong sdn-te nga gil she 'in.
Often we hear this chho lok mong sdnte ngdgii she 'in.
Again : Walk on until you see a bamboo house chhfr
 [ 55 ]

nyuk-khim chi ma fong sdnte long dul. Literally o f

course this would express the reverse of what is really
understood, namely ‘‘Until you do not see a bamboo
house, walk on.” When sdnte has the signification o f
“ as far as” or “ to” the negative does not occur.
Properly all the compound postpositions govern
the genitive case and ought to be preceded by nouns so-
inflected ; but in practice such a rule is rarely observed,
the simple nouns or adjective standing uninflected and!
followed by the governing postposition. e.g.,

Khim nang-sha gyu : Go in the house.

Ngd tiruk nyi p ’ in she Jin khyi d i tonda le : I will give

two rupees for the dog.

But we have heard :—

Taring mi chi ta-i tengkha le hlum jh e : A man has fallen

from his horse today.
N ge tsakha ma ong: Don’t come near me.
 [ 56 ]

VIII.—CONJUCTIONS.

Rarely used ; the gerundial affixes usually supply­

ing their place when coupling clauses or sentences to­
gether. Thus “ Go and tell him” becomes “.going,
tell him” gyu-ti kho-lo ser just as in Hindustani we
should say Jakcir usiko bolo ! “ Come and look :”
Ong-ti td /
A copulative conjunction for coupling nouns is
however, in use : Tdrung — and, e.g., khyi tdrung alii
dog and cat. When no stress is laid on the conjunc­
tion it is readily omitted : ngd lo mar gongdo did bdk
shok Bring me butter, eggs, and tea. Tdrung means
really “ still more” “ yet.”
The conjunction “ i f ’ is rendered by ne or nu placed
after the verb, as in the following sentences :

Nyirn kyang yige dak nu, chho-kyi mik suk kyap ong' If
you read all day, your eyes will ache (feel pain;.

P id i sd ne , chhd shi she be : You will die if you eat that.

Chhd lem min nu, ngd tip she ’in : If you are not good,
I shall beat (you).

Chhd audem gyop sd takye nu, kyom ghd ong\ If you con­
tinue eating so fast, you will choke.

Sometimes the regular Tibetan form na is employ­

ed instead of the corrupted form nu. Moreover
every Daijong man would, when writing, put na not nu.
 [ 57 ]

“ Although” is expressed by rung placed similarly

to nu. Thus :—

Chho ne kyi kvat> runs', s i s'o be’ : Though you are ill, you
'must eat.

K hu n yim ts ’ dn kyarts' sd r u n g , nd-mo gyak-shd m i o n g :

Although he ate all d ly and night, he would never become fat.

(Note here the absence of “ and” between nyim

and ts'dn; also use of nd-mo with negative for
“ never.” )
When rung occurs with the verb “ to be,” the in­
tensive form of that verb is generally resorted to
'namely the Tibetan mod-pa “ to be indeed,” sounded
mo-pa:

Ri-kyi to d i dur buna [Link] rung, chho lok-te lang nyi 'in :
‘Though your body is indeed in the grave you shall rise again.

The conjunction “ o r ” is rarely translated, the

alternatives being arranged consecutively so as to
imply the intended contrast. Thus :

Is your father alive or dead : Chh5 dpo do yd bo shu bo ?

W ill you eat rice or potatoes: Chum kyiu chho kan sd -

she-bo? (lit: “ rice, potato, which will you eat.)”

But in such a sentence as “ Bring either beef or

mutton,” the conjunction must be introduced, and is
therefore thus expressed: bd-shd in-na-yang luk-shd
bdk shok.
 [ 58 ]

IX .— F O R M A T IV E S .

That which is treated of in Grammars under the

head of “ Derivation ” may be very briefly disposed
of here.
1. — Certain adjectives are formed or derived
from nouns by the addition of the syllable chen to the-
noun, e.g., rin price, rin-chen expensive; ts1erma thorn
ts'ermci-cheti thorny, prickly, khyo anger, khyo-cherv
angry ; khyd blood, khya-chen bloody. In fact most
of our adjectives ending in “ y ” or “ ous ” are formed
in Denjong K e thus from substantives.
The negative formative corresponding to chen is mer
“ without ”
2. — The affix chhok added to a verbal root goes to*
form those adjectives which signify capability of suffer­
ing anything, or fitness for being made use of. Sa-nyi
to eat, sa-chhok eatable ; fong she to see, tong chhok
visible, capable of being seen, chhdk-ske to break,
chhak-chhok breakable, &c. The negative form takes
mi, as fong mi chhok invisible.
3. — A third formative s ncien signifying chiefly the
doer of any action, much akin to the Hindustani
wala ; as pyd~khen doer, maker, dok-khen reader, bdk-
khen carrier. Like wala added also to substantives ;
as toi a load, toi-khen bearer of a load, hlam-khen
bootmaker, ta-khen a groom, sa’is.
 N U M E R A L S.

Chi one Khe-chik twenty

Sum-chu thirty
Nyi two
tamba
Sum three So-chi thirty-one
Zhi four So-nyi, &c. thirty-two,&c.
Nga five Zhib-chu
forty
Tuk six tam ba:
Duin seven Zhe-chi,&c. forty-one, &c..
Gye eight Ngabchu fifty
Gu nine Khe-sum
sixty
Chu-tamba ten or Tukchu
Chu-chi eleven Re-chi sixty-one
Chu-nyi twelve Re-nyij&c. sixty-two, &c..
Chu-sum thirteen Diinchu seventy
Chub-zhi fourteen Don-chi seventy-one
Chenga fifteen Gye’-chu eighty
Chu-tuk sixteen Gu-chu ninety
Chubduin seventeen Go-chi ninety-one
Chegye eighteen Gy£ one hundred-
Chu-gu nineteen Tong -ta thousand
 C 6° ]

DAYS OF T H E W E E K .

Sd-nyim : Sunday
Sa-dou : Monday
Sa-mikmar Tuesday
Sd-hlak-bo Wednesday
Sa-p’urbo : Thursday
Sa-pdsang : Friday
Sa-p’em bo: Saturday

N di sd-pembo shok: Come here on Saturday.

Chho- lo ka dzu sotn-bo : How old are you ?
Ngd-lo khe chik 'in :* 1 am twenty years’ old.

*Gantak-lo mdkmi pdo tong - Eleven hundred and fitty six

rok chi da gyd da nga-tuk brave soldiers have arrived at
D otling-le lep so n g : Gantak from Darjiling.
 COLLOQUIAL SENTENCES.

N o t e .— These sentences are nearly all in the

Sikkim colloquial or Den-jong Ke. Accordingly when
Tibetans from beyond the J6-lep, Dongkya, Kangla,
and other passes, are communicated with, the follow­
ing rules may be observed : For be (is, are) usedu' or
y in ; for bo or mo say du-kd or yotam or yin nd. B ak
song and bak sho' should be avoided, and khyer song
“ take away” and khyer shd “ bring ” should be sub­
stituted. The future tense may be rendered by means
of yong or gyu du’ added to the verbal ro o t: ten yong
“ will shew,” dzek gyu du 1“ will climb.” Song for the
past tense is very universal, but chung or jhung is the
commoner affix in Central Tibet, e. g. Na-la di nang
jhung du'\ “ The rent has been p a id ;” but in
Sikkim colloquial: Nd-la di f i n song zhe.
 [ 63 ]

BRIEF ORDERS.

Com e here : N d i shok I

Come back Lokte shok !
Don’t come now : Tato ma ong !
Come with me Nge nyambu shok !
■ Come near me Nge tsar-ka (or za) shok !
■ Come to-morrow T ’orang-ra shok !
Speak slowly Kulyu lap /
Go awaay Long song !
Go at once Hle7n song !
Go to the m arket: H e’ na gyu !
Go and fetch some water : Song-ne chhu atsichi bdk
shok !
G o outside : Pang-kha song!
■ Go and tell him what Gyu-ne nga ser-khen di lap /
I say :
C o home again : K h i 77i-na lok song !
Go in front : Hen-le gyu !
Go behind : Gyap-le gyu !
Go behind him : Kho gyap-le song me.’
Go further : P )ar-tsa77i gyu /
■ Go gently : Kale gyu !
Bring me some tea : Cha ngd-lo bdk shok !
Bring more water: Chhu hldko bdk shok!
Fetch the horse here : Ta di ndi f i shok !
 [ 64 ]

Tnke away those things : Chha-ka di-tak bak song !

Take the coat and dry i t : D i kolak di bak song d i
kambd shok 1
Throw it away : D i fu ko tang !
Search for it : Ts’ol nya I
Send word (Give notice) Lon ser !
Send him here : Kho-lo ndi tong.
Make haste : Gy op be’ me’ /
Take care : IT ip !
Be steady (or careful : Riko gyim
Sit down now : Ta-to die!
Remain here : On a do nyd /
Wait a little : Gil atsichi
Say that again : Lok-te lap
Don’t tell a lie : Ha ma kyap !
Open the door : Gom di pH.
Put my box on the ground : Nge dom di sd lo zhok.
Lift up this box : Gum di ydte fo
Take this letter to the Yige di yi-khim na bdk
post office : song.
Light the fire : M i di par !
Don’t forget: Manje’
Don’t bother me : Ngd-lo duk ma pH
That’s enough : Audi dik-e !
That will do to-day : Taring audi dik she be’
Now it is time to go : Tato gyu renpo tsil ’in.
Never mind \kuchchparwa Nang td mi
n'e :
 [ 65 ]

Now you may go : Tdto chhd gyu tfu pe

Don’t come late in the Ngdrup'ip-na ma ong
morning :
Wake me early in this T ’orang pie k f tong nya.
morning.

U S E F U L Q U E S T IO N S A N D ANSW ERS.

Can you speak Hindu­ Chhd Hindu-i he lap

stani : tdug-gd ?
Yes ; a little, a little : Las ; dtsichi, dtsichi
Can you speak English : Chho Ingreji ke lap
ts'ug-ga ?
No ; not at a ll : Mem-be ; kan de mi
Who is this boy : Pot so audi ka mo ?
He is my younger brother: Kho nge pitn-gya be\
What are you doing : Chhd kam p ’y d do 7110 ?
Why are you doing like Chho audi dem kambe
that : pp d do ?
Why are you asking : Chho kambe fe do
1 want to know : Ngd she’ go
When did you see h im : Chhd kho-lo na)n fong bo ?
Where did you see i t : Chhd di-lo kdna fong bo ?
Behind the tem ple: Gumpe gyap-na
Did you see a silver fox : Chhd d77i chi fong-che-na ?
L o o k ! do you see that Td / flid i shing-lo fong be
tree: bo ?
Why ? where ? K a 7u p yd te 1 Kd-kha ?
4
 [ 66 ]

Is he d ead : Kho shi song zhe bo ?

Where have you been : Chhd hd-khd song zhe ?
From where have you Chhd kand-le ong bo nya ?
come :
What do you say : Chhd kan lapto ?
What do you want: Chhd ham go she bo ?
I do not understand you : Ngd chho-ke di ha-ma-ho.
Have you any rice : Chho-lo chum yo’-ga
N o ; I have none : Men ; ngd-lo tsal-le mi
I have nothing to give Ngd-i chho-lo p'in-she kart
you: de mi
What is your name : Chhd ming ham bo t
Where do you live : Chhd ha-hha dil to bo ?
Down this hill in the R i ma-lo ; Do-tsuk na
Bhutia village:
Who lives in that house : Khim p'idi na ke dil to mo f
Where are you going : Chhd kand gyu do bo ?
When did you come to Chhb Dorling-lo nam on
Darjeeling: bo ?
I arrived here last year : Ngd nai lo p'amu hlep che
Where have you put my Chhd nge hlam ha-kha zhd-
boots: ko ?
Where have I put my Ngd ri-hyi dimi hana zhd-
keys .* ho ?
Who are you? What Chhd kd mo ? ming ham
nam e: bo ?
Why have you come here : Chhd nai kambe ong mo ?
I have come to see you : Ngd chho td ong che.
 [ 67 ]

O N A JO U R N E Y .

Make everything ready for Chhd-kha kheli fdltik p'yd

starting:
Pack up the ten t: K u r zyuk tok.
Roll up the rugs : Chha-li di gyilp'yd
Fasten that bundle more D i fiwi-po di te-le tang
securely than th a t: dam
You carry the tent-poles :Chho gur-shing bak song ?
That is your load : Audi chho-kyi toi di du1
Your load is not heavy : Chhd kyi toi di jimpu 77iem
bd
Now we must set o ff: Ta-to gyu go-pd
It is time to go : Gyu-nyi til cho bd
'Go in front: I will walk P'ifia song; ngarang chhd
behind you : kyi sole gyu she 'in
Lift up that box : D i dom di yd fo
Turn the horse round .• Ta di kho7* kyap
Walk quickly : Gyop gyu kyamba
Hold the bridge firmly : Sampa di tangpo chhin
You go over the bridge Chhd sampe tengle henle
first : gyu
Are you tired : Chhd f ang-chhe-po 7iya f
We have not travelled fa r: Ngdcha fa 7'ingkyam 771a
song
I am tired : Ngd f ang-chhe-po yin
You can climb as quickly Chhd td chi dei7i gyop dzek
as a horse : ts'uk bd
 [ 68 ]

Carry that slowly up the D i chha-kha di gang teng-

hill: kha kalyu bdk so?ig
Tell him to come here Kho-lo gyoba ndi shok lap
qu ickly:
Can you see the top of the Di-ne laptse di mik ta ts'u'-
pass from h ere: ga ?
The path is dangerous; Lamkha di nyenchen be';
don’t fa ll: chhd ma ri
I am slipping; seize my Ngd dre'tak shor do 'in ;
hands: nge lak-ko zim tong
I have let fall my staff; Ri-ki yuk-shing Ihum chuk ;
hand it to me please : di ling tong zhu
That leech is sucking your Audipii-po di chho-kyi khya
blood : jip chen du'
Sit down : Sd die !
Go into that house and Khim p'idi nang-sha gyute
buy some food : to d-tsi-chi nyoba sho'
Do you see many leeches Chhd pii-po nyok tsd audi
on this grass : tengkhd f o?ig-che-na ?
I am lame .• Ngd hang kyo be'
Do you see any leeches on Chhd pii-po dtsichi nge le­
my leg : dum tengkha t'ong-ga ?
How far can you walk : Chhd t'a ring-t'ung ka dzu
kyamba gyu ts'u-pe ?
Now it is time to halt : Ta-to ngal-so renpo tsii' be..
 [ 6g ]

ASKING THE WAY.

Whose house is this : Khim audi ke bo ?

What is the name of the Yults'o kyi ming kd mo ?
village :
Is that a temple on the P id i gompa gang tengkha
hill: di bo ?
Show me the way to Nga- Ngd-tong-ki lam di nga-lo
tong: ten nang
I don’t understand you .* Ngd chhd kd di hdmako
Say that again : Lok-te lap
^Speak slowly : Kulyu lap
Where is the bridge : Samp a ka-kha mo ?
To where does that road P 'id i lam di kd lo ?
go:
Is the path difficult : Lam-khd di khdkpo mo ?
It is an easy path to Namgd na lam di jam-tong
N am ga: du’
How far is it from here to Nai-le Tumlong san-te fd
Tumlong ? ring fung kd dzo mo ?
How far is it from Dorling-le Sargong-lo fd
Darjiling to Sargong ? ring fung kd dzo mo ?
Is it a long way to a Lachhung sdnte lam ring-
Lachhung : kyam bo 1
Which is the way : D i lam di kd mo ?
The village is near that Chhoide p'idi tsa-ne tong-
monastery : gu di dii
 [ 70 ]

Do you know the way to Chho-kyi gyu-she lam di

go ? she-sa ?
The path goes round the Lamkhd di gang kor kor
hill : ran chen d ii.
By which way shall I re- Lam kan-le lok-she bo ?
turn back :
I am going to the Je-lep Ngarang Je-lep la lo gyu-
pass : do 'in
Itis a district full of Yul rong-yul be’
ravines :
Where are you coming Chhd ka-le ong do mo ?
from :
Where are you going : Chho ka-khd na gyu do 'in
That is all deep snow : P id i khau-a ting-ring-po
kheli be'.

TH E W EATH ER.

The night is very dark : P ir u di nyogi noksu be'

Rain is going to fall : Chhabo bab she 'in
The rain will not cease Chhabo di taring chhe mi
to-day : ong
I see the mist rising : Ngd humpo di longpo t'ong
T h e ground is wet now : Sa di ta-to bong-bo du1
T h e rain will soon come : D i chhabo di gyoba ong
she 'in
Can you run quickly : Chho gyoba chong is'ug-ga
(or chhug-ga)
 C 71 ]

The pass is filled with La di khau-kyl kangbo bd

snow ;
I am sinking in the snow .* Ngdrang khau-kyi buna
fimbo bd
A man was killed down M aki kharid ki mi chik sc
there by a snow slip / bo bed
There is too much rain : Chhabo mam kyap-to ; nga
I cannot go out at ting-sang gyu mi ts'u-pe.
present :
To-day the sun will not Taring nyim shd she min be/
shine ;
When the rain ceases the D i chhdbo di chh'e-ne ngara
air will grow clear : saliva ong she did
The sun is very h o t : D i nyim di nyogi fsdpo bd
The sun will cause pain D i nyim di chho-kyi go nd-
in your head : sha suk kyap bd
There is no moon to­ TaringpHru dou kan de md’
night :
The wind is rising ; Lung di lang chen du’
Put wood on the fire : Shing mi-na fsuk
Shake the cloak w e ll: Chhdb-khebma zob-zob kyap
The wind is very cold : Lung di nyogi khydbo bd
The air will be mild at Ngd-ra di Narling zd jampa
Nar-ling ; ong she ’in
The ground is very w e t: Sd di mam p'ongpo bd.
 [ 72 ]

BUYING AND SELLING.

I want to buy some milk : Ngd um nyo go be'

These Lepchas sell eggs : D i Rong-pa di gongdo ts'ong
What will you sell me : Chho ngd-lo kan ts'ong she
bo ?
How much is the price ( Audi gong ka dzu mo ?
this :
What do you want ; Chhd kan go she bo ?
What have you g o t : Chho-lo kam bo ?
Nothing to-day : Taring kan de mi'. ''or)
Taring ?nipo :
I want nothing : Mingo (“ not wanted.”)
Do you sell tea, butter, Chhd cha, mar, ts’a ts’ongbo?
s a lt:
C m you get me any meat : Chhd ngd-lo ska f op tsug-ga f
You ask too much : Chho nyogi gong zhu do' in.
for) zhu chen du
Your price is very high : Chho-kyi rin di kyapo
be'.
1 cannot give that price : Ngd gong te p'in mi ts'uk.
That man is a rogue : M i p'idi kunchhe be'
1 will give you io rupees Ngd chho-lo tiruk chu-
for this book :I taniba p'in yong audi
chho di tonda le.
I want twenty rupees for Ngd di ten-Ve tiruk khe-
it : that is the exact chik go ; audi gong di
price ; ts'ampo be'.
 [ 73 ]

<k> away : I dont want the Long song: nga-lo chha-

thing : khd di mingo.
What have you got in this Chhd audi bakhu buna
bag : kam bo ?
Show me some other Nga-lo chhd-kha zhii-7na di
things : ten tang.
I want to buy a knife : Nga-lo ki-chhung chi nyo
go.
This is not a good goat : Audi rdma di lent mem be.
Give me two rupees for Ngd-lo tiruk nyi f i n tang
it : di tenle.
Have you any boots to Chhd ts'ong-khen hlam
sell : du’ bo ?
Give me another; Zhen-chi ngd-lo tong.
Are you a Wallung man or Chhd Wallung hi mi bo,
a Sikkim man : ya-men-ne Dai-jong k i
mi bo ?
Come again to-morrow : Ngd-ru lok-ti shok.
I want nothing to-day : Ngd taring kan de mingo.
I have not any money : Ngd-lo ngi'i kan de mi.
Have you any dried curd : Chho-lo chu atsichi do bo
( or yo’ga ?)
N o ; I have none : Men ! ngd-lo tsal-le mi.
 [ 74 ]

PREPARING AND EATING FOOD.

What have you got for Chho taring to-na kan fo p

food to-day : che ?
Make the water b o il: Chhu kii be’ me1
Make the fire burn brightly: M i di leba par zo\
Bring the fish in a basket: Nyd di tseo nd-sha bdk shok.
Bring the eggs : be care­ Gongdo di bdk shok : IT ip !
ful :
Bring some hot water now : Ta-to chhu fum chi bdk
nang.
Washing the ram pa stalks, Rampa khyu-ti, mi tengkha
put them in the soup- ki tsiim-ki sang-na hluk.
kettle on the fire :
Put tea in the tea-pot : Chd, chdmbing nd-sha kyap.
I do not want tea to-day : Ngd taring chd mingo pe.'
Will you eat tsampa in the Chho tsampa chd nydmbu
tea : sa she bo ?
Give me some bread: I Ngalo khu atsichi nang:
don't want pak (sops) : ngd pak mingo pe\
I shall dip bread in the Ngd khu di sha-ruk nd-sha
meat-gravy. pak she ’in
It is now time to eat dinner: Tato sum sd ren do.
Toast this meat at the fire : D i shd di ml dun-tu sdk
fy d .
Place the dishes on the Pakna so-so di chenfe
tab le: tengkha zhak.
These are me at-puflfs : Di-ts'o moknio be'
I shall eat rice this evening: Nga taring f i r u chum sd
she in.
Have you any : Chho-lo atsichi bo 1
Make the dumplings hot : Shurbu di ts'abo pe’ me'
I am eating dinner now ; Nga ta-to to (ox sum) sd do
go aw ay: in ; lok song ?
She cannot eat rice : M oi chum sd mi ts'uk be'
Shut your eyes; open your Chho mi-do tsum ; chho khd
mouth : gyang.
Pour the soup in the Tsum di p'urpa-na hluk.
bowls :
Give me the cup which is Chen-t'e tengkha karyo' di
on the table : ngd-lo nang tang.
Do you drink tea or b ee r: Chhd chhang fungdo bo
chd fung do bo ?
I do not like sugar in tea : Ngd cha-na kara kyap min
go pe.
Cover the ashes : bank up Mi-dak hap ; mi nyal zhdk.
the fire (lit: “ put the
fire to bed.” )
Call the servant to light Yo-ko di ke' kyap mi par
the fire : she lo.
 [ 76 ]

H O R SES A N D GU N S.

Is this a quiet horse : Td audi nyambu bo ?

Sir, it is : Lhd ; la-so. (or) Kusho, la
du.
Can it run quickly ; D i gyop chhong chhog-ga.
How old is the horse : D i td di-lo ka dzii som bo ?
It is four years’ old : Di-lo lo zhi ’in.
■ Give the horse its food : Td-lo ri-kyi to tong.
-Get bamboo leaves for Nyuk kyi ddmd fop td di
the horse : te7i-le.
Make the horse ready ; Td di fal-tik pey me\
Put on the saddle ; Ta-gd di gyap.
H ave you the whip : Chho-lo buiko diydp nyd’ ?
Have you the whip ; (less Chho-lo buiko di do bo ?
politely)
Bring me a warm coat ; Ngd-lo kolak fsapo chi
bdk shok /
'Where is my gun : Nge mindd ka-kha mo ? ' >
The gun-stock is dirty. Gu 7iidd di malebo be’.
Lengthen the stirrupstrap : Yob-fak di ring-kyam p ’ya.
Now, the other one : la-to, zhii-77ia-di.
Bring the powder : Be Medze bdk shok. Riko
careful: gyi?n !
Can you shoot with a Chho mindd kyap ts'u-ga.
gun :
There are tree-leopards in P id i gang di teng-kha sd-
that hill : ju k fop be\
 [ 77 ]

Come behind m e; don’t Nge se-lo shok; ur ma

make a noise : kyap !
That is a tiger-cat; it is P 'id i Zikmar di be' ; mam
very fierce. ngarpo be’.

S H O O T IN G IN T H E H IL L S.

See ! a leopard : Ta ! sa chi.

He went behind that Tak-kyi gyab-lo song.
rock :
Go softly like a snake : Byii dem jampo gyu !
Carefully ! Don’t cough : IT ip ! lo-cham ma kyap.
Stop ! Come back here : Khok ! ndi loke-te shok.
I have hit him ; Nga kho-lo tip die.
Give me the other gun ; Minda zhii-ma tong.
Take care ! He is coming Riko gyim ! kho nga chhok
at us : lo ong chen du'.
Beat the long grass : D i tsd ring-kyam di tip
tang.
Take your bamboo stick : Ri-kyi pd-shing bak song.
We must climb up this Gang audi tengkha dzek
hill ; g°-
I am going down the Nga ghad teng-lo gyuchen
kud : did.
Sit d o w n ! Wait till I Sa d ii! Nga ma ong sdnte
come : gii.
 [ 7» J

'When I fire rny gun, you Ngd mindd kyap-pa fang,;

run quickly towards chho nga-lo gyop chhong
me : song.
Wait here and watch : N a i kug-te dii.
'Yes, Sir, yes : Ka-sof kds.
A have seen some musk Ngd Id-wa t'ong-che.
deer :
'W nen? Just now ; Nambo ? Td-to, ta-to.
Is the ground firm ; Sa di takta bo ?
Do you see peacocks in Mdbja disa-chha au ii fong
this p a rt; chen bo ?
Wnat other birds are P'ya zhii-ma ndi kam bo ?
here :
-Go out of the way : Lam-khd long song!
Here’s my hat: Catch Audi nge shamo ; audi she /
it :

E N G A G IN G C O O LIE S.

.1 want twelve coolies iVgd-lo bctk khen chu-nyi go

(carriers) ; be\
You will need twenty for Chho-lo audem toi mam
so much baggage ; tonle khe-chik go she be\
.How much will each Bak-khen re-re-ika dzii bdk
coolie carry ; she bo ?
Thirty seers each coolie : Bak-khen re re-lo sir sum-
chu so-so.
Dossers and pack-cradles Tongma khur-shinggo she
 [ 79 1

will be necessary ; bring be' ; te-ts’o bdk shok.

them :
How much will you give M i re-re lo nyim di nyim
each man per day : di gong' kd dzii nang she
bo l
I will give wages and Ngdrang Id to f i n she'in.
food :
I will give each man four Nga mi-tso lo nyim di
annas a d a y : nyim di anna zhi re-re f i n
she 'in.
T h e custom in Sikkim is Shrol di Denjong-kyi anna
five annas: nga du\
Your load is light : Chho-kyi toi di yang-ke be.
This is not a heavy box : D i dom di jh i 77ipu mem
be’.
Lift up the box : D i dom di yd t’o
Load up that pack- Khurshing f i d i kal tong /
cradle :
Can this old woman carry Ge7n audi bak-khe7i chi detn
like a coolie : bdk chog-ga.
She can carry more than Mo-kl 771 i le hlako bdk
a man : ts 71k.
Where is your tie-rope ; Chho-kyi go-fd di kd-khd
7720.
Start now : make haste : Ta-to song: gyop fy d .
I shall want two mules : Nga-lo te nyi go nyi ’in,
Wait at the bridge until Ngd 77ia lep sa7i-te sa77ip<z
I arrive : di za gii.
 [ 8o ]

Wait at the temple until Chhd nga-lo ma fongsan-te-

you see m e : gompa di za gii.
You are an idle man : Chhd mi shailo (sJie-lo) chi
me\
You sleep all day : Chhd nyim-hyam nye bo e.
Lift up this packet on her Tse-o andi fu -ti mo-i gyap*
back ; lo zhah.
You are always sitting Chhd atang-mache sa die
down : chen be\

A N IG H T ’S LO D G IN G .

Where is the landlord : Na-bo di ka-na du\

I am the landlady ; Sir Ngdrang ?id-mo yin, ku-
Salaam ; sho, chha’ pe.
I want lodgings this night Ngd-lo nats'ang taring
please : piru di go nya.
S ir ; you are welcome Ku-sho ; chha pd zhii nyd.
Many thanks : T'u je chhe.
Where have you come Chho ha- na-le hlep che-na 1‘
from :
I have come from Dar- Nga Dorling-le hltp che.
jilin g :
I am tired : please shew Nga fang chhe po ’in ; nye-
the bed : sa di ten-nang>
Is there a bathing-tub : Chhu tumbe chi mo ;
T h e bed is very hard : Nye-sd ( or nya-fi) di nyogt-
takta be\
 [ 8i ]

The bed is not clean : Nye-sa khe ma kyap bo be!.

There is no other: Zhen dtsichi mem be\
There are lice— bugs— on D i tengkha d-chhd— deshi
it: — du\
Call my servant to light Nge yoko di ke kyap, mi
a fire : par-she lo.
Please shut the door ; Gom di tsum nang.
Shake the coverlet w ell: Khebma zob-zob kyap !
Give me a lig h t: Nga-lo chhu-mi p in tang.
What is the charge : Na-la ka dzii mo ?

5 6
 [ 82 ]

U P T O T H E D O N G -K H Y A PASS B E T W E E N
S IK K IM AN D T IB E T .

[Of all the passes from Sikkim into Tibet this one is the
most distant from Darjiling, being 78 miles therefrom in
•direct line; and is also the loftiest, having an altitude above
sea-level of 18,170 feet. Dr. Waddell states that the name
Dong-khy£ (signifying “ frozen wild-yak ” ) was given to the
Pass in remembrance of the fact that a herd of wild yak was
once frozen to death in crossing it. The route to Dong-khy&
La is to make first for the village of La-chhung, which lies
on the terraced flats of a wide open valley and consists of
about 100 wooden houses built on piles. The La-chhung
river, here some 40 feet broad, runs down from a branch valley
which opens to the N. W . 5 miles from the village. Ascend­
ing this valley, Yumtong, on a flat by the La-chhung and
11,920 feet in altitude, can be reached the next day. Thence
the way lies to Momi Samdong (15,362 feet), from which the
Pass, 7 miles to the N. E., can be gained in one march.]

La-chhung is a ■ warm La-chhung sa-chha tom-mo

place ; much . grass is be9; ts'd nyogi nai be\
h ere:
The place is damp and Sd-chha di bong-bo p'ya-ti,
fever arises : rong-ts'e chung ( li t : “ the
place making damp,
fever arises.” ,)
 [ 83 ]

We start to-morrow morn­ Ngaru gyu-she Hn ; pHp'u

ing * do not be late .• p'ya-ti ma ong (lit “ to­
morrow morning shall
g o ; making late don’t
come.” )
Bring the boxes out of Gum di nyuk-khim le bd
the shed : shok.
Tell the coolies to lift up Bak-khen-lo lap ; toi di yd
the loads : fo. (lit: “ say to coo­
lies ; lift up the load.”)
That man’s load is too PHdi mipo-i toi di nyogi
ligh t: yang-ke be\
Never m ind; that will do : Nang-ta mi; audi dik-she be'.
Now we start— quick, Ta-to gyu ts’ u-pe—gyop,
qu ick; gyop !
We shall quickly escape La-chhung tsen di-le gyop
from the La-chhung doi-she Hn
demon :
No matter the dem on; Tsen-lo mi f o k ; ri-dak shi'
are there any wild ani­ sa-chha di-lo do to bo ?
mals here :
Down here musk-deer D i men-lo Id-wa wok-dong-
and racoons ; up there kha bd ; pHdi yen-lo go-a
go-a deer and snow dharung sd be.'
leopards :
Now we turn up this val­ Td-to yon-lok-ki lung-pa
ley to the left, we shall audi lo kyok-ti, dam-
find much mud and sok dd chhu-pang mam
bog: ong-she be9.
The tree trunks are buried Dumpo di damparak tukpo-
in the thick mud : lo kung song zhe.
 [ 84 ]

Here the ground is dry ; N a i sd di katn-sa be'; audf

place the baggage on do lo khur-shing sho
these stones :
I must stay here for to- Ngd audip'iru nai do go ;
night; make a fire : mi par chik.
You can get rhododen- Chhd mi tonda-la tahpa-
dron-wood and dhali shing dhali chukma fo p
twigs for the fire; they chok; te-ts'u gyop ts'ik-
will burn quickly : she be\
Bring some more water; Dharung chhu bak shok /
is the fire burning mi di song-ngd ?
up:
It is very cold ; I will give Nam mam khyabo be';-
you each some tea from chhd re-re lo cha f i n
my pot : she 'in nge so'-sang-le.
Please give us the re- Nga-lo chaklii di so'sang-le
mains in the p o t; p'in tong zhu.
Why ; Oh, you want to Kam p'ya-te! a-la-la child
eat the tea-leaves : cha lo-ma sd go pe'.
We shall reach Yum-tong Chhu-ts'o sum gyap-lo Yum-
after three hours ; tong-na lep-she 'in.
Yum-tong lies on a flat Chhu tsakhd lep-lep-na
near the river ; there Yum-tong do to be'; p'l-na
are many flowers and mam mintok chukha
rhubarb and fir-trees : dunshing be'
We can remain in that P 'id i shing-khim-na do
hut ; the village is a ts'u-pe te-le dong-gu ta k
little distance from i t : t'ung-kyam be' .
See the steep cliffs above ; Diyen-lo gangsdr td shik ;
there is danger in this audi khim-na nyen-chem
shed: do 'in
 [ «5 ]

‘S lips of earth and rocks Sa tak rii gyel-ti kheli

will fall and kill us a ll : ngacha se she be’ .
If the rain falls much, Chhabo di m&m bap-nz, ril
slips will com e; there ong-she be' / ta-to chhabo
is no rain now : mem be\
I will stay in the shed to­ Ngarang p'iru di shing-
night ; I will not stay khim buna do she'in;
in the te n t: kur na do she min.
You coolies can lie down Chho, bak-khen-ts'u, fi& ki
beneath that rock over tak te-i wakna nye ts'uk
there; then the slips ne ; te ton-le ru-ts'u chhb
cannot fall on you ; teng khd hlum ma ts'u'pe.

What is the name of that Kang-chen-ki ri p'idi-i

mountain with the ming di kam bo ?
glacier :
Which mountain? Ri-ga kan ?
That one up there to the Yd-ki f i d i chang-lo; ngo
north ; it has a huge khd kangchen chhe di be'.
glacier on its side :
T h e name of that is Chan- P 'id i ming di Chdngo-kang
go kang : ser be\
'Many yaks graze at Yum- Yumto?ig-lo giinka-na yak
tong in the winter ; in mam so do be ; yarka-na
summer they are driven Momi Samdo?ig-lo dd
up to Mom£ Samdong : she be\
I will ride a yak up to Nga tdsong Momi tuk yak
Mome this morning : chi tengkha zhon-ti gyu
ong
It is time to go now ; see Td-to gyu renpo be'; to shik,
a snow-storm is rising : khd-tsup di lang-chcn-du.
 [ 86 ]

It is never fine up here; Diyen-lo nam di fang kdp

it is always snowing and namo min be'; kh&w
raining : chhd-bo atang-mdche bap-
chen-du'.
What huge boulders in Rong audi nd-sha p'o-long
this valley ; I have never chhe chhe be'; p'i-deni chhe
seen such big ones : di-lo na-mo fong ma che.
Now we must cross the Td-to chhu di gdl-ti do-rii
river, and ascend yon zdr-zar p'idi yd-te gyu go
steep slip of stones : pe\
These stones are from Audi do di ri-ki tsim-le
rocks which have fallen hlum-ki tak-le ong che.
from the top of the
mountain ;
It is bleakness itself in Kd-ru hlep che tong-pa nyi
this part we have got mo' be'; shingchi mem be',
t o ; not a tree, not a mintok chi mem be\
flower :
S e e ! there are two or To tang! p'a-ki shukpo
three tall juniper trees shing ring-po nyi sum be'.
juniper-trees over there :
Now we are nearing Td-to ngdcha Momi tsaka
Mome : ong do 'in.
At Mom£ is the meeting Momi-lo tsang-chhu sum ki
of three rivers ; do di be'.
There is a hut here with Shing-khim chi nai be' tang
plenty of grass for tsd mdm tundro tondd-
cattle : le.
From here I can see Di-na-le Dongkhyd Rt
Dongkhya mountain fong ts'u' pe, wonte L a
but not the Pass : di fong mi ts'uk.
 L 87 J

How long shall you stay Chhd laptse di-lo ka dzu

at the Pass-top ; sdnte do she mo ?
W hy? Kam p'ya-ti ?
If you remain long, we Nyok tui do ne, ng&chc
shall die from the sold tong-mo ki da ladug-kd
and from Pass-poison : shi-she 'in.
When will you return Chhd nam lok-she mo ?
back ;
Don’t bother me ! now Nga-lo duk ma pH ! Td-to
start; you are standing chho g y u k ; chhd lam-
in the middle of the buna long do du'
way :
Those peaks are very high : PHdi ri-tsim te mam fo be'.
Look up that valley to Nup-ki lung-pa-na ya-ki-lo
the west, that mountain to chik ! p'd-ki ri te t'on-
is the highest; it is sho be'; pHdi To mo Cha-
called To-mo Cha-mo, mo ser be', Kangchan-
on the east of Kinchin- gyau-ki shar-ngo-lo.
jhow :
We have come now to Td-to latsa-lo lungpa fama-
the last valley at the na hlep song zhe.
foot of the Pass :
See ! a storm is rising ; it To tang! ts'ubma langchen
grows dark ; the snow be'; nam mun-nak gyu
is beginning: do be'; khan di go-dzuh
to be'.
How quickly it comes. Gyop-gyop ong chen be /
Listen to the thunder : Druk-ke'-lo nyen chik.
And now the rocks are fal­ Td-to yang tak-iak di Mum
ling ; the mountains are do be'; ri-ts'u di re-re-lo
speaking to one another : lap to be'.
 [ 88 ]

W e will creep beneath Ngacha p'd-ki ftong-gi

yon boulder; it will wakna to p'e she 'in ; te
offer shelter: chhabyap p'in ong.
The storm has ceased ; it Ts'ubma di chhe song dn' ;
rises quickly and de­ di gyop lang-te, gyop nup
parts quickly; be'.
T he snow lies thick here ; Khau nai bomho be'; p'a-
and beyond are great kharu khekrom chhe
ice-blocks : chhe be'.
Now the river is frozen, Ta-to tsang-chhu di khek
and the water runs un­ song-ti, hheh-ki wakna
derneath the ice : chhu di gyun chen be'.
We can cross the river on Tsang-chhu di-lo gal ts'u'pe
that snow-bridge. khau-sam tengkha.
On the left that glacier is Yon-ngo-lo kangchen p'idi
very blue ; it is beauti­ mam ngombo be'-; dze-
fu l: pa be'.
Can we ascend the Pass ; La di teng-khd dzek ts'ug-
the snow is thickest at ga ; khau di Ld-kye-pa-lo
the waist of the Pass ; bomsho be; se-lo laptse-
afterwards at the top it na zimbu ong she be'.
will be thin :
Be careful of holes ; they Biang-ts'u riko gyim ; kap
are sometimes covered kap-lo khau kampu ki le­
with yielding snow : ts'u kab song du'.
If you see any yellow Chho mintok serp atsichi
flowers, do not pick t'ong-ne, te-ts'u ma druk,
them, do not smell ma num !
them :
If you smell them, the Chho-kl 7nintok num-ti,
Pass poison will injure ladug chho-lo mam no'pa
 [ §9 ]

you more and make kyap-ti chhd kyuk-she-lo

you sick : p'yci ong.
It is difficult to breathe Ta-to hu hu kyap-she ka­
now ; I am gasping, I le khdkpo be1; ngd hig-
am panting: hig kyap-to-be\ ngd hang-
do-be1.
I cannot speak ; my head­ Ngd lap mi ts'upe; nge
aches b ad ly; I am with­ go-na mam zuk be1; ngd-
out strength : lo hal me1pe\
But no matter ; it will pass Kalte nangta mi ; audi ha-
away : la gyuk she be1.
Here is the Pass-top; N a i laptse di yd1; p'dki
there I see the mani- ngd mani dobong fong
cairns : chok.

T E A C H IN G IN SCH O O L.

It is time to begin : Go-tsuk renpo be1.

You have come late to- T'aring chhd p'ip-na hlep
day : che.
Come in time ; don’t come Ts'u-na shok ; p^p^ p'yd-
late : ti ma ong.
When did you start from Khim-ne nam gyu song bo ?
hom e:
First we will offer prayers Tangpo, Konchho- lo mo-
to God : lam sal-she Hn ( or kyap-
she1in.)
Be silen t; shut your eyes : Kha tsnm; chhd mik tsum.
 [ 90 ]

Bring my chair : Nge gyd-fi bak shok.

You look very clean to- T a rin g chhd tsang mdm
day : tam-pe.
Your face and hands are Chhd khadong lak-ko tsok
dirty : be’
You ought to wash face Chhd nyim-atang khddong
and hands every d a y ; lakko khyu men ne chhd
and your whole body go-bo ts'angma di dilut'd
once a week : chig-bo.
Begin to say your lesson : Chhd chho-gyuk lap-she ki
go tsuk.
I have not learnt my Ngd chho-gyuk ma hlap-
lesson ; ngo che.
Say the Tibetan num- Pope angki di lap
bers :
Can you read and write : Chhd yige dok she da pi-
she-ga ?
Go on— take care : Lap— riko gyim.
What do you say : Chhd kan lap-to ?
I don’t understand you : Nga chhd ke di ha-md-ko.
You speak too loudly ; Chhd ke bompo kyap be’
Don’t make such a noise : Ur audem ma kyap.
You are always laughing : Chho atang-mdchha gau be'.
Does he know ; say it Kho she'-kd; lokti lap.
again :
Who is this little g irl: Audipum chhung kd mo f
She is my younger sister; Mo nge num be’
Where did you learn to turn Chhd ka-kha hlap boy le-zhu
round the handspindle : di kor kyap-she t
 [ 9i ]

When I learnt to turn Ngd-kl le-zhu kor kyap-she

round the hand-spindle, hlap-bo gang-lo ngd pum
I was a very little g irl; chhung chhung 'in.
Last night I had head- Dangp'iru ngd go nd zhe.
ache ;
I am sorry you are i l l : Sent duko be’, child nd-o-le
I cannot leave my book N a i nge chho di zhdk mi
here; ts'u-pe.
I cannot let you go home Ngd chho-lo khim-nagyu mi
until you have finished chuk, audi tsi ma ts’ar
these sums : barpo.
Do you like to learn Chho chho-gyuk hlap-ngo
lessons; go be-kd.
If you will not learn, I Hlap-ngo ma ong-ne, ngd-kl
must beat your hands chhd lak-ko dd gyap tip-
and back ; she go-pe.
Don’t trouble me like this : Ngd-lo au-dem duk ma p'i.
Let me see your sum : Chhd tsi ta chuk
That’s enough; now you Audi dik-ke ; ta-to chhd gyu
may go : ts'u-pe'.
Who teaches you at Chho lap-ta-lo ke-kyl hlap-
school : to ?
Our head-teacher being Ngdchi lopon bomsho di
sick, has obtained nd-tif gongpo tang zhe.
leav e;
Our third master has re- Ngdchi lo-pon sumpo di lok
turned ; he is teaching hlep zhe; kho td-to hlap
now. to be'.
When will you return to Chhd lap-ta-na nam lok she
school: bo ?
 [ 92 ]

'Read this sentence care- Lo-gyu audi rik-rik dok.

fu lly :
Spell the letters of these Audi tsik-ts'u-ki yige chih-
w ords: chik lap.

T A L K ON R E L IG IO N .

Shall we have a chat on Ngdcha chhoi-ki lapchhd

Religion : kyap she bo t
We both have faith in Chhorang, ngarang, nyi-ka
God : Konchho-lo de'pa zin zhe.
There are not many Gods i Lha-ts'o mangbo mem be'.
You speak of Konchho; and Chhd audem lap-to— kon-
we will give that name chho ; ngdcha tarung ming
to the One True God : te tab she'in Ihd ngotok
chikpo-lo.
You worship Shakva T ’ub- Chhd Sh&kya-fup hi kurim
pa calling him Buddha ; kyap-to Sang-gye ser-ti;
1 worship the One True ngdrang Konchho ser-ti
God calling him Kon­ hid ngotok chikpo-i kurim
chho : kyap-to-in.
There is only one God : D i Konchho di chikpo khar-
kyang be\
There is none besides that Konchho te man-na min dul
God :
•God made everything : Konchho-kl kheli zo zhe.
God made the things of Konchho-ki namkha-i chhd-
Heaven and earth : kha jik-ten-ki chhakha
zo zhe.
 [ 93 ]

God is king of the world Konchho jik-ten-ki gydpo,

and Protector and gov­ gompo du'-ti, te-lo gyur.
erns it :
God is like a father to us : Konchho yap chik dem bd
ngdcha tonda-le.
Christians call Him “ Our Ngdchi yap— ft idem Mdshi-
Father ka-pa-po ser.
God pities us when we Ngdcha duk-ngal rakii^Kon-
are in trouble : chho-le nying-je du\
We a sk ; then he gives Ngacha-kl shu-wa tab-tiy
h elp : roram ter she be\
Jesus Christ came from Ye-shu Mdshika forl-ne
Heaven to tell us about p'ep che Konchho-ki Ion
God: bak ?iang-she ton-le.
Jesus Christ came to say Ye-shu Mdshika p'ep song
where man are to go du\ audem she' pe tonle:
on d yin g: mi-ts’u shi-ne kdru gyu-
she be\
Jesus Christ became a Ye-shu Mdshika kye-bo chik
human being and dwelt gyur-tijikten- 7ia zhu do
in the world : be\
He came upon the world Kho jikten tengkha chung
to speak tidings from zhe, Konchho kyi Ion ser-
God: ?iyi.
Christ told men of another Jiktzn zhen chi audi jikten
better world than this di le lent be; p'i-dem
present world: Mdshika-i sung song zhe.
When we die we shall Ngdcha shi-ne, ts'e sarpo chi
enter a new life in namkha buna fop nyi in..
H eaven:
 [ 94 ]

We shall not enter another Audi jikten di tengkha, nga-

body in this world : cha pumpo zhen bu-na
gyu ma ong.
We shall not be born again Ngacha ts'e zhen ton le ndi
here for another life as kyu-she min, semchen-ki
one of the six classes of rik tuk le pungpo chik
animated beings : buna.
We shall not be born again Ngdcha cholsong p'ya-i ro-
in the bodies of beasts na tang kyu chung she
or birds : min.
Jesus Christ was killed for Ye-shu Mdshika se' po be'
you. chhb to'nda-le.
He died to make payment Khorang shi song zhe, chhb
for your sins : kyon-ki lu-rin p'in-khen-
ki ton-le.
All are pure & good in Namkhd nangsha kheli
Heaven ; and you may dakmo yakpo be'; chho-
not enter there because rang ngempo ma dak yo 1
you are evil and impure : pe, teru zhuk ma ts'upe.’
But Jesus offered his life Onte Ye-shu ri-kyi sok sal
a ransom to redeem all jh e, dikchen mi kheli lu-
sinners. na lu-tsap.
Thus He cleanses your P idem chhorang-gi semnyi
soul from impurity; and kyuk-do-le khyu■ ti. Kon-
God lets you enter Hea­ chho-gl chhb namkhd bu­
ven : na gyu chuk.
I believe in Jesus Christ: Nga Ye-shu Mashika-io yi-
chhe do 'in.
Alas ! you do not believe ; A-tsa-ma l chhb y i mi chhe-
so.
Pray to God to shew you Konchho lo molam kvap
 [ 95 ]

the real truth ; tang chho lo empa ngotok

di ten-nyi.
Christ is the true thing Mdshika di nga-wo kho
and He died as substi­ rang di be'; kho yang mi
tute for all : t'am-che k i ts'abpo shi
song.
Buddha became a good Chomdende mi lem chi chung
man; but he never ob­ song ; kalte nd-mong ga-
tained happiness. mochen top ma che
You reach happiness when Chho-kyi dikpa di sdl chung
your sins have been ne chho ki gdmochen dub
forgiven : song.
 [ 96 ]

T H E L O R D ’S P R A Y E R IN D EN JO N G K E
C ho-oi M onlam.

Namo ngachi Yap ! Nyi’rang ting-sang namkha-f

nasha zhu be’. Nyi’kyi ming di dambu ser go-pe’.
Nyi’kyi gye-si gyop p’ep she gong tang ! Namkha-i
nasha nyi’kyi ka-gyur di dub-te ; p’idi dem jikten-na
nyen she go-pe’. Nge to-za nyim-re di ngd-lo nyim-
tang-nyim p’in-tang. Mi-ts’o-ki dak-lo no’pa kyal-ne
te-ts’o-lo zb’pe ; audi dem ddk-ki dikpa s£l p’ya sollo l
Ng£-lo dikpai ts’o zung-khen di raa nang. Onte
ngempo-le ngd-lo tol n y l Gye-si, wangbu, r£kchenr
kheli nyi’rangchen du.’— Amen.

M ISC E L L A N E O U S SE N TE N C E S.

Will the Raja grant ad­ Gye-po di h i diin-lo gongpa

mission to his presence: nang she bo ?
My wife is dying : Nge mobi di shi dap be\
What is the name of that Gang-tse f i d i k i ming ka
peak ? de'su ?
What is the use of that F id i tarchho di k i kho kan
flag? do ko ?
That woman wears a long Pnm audi kya hlow-wa chi
plait of h air: kiln chen du\
What is the use of putting Lak-koi tengkha fung di
the shell on your hand: chhuk-te, p'ento kam bo ?
 [ 97 ]

Paint worn by Tibetan Tiii-ja.

women on their cheeks :
Shell worn on wrist: T'ung-khd.
Long plait of hair worn : Kya hlow-wa.
Charm round n e ck : Sung-bu.
Hand-spindle : Le-zhu.
Dandi bearer (of Darjil- Dandi bak-khen.
ing) :
A China-man : Gya-nak-pa; or Gyd-mi
Cholera: Nyd-lok.
Revenue Superintendents Ka-zi ( Bka-gzigs).
of the twelve districts
into which Sikkim is
divided :
Village head-man: P'ipdn.
The Raja or ex-king of Gye’po.
Sikkim :

»»
 III.

S i k k i m - B h u t i a

V ocabulary.
 [ 101 ]

E n g l i s h - S iic k im V ocabulary.

Able to, is ts'u'pe Another zhiima ; zhen-chi

Able, to be ts'uk she, chok Ant gyoma
she Any atsichi
Above (adv.) yd-te, ya-ki Apple debu
Above (prep.) yen-na Appointment
Accident galkyen Arm lang-nga
Accompany, will nyambu Arrange for ! che' hang
gyu-she be' kyap !
According to dem Arrangement che' kang
Account of, on ton-le (Hind : bandobast)
Across fe-lo Arrive, to hlepshe
Afraid, he is she' che?i be' As dem
After gyap-le Ask, to dishe
Afterwards se-lo Assemble, to ( intrans. >
Again yang-char ts'okshe
Ague rongts'e Assist, to ro-be'she
Air nam Attack, to zingshe
Alive is sombo Avalanche khdrit
All khe-le Avoid, to che'tangshe
Alone chig-bo Axe tepo
Always dtang machha (pa)
Ancle pulongmo Back, the gyap
Angry zhe-dang Back (adv.) lokti
 [ *02 ]

Backwards gyap-gyap-lo Bell tilbu

Bad malep Belly ku-chhal
Bag gyep, bdkhu Bend, to kug-kuk tongshe
Bake, to byupshe Beneath wdkna
Bamboo vessel pddiin Bent, has been gum kyap
Bank (of river) chhu-dam zhe
Baptize, to fu i solshe Best, the chhok
Bark, to hdb kyapshe Better lent dhdrung
Barley ne Between hrakna
Basket tse-o Big boiupo
Basket for back gdde- Bird p'ya
chikmo ; ts'dktse Bird, little fich h u n g
Beast, any tundro Bit (horse’s) sap-chak
Beat, to tipshe Bitter kyur-ru
Bed, to go to nyesd buna Black ndkpo
gyushe Blanket mesen
Bedstead nya-fi Blood khyak
Bedding nyd-chhd Blue ngombo
Beetle burp a Body (dead) ro
Before kenle Body (living' zuk
Beggar pang-go Book chho
Begin, to go-dzukshe Born to be kyushe
Beginning, the goma Bottle shel-bum
Behind se-lo Bow dd
Believe, to sent de'pa bd- Bowl (or cup)fiorpa :
she Box dom^ gum
 [ ]

Boy potso Cat alii, shim

Brandy don-rak Catch to she’-skc
Breathe, to hu kyapshe. Cavern tak-p'uk
Bride a pagma Chain chdk-t'a
Bridle (horse) to sap kyap­ Chair gya-fi
she Cheap nye-po
Bring, to bdk nangshe Cheese chu
Broth tsilm Child pugu
Bucket (bamboo) sem China gyd-nak
Buckwheat drao Choke, will kiim ghd-she be*
Buddha Sang-gye Choose, to damga tangshe
Burn, to ts'ikshe, sekshe Churn, to chu kyokshe
Burnt, has been sek song Circle round, to kor-kor
zhe gyushe
Bury to baishe Claw dermo
Butcher shempa Clean tsangm keho,
Button tokchi Clean, to make tsang khyu-
Buy, to nyu-nyi she
Cloth (cotton ^re-gd
Cairn (on Pass-top) do- Clothing ko-lak, dum
bong; foyor Cloud trin
Call to, to ke kyapshe Coat ko-lak
Candle ts'ildong, mum- Cold khyd-bo, kyangmo
dong Cold, is khyab me'
Carrot Id-p'u-ser Colour ts’on
Cash (money) ngu Comb, a so-mang
 [ io4 ]

Com e to ongshe Dark, it is nam noksup

Companion lam-rok be'
Conscience pye-chhd Daughter pum
Consequence of, in tonda- Day nyim
le Day, all nyim-kyang
Contract, a chhe'-yik Day, every nyim-nyim
Cook, a sd-pon Dear (costly>kyapo
Cook, to soshe Deep ting ringpo
Coolie bak-khen Delay, to p'ip'u pydshe
Correct ts'ampo Die, to shishe
Cough, to lunyi Difficult khakmo
Count this ! gyangka tang Dinner su?n
Courtyard tangra Dirty tsok, te-khd
Cow bd-lang Dish derma
Crawl, to p'e-fte-she Dismiss, to gongp'ok tang-
Crevasse kang-serkhd she
Crops tdn-fok Divide, to sha-shd-su tang-
Cup (china) kdryo she
Current (of river; chhu- Do to, pydshe
gyiin Doing, ispyd do
Cut, to toknyi Done, has been zo che
Cut off (chop\ to tok tang- Done, is (finished) jom
she song
Door gom
Damp be'chen Downwards mdr
Dangerous nyenchen Drag, to tenshe
 [ io5 ]

'Drink, to fungshe Face khddong

Drive, to da-nyi Faith sem-lo depa
Drive them dd tang Fall, to hlumshe
Drowned, will be ts'upti Far, how fa ring-fung
shi ong ka dzii mo ?
Dry kam Fasten, to chingnyi
Dry, to kam pyashe Fat 'of meat) ts'illu
Dung (horse, &c.) chd Father dp'o
Feel, to sem rakshe
Ear namcho Fence rau-d
Ear-ring d-kor Fern kye-ma
Early ngdru Fever rong-fse
Easy lapo Fight, to dzingshe
Eat, to to sd she Find to fopshe
Eatable to sa-chok Finger dziim-mo
Edge, on the sur-ka Finished, it is ts'&r song-
Egg gongdo zhe
Empty tong-po Fire mi
End fama Firm sdrten
Engage, to borshe Fish nyd
Enough, is dik Flag tarcho
Evening fliru Flower mintok
Everywhere sd kheli Fog humpo
Explain, to shepa tangske Follow, to gyap-Ie gyushe
Expenses kya-go Food to-ze
Eye mi-do Foot kangpa
 [ io6 ]
For (you, it, &c.) ton-le Gold ser
Forget, to jeshe Good lent
Freeze, to khek gyushe Goose hdngtse
Fresh sarpo Government zhung, jong
Frighten, to jik-ta kyapshe Grass tsa
From off tengkha-le Great chhe
Frost khek kholma Ground sd
Frozen, is kholma ton song Guide lamkhen
Full tei?i-tem Gun minda
Full, is kangbo-be’ Gunpowder midze

Game (wild) ridd Hail ser-do

Get, to fop she Hair kyd
Getting, are you fop do bo? H alf p'ye'ka
Girl pum Hammer fo-a
Give, to ftinshe, nangshe Hand Idko
Give up, to tangshe Hang up, to zhifshe
Given, was p ’ tn song Hard tdkya
Glacier kangchen Hat sham
Glass shel Head go
Go, to gyushe Head (chief) bomsho
Goat rdpo Hear, to nyenshe
G od Lama Konchho Hearth fap
Going, I am gyu-do ’in Heaven namkhd
Going to, was dap song Heavv jhimpu
Goitre shdmen Heel kang-ting
 [ I07 ]

Hill-spur gang Into nangshd

Hold, to zinshe
Hold fast she me’ nyd I Jackal kipchang
Hole, a bupa Jar dzdbum
Home khim Jesus Yeshu
Honey rangtsi Join, to ja r she
H oof mikpa Jump, to jongshe
Horse td
Hot ts'dbo Keep, to (retain)dzinshe
House khim Kernel sign
How much kd dzii-mo t Kettle sd’?g
Hungry tok-ri Key kulik
Hut chilbu, dzi-kor Kick, to dung-gyak tangshe
Kill, to se’-she
Ice khek, chhdbrum King gyepo
Icicle kangjhau Knife ki-chhung
Ice-field khek-fag Know, to sheishe ; ngo-
111 am na-o-in sheishe
111, are na-o-le Know, do you shei-kd ?
111, am not na-o-mi
Image (idol.) ku-ten Ladder kerkha
Important to-gal Lake chho
India Gyd-gdr Lamb lugu
Ink nak-ts'd Lame, is kang-kyo be'
Insect shik-bu Lamp d'-kor
Inside buna 'postp.) Land-slip sa-rii
Language ke' ; hhd. Living, is he do yd bo l
Late, (you) are p'ipna Load, a tot
hlep che Load, to p'dpshe
Lazy lo-chen Long fd ringpo
Learn, to hlap-goshe Look for, to ts'olshe
Leave go tang tang ! Loosen, to hlo'she
Leave fa thing), to zhdk- Loudly bompo
she Love, to nyingpo pyd-nyi
Leave, to obtain gongpo
tangshe Maize hdndzom
Leech pilpo ; simp a Make, to pyashe, zoshe
Leg ledum Man mi
Lesson chho-gyuk Many mdm
Letter chhdh-ri Market he'
Lie, a hd Marriage, a nyen
Lie down, to nyd-ti kyap- Mat ten
she Measure (amount), to sher
Lift, to helshe kyapshe
Like, do you gai-e-ha t Meat shd
Light, to pars he Meet, to tang t'ukshe
Light (not dark') fang Messenger hun tingkhen
hap Midst of, in the bu-na
Light (in weight) ydng-ke Middle, in the hiltu
Little, a dtsi-chi Milk dm
Little chhung Miserable duk-nge-chen
Live (dwelb, to do*she Mist humpo
 [ io9 ]
Money ngil Nun ani
Month dau
Moon dau Offer, to pinshi
More hlako Oil marnak
Morning, in the forang-lo Old man gep
Morrow, to forang Old woman gem
Mother dmo Once, at lamsang
Mountain ri Once len-chik
Mouth khd Only chiko
Move, to nurshe Open, to p'ishe
Mule ie Orange tddlump a
Must go-pe Our ngdchi
Outside pang-kha
Name ming Over there p'ina
Near tsdkd. Overcoat chhupa
Necessary, it is go-pe
Nettle shd-tsd Pack-cradle khurshing
Night tden Pain zuk
Night, to audip'iru Paint id bn
Noise ur Pan (flat) lang-nga
None tsal-le mi Pant, to buhak kyapshe
Not at all kybn-ne me’ Paper sho-gu
Nothing, is kart di mi Pass (mountain) Id
Not, is mem be’ Pass over, to gdlske
Now td-to Pass-top laptse
Number angki Peak kang-ri ; tsim
 [ no ]

Pen nyigu Quietly kulyu

Petticoat skamko Quite tsdwa-ne
Piece a chhddutn
Vigp'dkmo Radish l&p'u
Pillow tt-nge Rain chhabo
Place sa-chha Raining, it is chhdbo bdp
Place, to zhdkshe to
Place down, to p'apnyi Raise, to fushe, zhengshe
Plain a fang Rat dzdtsi
Plane, a bn-hlen Ravine bi-tangkha
Plate (of tin 1 a fd li Read, to dokshe
Pointed peak zoktse Ready fel-tik
Poison duk Real ngo; ngiine
Post office yfkkim Receive to, lenshe
Potato kyiu Redeemer kyapgon
Pour in, to hlukshe Reins (or bridle) sap-fak
Price gong Remains (of food) hlakma
Prop (for back) kuptek Resting-place lamtek
Pull, to denshe Resting-crutch ngd-tek
Puppy dyo Return, to lokshe
Push in, to tsuknyi Rice de
Put on, to kelshe Right tsampo
Put into, to hlukshe Right, to the ye-vgd-na
River tsang-chhu
Quarrel, a ts'arpok Rock tak
Quickly gyop-gyop Rock-shelter tak-kyip
 [ III ]

Room khang-mik Sheers jemtse

Rope ta-ko Sheep luk
Rule, to darnyi Sheep-fold luk-kor
Rude chheluk ngempo Shine, to shashe
Run, to chkongshe Shoot, to mindd kyapshe
Rupee tiruk Shoe hlam
Short fu n g
Saddle gd Show, to lenshe
Saddle-cloth gd hep Shut, to tsumshe
Salt t'sa Shuttle (in hand’ le-zhu
Sand pema Side ngo
Saviour kyapgdn Sin dik
Say, to lap she Sinful dikchen
School lap-la Sing, to lu kyap-nyi
Scissors gyimtse Sink, to nupshe ; t'imshe
Seal fetse Sky namkha
Seat, take a ten-lo zhu Slip, to gyelshe
See, to tdshe Slope tof ravine) kat, ke'
See, go and td song-nya Slow gorpo
Sell, to ts'ongshe Sl owly kul-kul
Send, to tang-nyi Small chhung
Sentence lo-gyu Smell of burning shur-di
Settle the matter cht-hang Smells, it nam do be'
be' me'! Smooth jampo
Shade, in the dibma lo Snake byu
Sharp no So p ' idem
 [ H2 ]

Soap sdbon Stone do

Softly kulyujamtong Storm ts'upma
Soldier mdkmi Stout gyakshd
Some dtsi Strap b o-fa ; go-ta
Snow khau Strong she' chert
Son pu Sugar chema kdra
Soon gyop Sun nyima
Sorry, am— is sem duko be’ Sweep, to f ala dashe
Sort, what kadem Sweet shimpo
Soul, namshei
South hlo Table fentse
Speak, to lapshe Tail shu-gu
Spectacles, snow mik-da Take, to zirtshe
Spider bagrak Take away ! bdk song /
Spit, to fu kyapshe (with Take off! fu /
to = on, at.) Tax tot
Spread, to tingshe Tea chd
Spring, a chhu-mik Teacher lopon
Spur (horse) tingchdk Tent kur
Stair-ladder kerkhd Thanks, many fu-je-chhe
Stamp (postage) chhd-gya Thick bompo
Stay, to gushe Thief kunchhe
Steep zdrpo Thin simbu
Stick, &per-kd Thirsty, am komri song
Stirrup yop-long Throat mi-ko
Stomach to-kok Throw, to kyapshe
Throw away, tojyungshe Upon, on tenghha, kh&
Thunder duk-ke’ Use, what kam p'ya do ?
Thus audem Usual, asp'aldem ; f unden
Tie, to tdkshe
Time, it is ren do bd Wages p'ok
Tired fang chhepo Walk, to
To-day taring Wall tsik-kor
Toes dzilmmo Wanted, not mingo
Top, the tsim War mak-fap
Touch, to doshe Wasp potum
Trader tdongkken Wash, to khyushe
Trading place ts'ong-sa Wash it ! khyu tang!
Traffic tdon^kha Watch ! gii-ti-do !
Tree shing-dong Water chhu
Trousers torma Way lam
Trunk dumpo Weak bektd ; kampu
Tub tumbe Wear (put on), to kon-nyi
Turban u-fong Weather nam
Week diin-trd
Valley lungpa Well, a chhu-dong
Well, are you ku kham
Understand, to hagoshe demo bo ?
Unfasten, to gvotshe West nup
Uncle (maternal) d-shang Wet bongbo or pongpo
Until sdnte (verb in Wheat gyo
negat.) Wherefore kam pya-te ?
8
 [ 1 14 ]

White kap Yak, milch zomo

Whole, the kkeli Yak, wild dong
Why karnbe’ ? Yak (general term'1yak
Widow yu-sdmo Yak 'male, half-breed)
W ife mobi
Winter giinka Yellow serp
Within bu-na Yesterday dang
Wood jking Young shon
Work le-ka Youth shon-nu
Write, to pishe
IV.— A ppen d ices.
 C "7 ]

M a m m a l ia of S ik k im .

N ame of Species D enjong K e ’ L epcha

Macaque Monkey of
Nipal (Macacus oi-
nops)
Himalayan Macaque Tyu
(Macacus Assamen-
sis)
Hanuman Monkey Manu
(Semnopithecus entel-
lus)
Himalayan Langur (S. Td Sd-hu
schistaceus)
Bengal Tiger (Felis Gya-tak Sd-fong
tigris)
Indian Leopard (Felis Zik Syi-chak
pardus)
Snow Leopard (Felis Sd Sa-chak
irbis)
Clouded Leopard (Felis Shing-zik or Sd-chuk
macroceloides) Zik-nak-
kkyd
Marbled Tiger-cat (Felis Zikmdr Dosal
dosul)
Temmink’s Leopard-cat) Pungmar
(Felis aurata)
 [ 1*8 ]

N am e o f Spe c ie s D en jo n g K e * L epch a

Fishing Cat (Felis khu- Dam-zik

pya)
Leopard Cat (Felis Sd-juk
pardichroa)
Isabelline Lynx (Felis Yi
isabellina)
Larger Zibet (Viverra Sa-flyung
civettoides)
Tiger Civet-cat (Prio- Zikchum Su-lyu
nodon pardicolor)
Paradoxurus Nipalensis Sd-chum Sacchum
Nipalese Mongoose Nolle
(Herpestes pallipes)
Crab-eating Mongoose Arva
Indian Wolf (Lupus Chang-ku Chang-gu
laniger)
Jackal (Canis aureus) Kipchang
Silver Fox (Vulpes alo- Am Womo
pex)
Wild Dog (Cuon pri- P'archang Sdtum
msevus)
Indian Marten (Martes Hu-nya Sd-ku
flavigula;
Beech Marten (Martes T o u fi
toufsetls)
Tibetan Polecat (Putori- Shiilp’ i
us larvatus)
 [ ” 9 ]

N ame of S pecies D enjong R e’ L epcha

Ermine (Mustela ernai- Shram-kur

nea)
Himalayan Weasel Temong Sang-king
(Mustela subhema-
chalana)
Striped Sikkim Weasel Temong
(Mustela strigidorsa) Khya-o
Pale Tibetan Weasel Semong
(Mustela temon)
Hodgson’s Nipalese Ld-kyimo
Weasel (Mustela
Kathiah)
Ferret Badger (Helictis Wok-kar
Nipalensis)
Tibetan Badger (Meles Gyumpo
leucura)
Clawless Otter (Aonyx Chhu^sham Sa-ryom
leptonyx)
Himalayan Otter (Lutra Chhu-sham Sd-ryom
aureobrunnea)
Him liny an Racoon Wokdong- Saknam
(Ailurus ochraceus) kar
Brown B ea r; var. (Ur- Dom-khaina Sdmo
sus isabellinus)
Blue-black Bear (Ursus Dom Sona
torquatus)
Sikkim Hedgehog (Eri- Gang-zerma
naceus gang)
 [ 120 ]

N am e of S p e c ie s D en jo n g K .e ' L epch a

Short-tailed Mole ( Talpa Byu-kang- Pur-ayam

mi crura) kyem
R ed Marmot (Arctomys Chhi-p'i
caudatus)
Yellow Marmot (Arcto­ Kardi-pyu
mys Tibetanus)
Grey Tail-less Rat (Lago- Gomchhen
mys Chumbiensis)
Chestnut Tail-less Rat Zabra
(Lagomys Nipalensis)
Tibetan Water-rat (Nec- Chhu-puse Ung-halok
togale elegans)
Sikkim Water-shrew Chhu-fitsi Ung-lag-nyu
Chimarrogale Hima-
laica)
Sikkim Brown-toothed Ting-jing Tang-zhing,
Shrew (Sorex Sik-
kimensis)
Hodgson's Shrew (Sorex P'i-chhung
leucops)
Blyth's Sikkim Shrew Zd-tsi
(Sorex fulginosus)
Long-tailed Shrew (So­ Jukring-isi
rex macrurus)
Brown Musk Shrew La-tsi
(Sorex saturation
Hodgson's Pigmy Shrew Tsi-ki
(Sorex Hodgsoni)
 [ 121 ]

N ame of Species D enjong K e’ L epcha

Bamboo Tree Shrew Shing-ting- Rung tang-

(Tupaia ferruginea) jin g zhing
House Rat (Mus Asia- P i-tsi Kdlok
ticus)
Common Mouse (Mus Tsi-tsi
musculus)
Sikkim Squirrel (Sciurus Jagma
rubus)
Slatey-backed (Hare Rigong
(Lepus oiostolus)
Indian Porcupine (Hys- Zikmong
trix Indicus)
Sikkim Porcupine Pi-durma
(Hystrix Denjon-
gensis)
Wild Elephant (Ele- Lang-po-chhe Tyangmo
phas Indicus)
Tibetan Stag (Cervus Sho-a Sa-ving
Wallichii)— now ex­
tinct here.
Hodgson’s Antelope Chiru (or
(Kemas Hodgsoni) Tso’
Thar Deer (Hemitragus Gya Sa-chi
jemlaicus)
Ravine Deer (Procapra Go-a
picticaudata)
 [ >22 ]
N am e of S p e c ie s D en jo n g R e ’ L epch a

Gooral Deer (Nemorhse- Ra-go* Sa-gyeng

dus goral)
Serow Deer Nemorhse- Seru Sa-tyo
dus bubalinus)
Barking Deer (Cervulus Ka-khur Sd-ka
aureus)
Musk Deer (Moschus La-wa Sd-bur
moschiferus)
Ibex (Capra sakeen) Kin Sa-pyuk
Burrhel Wild-sheep Napu and
Ovis nahura) Nd-o
(M a le ; Zo-
Tame Yak (Poephagus fo
grunniens) j Female : Zo-
[ mo
Taurus Indicus : Bachu
Tsangpa P o n y : Walwa
Sikkim Pony : Tanghd
 [ 123 J

T O P O G R A P H Y OF SIK K IM .

(including D arjiling and D alingkot .)

[In this list L = Lepcha derivative, B = Sikkim-
Bhutia ditto., R. = river, M. = mountain, P. == pass,
S. P. = snowy peak, V. = village or hamlet, G. =
gompa or monastery; numbers denote altitude in feet
above sea-level.]

Alibong*: [L. “ the mouth with a tongue ”] real

name of Lebong spur near Darjiling where new can­
tonment stands.
Alokt’a n g : [B. d-lok or ha-lok overturned or
broken up, fa n g a plain or meadow] a flat strewn
with fallen boulders in valley at S. E. base of Kabru.
Ba'damtam : [B. tam (gram) marsh, pddam of
bamboos] a place near Darjiling where formerly the
large Dendro-calamus bamboo grew.
Ba'khim : [B. pd-khhn “ bamboo-cane house ”] a
halting-stage on Tendong-hill.
Ba'm-ts’o n g : [B. “ cattle s a le - p la c e H o o k e r 's
Bhomsong] a flat with V. in the deep Teesta valley
due E of Mainom Ri.
Ba'm-Ts’o : [B. ba cattle nits' o a lake] lake on-
new northern frontier line between the Kongra-lamo
and Dongkhya P.
 [ 124 ]
B a r -n y a ' R i : [B. “ Burnt-neck M.”] according
to Dr. Waddell the real name of Barmi.
B a r-p ’y u n g : [B. “ where the lesser bamboos
'(py'ung) have been burnt ”] a V. at the foot of the
Rag-lang P. in south Sikkim.
B a rfo n c h e n : [really Bar-fyung-chen with same
meaning as preceding name] halting place in pine-
forest near Cho La.
B h ed i : [B. Sbed hidden sde spot] place between
Darjiling and Sandakphu.
B u x a ': [B. gross misnomer for Pa-zam-kha “ fac­
ing the rattan-cane bridge” ] 18ooft., plateau 6 miles
from Bhutan border where wing native reg. is sta­
tioned. Includes fort and large Bhutia V. Lat. 26°
50' N. long 89° 36' E. in Julpaiguri district.
B y u - t ’a n g : [B. “ snake flat” or “ mole-mea­
dow ”] place for halting near Yak La.
C a ts u p e r ri G. : [B. Kha-ts’o’-pe-ri (mka-ts'od-
pal-ri) “ the glorious hill which measures (or searches)
the skies ”] a G. on lofty hill where is a large lake,
alt. 6,485ft. near Yoksum and the Ratong R.
C h a 'C h h u : [B. “ Bird river” or perhaps Chhak
C hhu ; “ Broken R ” from its abrupt curves] affluent
of Tung-gu R. in extreme north, fed by glaciers of
Kinchenjhow.
C h a n g a c h e llin g G : [really. Sang-gye-ckkoding;
 [ 125 ]

B. “ the abbey of the doctrine of Buddha”] a large-

gompa near Pemiongchi.
Changokang : [really Jhyango Gang “ the eagle’s
crag”] a lofty M. 20,250ft. visible far down the
Lachhung valley, rising near Kinchenjhow.
Cheungtong or C hoongtam : [really Tsun-
Fang, B. “ the lady’s plain” ] an alluvial flat formed by
the junction of the Lachhen and Lachhung R. above
which is the G. of the same name, dedicated to the
lady patroness of Sikkim, Dorje P ’agmo, and contain­
ing curious pictures of Lhasa.
Chhum babLa: [B. “ falling water pass”] a P.
into N ip al; 17,100ft.
Chhumbi : [B. probably Chhu-fyi “ at the back
of the waters”] narrow district of Tibet protruding
south between Sikkim and Bhutan.
Chidam : [B. dam the bank, chi (spyi) at the
highest point] a bold spur, above the Great Rangnyit
R., facing Darjiling from which it is distant some
20 miles N.-E.
Cho L a : [B. Jo nobleman la pass] 14,670ft. P.
into Chhumbi, 10 miles N. of Jelep La.
Chomiomo M. : [B. probably Jo-yum-mo “ lady
mother” hill] rises on extreme North-West frontier;,
22,000ft.
Chomsering G: [B. really* Jo-gser-ring G.
 [ 126 ]

■“ gom paof the tall yellow lord”] situated N.-E. of

'Kalimpong in Dalingkot sub division.
Daling’k o t : [B. mdd arrow, gling isolated spot,
.kot (bkod) plan or “ part marked-out” and hence
“ district” ] a sub-division E. of Darjiling, annexed
from Bhutan in 1865. Fort of same name.
Dalling* G : [B. really D orling & name identical
with Darjiling] is an old Buddhist estab. 10 m. due E.
of Pemiongchi.
D arjiling : [B. Dorje-ling “ the isolated spot” or
“ abbey” of the “ sacred sceptre”— a branch of Dor-
ling G. having formerly existed on Observatory-hill.
Another derivation is: Dar-rgyai-gling, sounded
dargyeling “ the place of Indian silks” ] the well-
known hill resort.
Dikiling G : [de (bde)kyi (skyid) bliss, ling
{gling) spot] high up near confluence of Roro Chhu
and Rangpo Chhu.
Dik Chhu : [B : Dek (rdeg) Chhu “ the beating
-or kicking R .” ] a R. of steep gradient rising in Gipmo-
chi M., Bhutan, and joining the Teesta.
Dongkhya L a : [B “ frozen wild-yak pass ”]
P. of 19,500ft. in N.-E. corner; also name of M. on
N. side of pass, 23,174ft.
Do-tsuk : [B : “ the stones thrust i n ”] proper
 [ 127 1
name of “ the Bhutia bustee ” below the Chaurasta at
Darjiling. Has a small G, newly re-built.
Dubdi G : [B. dub (sgrub)-de (sde) “ centre of
'meditative attainment ”] ancient estab. with 2 temples
on spur above Yoksum, in W. Sik.
Dumsong : [L. “ white stockade ”] 2 stages from
Kalimpong, but off main track.
Dulapehin : [B. dolapchen “ the talking stones ”
or “ stones which speak ”] the 3rd stage before
Gnatong.
Enche G: [B. “ tongue of solitude ”] near Gangt’ok.
F o lu t : [L. “ toothed heights ” or fok-lut “ de­
nuded heights ”] P halut; the well-known summit on
Singalelah range— ‘excursion spot.
Fuse'ring*: [B. Phu-tsi-ring “ long-measuring up­
per-valley ”] the valley between Lebong and Birch-hill.
Gant’ok : [B. fok pinacle sgang of the ridge]
at present the seat of government where the British
resident lives. On new road to Jelep La.
Ghum : [really dgung “ the middle ” ; also Ghum-
pahar, B. and Hind, really gungpahar “ the middle
hill ”] large bazaar with G. and railway station 4 m.
from Darjiling.
Ging*: [B. sgying “ a sloping plain ”] a V. with
tea-gardens near Darjiling. Has a new G. with paint­
ings on its walls.
 [ 128 ]

G natong : [European misnomer for Ndkfangv.

B. “ forest plain ” ] the military station made use of
in recent war and since retained as garrison for
British troops.
G ok : [B. “ a deserted place ”] an old out-post
above the Ramam R.
Hee Hlo : [L. “ hill of arrival ”] a summit, 7290ft.
15 m. N. N. E. of Darjiling.
Iehe : [B. really I-chak or I-chak-kha “ where this
was broken ”] a V. adjacent to Oche.
Islumbo La : [B. yVslumpo La “ the pass decep­
tive to the mind ”] a P. into Nipal, 11,000 ft., some
12 m. N.W. of Hee Hlo.
Jallap ah ar : [Hind. “ the burnt hill ”] the south-
ern portion of the Darjiling ridge.
Jelep La : [B. Dze-leb La “ the flat clay P.
the well-known P. into Chhumbi beyond Gnatong,
14,388 ft.
Jannu R i : [B. probably Jo-nub “ the western
lord ”] a snow-clad peak seen from Darjeeling, to
the left of Kinchenjunga. It stands in Nipal, sepa­
rated from the latter M. by a broad deep valley;
25,304 ft.
Kabru Ri : [B. “ the carved ” or “ chiselled'
pillar ”] 24,015 ft. S. P. really part of Kinchenjunga.
Kabur M .: [B. perhaps sku-spur “ the dead
 [ 129 ]

body ” or k'epur “ neck and body ” ] the smaller and

nearer peak ^15,827 ft.) as seen from Darjiling; con­
fused with Kabru.
Ka'limpong : [B. Kaldmpung\\.Q. spungXhe as­
semblage bka-blon of chief officers] a Church of Scot­
land mission-station; also head-quarters Forest dep.
K a n g c h h e n d z b n g a ': the proper pronunciation
of the name Kinchenjunga the Anglicised term for the
great mountain of Sikkim [B. Gangs-chhen-mdzod-lnga
“ the five treasure-chests of the great snows; ” L.
Kanglo-chu “ the highest curtain of the snows ” (Dr.
Waddell; ; styled Khambu Karma by Sikkim-Bhutias]
45 m. from D arjiling; worshipped by Lepchas and
Bhutias; 28,156 ft. at highest peak.
Kangchenjhou Ri: [B. Kangchen icy gyao
beard— “ the M. with the icy beard ”] a lofty flat-top­
ped M. on northernmost frontier fringed with re­
markable glaciers and gigantic icicles.
K an g-la-n angm a : [B. “ The Inner Snowy
Pass”] gives access over southern shoulder of Kabru
into Nipal.
K o n g r a -la m o L a : [etymology uncertain ; may
be Skongra slamo La “ the Pass with the easy hollow
enclosure ” or kyong-ra Mama La “ the P. of the lama
with the protecting horn ” or again Skong-ra lamo La
“ the easy P. with the hollow horn ; ” or kyong-ra may

9
 [ 130 J

imean “ a shelter ”] a P. lying across the top of the

‘L achhen valley; accessible and much used for
traffic between Sikkim and Tashi-hliimpo in Tibet.
Kung-gol hlo : Lepcha name for Jallapahar or
irather for the whole ridge on which Darjiling and the
latter cantonment stand. Waddell derives it : “ hill
o f the fallen tree, ” so called because, inclusive of
Birch-hill and Lebong, this ridge resembles a pros­
trate tree with its protruding branches on either side.
Should be Kung-klo-hlo.
Kup’up La : [B. sku “ holy body ” p'u “ valley-
tead ”]
K u rseong : [L. really Karsong “ winding stock­
ade ”] populous place on Darjiling rail-road.
Lachhen : [B “ great pass”] the valley and river
running S. from the Kong-ra-lamo P. and eventually
joining with the Lachhung R. to form the Teesta or
Rang-nyo Chhu. Rises in Cholamo lake, Tibet:.
There is a G. of same name in valley.
Lachhung : [B. “ little pass ”] river rising in the
heights about the Dongkhya P. and flowing S.-W. to
Cheungtam where at the low elevation of 5200 ft. it
unites with the Lachhen to form the Lachhen-Lach-
hung Chhu, styled Rang-nyo and Teesta further
south. V. and G. of same name.
Laghep : [B. bla-gyap “ the upper back ” or “ be-
 [ I3 I ]

'hind the pass”] a resthouse on a narrow spinal ridge

>en route between Tamlong and the Cho La.
L e b o n g : see ante Alibong*.
Lam teng*: [B. lam-stengil above the road” ] a
V. overhanging the Lachhen.
L a p -e h h y i-k a n g * : the Tibetan name of Mount
Everest in Nepal.
L i k - h l o : [L. “ the hill that calls ”] otherwise
“ D 2; ” lofty peak of 22,581 ft. due N. of Pandim, not
visible from Darjiling.
L in g’Cham : [B. gling -tsam “ almost a sacred
spot ”] V. below Changa-chelling G., the seat of a Kazi,
L u 'n g tu : [B. rlung mthu “ power of the winds”]
a hill 12,612 ft. 36 m. from Darjiling. Often Lingtu.
M ain om Ri : [B. ma mother num younger sister]
duplex peak 10,637ft. about 12 miles due N. of
Tendong.
M ah a ld i U ng*: [L. “ the river moving in cur­
ves ”] the Lepcha name for the Mahanaddy of the
Dooars, which as seen from the hills takes a sudden
bend to the right; hence so termed in contrast to
the Rang-nyo Ung or “ straight river ” (Dr. Waddell.)
M o m e S a m d o n g : [B. “ bridge-village for men
and women ”] a lofty grazing station on the Lachhung
river— a zam-grong or village with bridge.
Mon Lepeha: [derivation obscure] the long
 [ !32 ]

spur running S.-E. from the so-called Kabru peak- of

Kangchhenjunga, 13,080 ft.
Namchi G : [B. really Namshi “ foundation or
support of the sky ”] near Tendong hill.
Narsing M. : [B. really Na-seng “ the up-lifted'
nose” ] a S. P. 19,000 ft. seen, as to the right of
Pandim, from Darjiling.
N akuLa: [B. “ nose P. ”] a P. of 17,000 ft.
5 m. N.-W. of Chomiomo M.
N am fok : [Nam-p'>uk “ cavern for the night.”] a
halting place in the Teesta valley beyond Tendong.
Nobling* G : [B. really Nubling,; the ling or isolated
sacred spot of the west] a large G. in west Sikkim.
Nongang G : [B. “ the hill pressed down ”] a
temple built on a flat above the Teesta with a large
lake beside it.
Oche : [B. really O-chak-kha “ where that was
broken, ” so called in apposition to Iche or I-chak-kha
“ where this was broken ”] a place near Iche.
Pacheem : [L. really Pashen-bong “ tree-fern
knoll ” ] rest-house on a spur of 7300 ft. between
Kurseong and Darjiling.
Pandim M : [B. “ image of glory ”] a lofty S. P.
near Kangchenjunga.
Pang-gO La : [B. “ beggars pass ”] P. of 9000 ft.
into Bhutan.
 [ i33 ]

Pedong : [B. Pyi-grong “ the outside town ”]

!R. C. mission station on Bhutan border 13 m. beyond
Kalimpong.
Pemiongehi G : [B. really Pema-yangtse “ lotos-
flower offering-bowl ”] the largest monastery in Sik-
ikim, lately re-built. Once the capital.
P h a lu t : see Fo-lut.
Phodang G : [B. “ Palace G.”] temple and G.
at Tamlong.
Phenzong G : [B. “ the render of benefits ”] a G.
inear Tamlong.
Powhungpi G : [B. really Payong-ri G.] monas­
tery N. of Dubde G.
Pyung-gang : [B. “ bamboo hill ”] ridge above
the Ra-t’ong river.
Quiche La : [B. really Kukchak La “ the broken
•crooked pass.”]
Rabling G : [B. “ most excellent tin ?” ] a mo­
nastery known often as Rating.
Ra'klang La : [B. brag-lang “ rising rock ” ] a
small P. over the range which divides the basins of
the Teesta and Great Rangnyit rivers.
Ramam Chhu : [B. “ demon’s horn river”] rises
in Nepal.
R a n g -n y it : [L. “ the double stream”] real name for
•■ the two rivers known as the Great and Little Rangeet.
 [ *34 ]
Rang’-bi Ung : [L. Rangbik “ split stream ”]
rises on Nepalese range, joins G. Rang-nyit.
Rang-nyo U ng: [L. “ straight-stream water”]'’
the Lepcha name of the Teesta.
Rang-rong Chhu : a cocky feeder of the Rang-
nyo.
Ra-t’ung Chhu : B. [“ river where goats drink ” ]
rises in the glaciers of Kangchenjunga and Pandim,
and joins Great Rangnyit.
Rhinok : [B. Ri-nak “ black hill ”] large bazaar
on line dividing Dalingkot from Independent Sikkim,
where the trade-routes to Tamlong and Chhumbi
bifurcate.
Rishi La : [B. Ri-gzkigs la “ pass of the crumb­
ling hill ”]
R y o tt : [L. Ri-yot “ unrestrained ”] Lepcha name-
for the Dek Chhu.
Sab u rkam : [L. Sdbur “ musk deer ” kam
“ cliff”] on the Singalelah range, 11,684 ft .; between
Sandakphu and Phalut. ^
Sakkiazong: [B. “ Shakya’s castle”] ridge be­
low Phalut along Nepalese frontier.
Sandakphu : [B. bsam-brag-fu “ upper-slope of
the rode of meditation ”] point on Singilela range,
11,929 ft., 36 m. from Darjiling.
Sat’ong : [L. Satong hlo “ tiger hill ”] hill beyond
 [ >35 3
Senchal overlooking large tract. 8514 ft. Sometimes
“ Sitong.”
Sedongchen : [B. “ having spruce trees ”] rest-
house Kalimpong-Jelep route.
Senchal : [L. Shin-shel hlo “ misty damp h ill”]
name of hill facing Darjiling also (erroneously) of G*
T. Survey station beyond Tiger hill.
Sibu L a: [B. really Silbu La “ chilly pass”] .
P. into Tibet near Chango-kang.
Singalelah : [L. really Sing-li hlo “ hills in a
net work”] name of peak 12,329 ft. and also of whole
range separating southern Sikkim from Nepal.
Simonbong’ : [B. really Samarbong “ knoll of
red earth ”] name of hill and small G. a few miles W*
of Darjiling.
Singdong’ : [B. Seng-ge dong “ lion’s face ”] knoll'1
on Bhutan-Sikkim frontier 2116 ft. above Teesta
river.
Sinon G. : [B. gzigs-mnon (pr. si-non) “ seeing, he;
suppresses”] a G. on ridge between Dubde and Tash-
iding G. Dr. Waddell explains that here Pema..
Jungne, the saint, saw demons and kept them down
hence the name.
S i v o k ; or S i - lo k - v o k : [L. Sil-e “ wind-blast,
lok “ excessive, ” vok “ simultaneous”] the ravine
whence the Teesta flows forth, into the plains. „
 C 136 ]

; Sonada: [L. Sona “ a bear ” da “ d e n ”] station

on railway above Kurseong.
Taklung* or Tatung*: [B. “ valley of rocks”]
valley with moraine in N.-W. and G. of same name.
Takt’ung Chhu : [B. “ drinking from the rocks
Tiver ”] a rocky tributary of the Lachhen.
Takvop : [L. “ fish-line and hook ” (Dr. Wad­
dell) ] sloping ridge descending from Darjiling to the
Lesser Rangnyit river.
Tallum Sam dong : [B. Tah-hlum Samdong
41bridge-village of the fallen rocks ”] a V. of stone
hovels in the upper Lachhen valley, with a bridge,
11500 ft.
Tamlong*: [L. “ stones on a smooth place ”] the
nominal capital of Sikkim where once the Gye-po
dwelt. Several G. and large population, 6290ft.
Tanka La: [B. Tang-dhar{pr. Tang-kar) “ white
p lain ”] a P of 16,000 ft. into Chhumbi 10 m. S.-E.
o f Lachhung G.
Tashiding* G. : [B. full nam e : Tak-kar Tashi-
ding “ soaring luck on the white rock ”] the most
ancient G. in Sikkim with 3 handsome temples on
low hill 5 m. E. of Pem iongchi; many chhortens
here.
T eesta : [Sansk. “ Three currents ” pace Wad­
dell] the Bengali name for the great river of Sikkim
 [ 137 ]
after it emerges on the plains. In its upper course
the Lachhen-Lachhung; in south Sik. the Rang-nyo.
Tendoilg: [L. properly Tun-rong “ uplifted
horn ” ] the well-known peak, 8676ft. bearing N.N.E.
of Darjiling, with which is connected the Lepcha
tradition of the Flood.
Thlonok : [L. properly Hlo-nok “ black hills ”]
mountainous lofty district in extreme N.-W. with R.
of same name affluent of Zemu Chhu.
T*i La : [L. “ arrival pass ”] P. between Hlonok
and Zemu valleys.
T’i-ZOg*: [L. “ abode on arrival ”] V. on N.
tributary of Taklung Chhu.
Tingbong*: [B. “ round behind ”] V. in Taklung
valley.
Tingchum : [L. “ little plain ”] V. near Tamlong.
T’okeham : [B. “ glistening sum m it”] S. P.
19,470ft. above Lamteng.
Toko L a : [B. really Tokgo La— from btog rent
off* mgo head] P. within Sikkim, 7 m. S. of Jelep,
leading to Bidang lake.
Tomo-Chamo R i : [B. famo-chydmo “ spotted
female bird ”] the eastern peak of Kangchen-
jhou.
T o n g -lu : [either L. tong-blu “ ridge for halting, ”
or B. Itong-lugs ipr. tong-lu) “ that which is indent­
 r
L 138 ]

ed ”] well-known height due W. of Darjiling distant

10 m. in bee line, 23 m. by path, 10,025 ft-
T u kb ru m : [B. properly Takbrum “ rocky
pim ple” ] near Tamlong, on Teesta.
Y an g 'p u n g ’ : [B. “ the precipice heaped up ”]:
25 m. W. of Dubde G. on Nepal border.
Y oksu m : [B. “ three servants ”] a sacred spot
near Dubde G.
Y u m to n g : [B. Yumt’ang “ lady-mother plain ”]:
in Lachhung valley.
Y um ehho La : [B. gyu turquois mts'o lake] inner
P. between Zemu and Taklung valleys, near lake of
same name.
Z em u C h h u : [B. really Zas-mo or “ clayey”]
lengthy R. in extreme N. W.
Zem u Sam d o n g*: a “ bridge-village ” (zam-grong)
on the Zemu.
 [ 139 ]

LEPCH A W ORDS AN D P H R A SE S.

[The Lepcha -tongue or Rang K e ’ is spoken by a large por­

tion of the original inhabitants of Sikkim, and is essentially
unrelated to the Bhutia or any Tibetan dialeft, though certain
Denjong words have been imported into its vocabulary. A
few useful words and sentences are given below; the sentences
being rendered both in the Lepcha (marked L.) and in the
Sikkim-Bhutia (marked B.) languages. Those vowels ia
Lepcha words marked long are strongly prolonged.]

Good : aryum Woman ; fa-ayu

Bad : ajan Child: ong; akup
G reat: atim Father ; Abo
Sm all: a chum Mother : dmo
Heavy ; dllm Elder brother : anum
Light : dkyang Elder sister : dnom
Hot : d-hritm Dog : kaju
Cold : d-hyang Horse : on
Old : dru Cow : bik
New : dl House : ll
Straight : dnang Mountain : hlo
Much : ndm Tree ; wood : hung
Little : kam Fire : mi
Dear : agyap Snow : sa-nong
Cheap : ke-ma Stone : long
Man : mi, mdro Head : fydk
 [ Ho ]

L eg : dying Trowsers : tomo

Hand : ka Hat : tuktuk
Sun : tsuk Boots : t'ong-shuk
Bird’s nest : fo-shap Temple : hld-gong
Meat : man Heavy load : bu dllm
E g g: d-ti; fo-ti A lw ays: shukna
Oil : nu7?i When ; where : sat'd ;
Potato : bilk saba ?
Bread ; khu Who ; what : to ; shu ?
Honey : athu Can you : khu-a ?
Butter ; mor Is it far : marum d 1
Soup : tuk-tak Go now : alang no-o !
Tea ; cho I can g o ; go nong
Arum-root : sung-krl khu
Dry fu e l: shang son Yes : akma ; go-pa
Shirt : pahok No : mine

The horses are good : L. On-pang ryu bam

B. Ta-ts'o lent be'
I will ride on horse-back : L. Go onplang t'ul-sh'
B. Nga ta-kha shon-ti
gyu-ske be'
Where are you going : L. Ho sabd nong-shang-
d?
 rL 141 ]

B. Chho kana gyu-do-

bo?
I am going to Ging : L. Go Ging-ka nong
bam
B. Ngd Ging-lo gyu do
9in
Where have you come L. Ho sa-nun f l
from ; B. Chhd kana-le ong bo
nya ?
We shall arrive to-mor­ L. Kayu luk-hd fl-sh 9
row : B. Ngdcha forang hlep
she 9in
My father is dead : L. Kdsu abo mdk non
gum
B : Nge ap9o shi song
zhe
What do you w an t: L : Ho shu gat shang-
d?
B : Chhd kdn go-do-bo ;
What is your name : L : Ado abrydng sa-lo
go? _
B : Chhd ming ka 7n bo ?
Is it far or near to Jelep L : Zelep La kd marum
Pass : athol-a ?
B : Jelep La lo fa-ring
fd-fu?ig 7710?
Come here ; go there : L. Abl d l : aba no-o !
B. N a i shok ;p'inagyu !
Please come here to-mor­ L. Luk-ka abl dl le
row : B. T ’orang nai ong
nang
 [ 142 ]

Can you see a large bird L. O fan g fo dtim shim

up there ; khu-d
B. Ya-ki f t yd chhe ton g
ts'u-ga
What is the bird’s name : L. Fo dbryang sa-lo go ?
B. P y e ming kd de su ?
Bring me some butter­ L. Tdm-blyok dflik bu
flies : d ll
B. Pemalep atsi bdk
shok I
Bring milk, rice, a fowl : L. Nyen, zo, hik bu d l!
B. . Um, chum, khimp'ya
bdk shok ?
Put water in the bamboo L. Chonga-ka ung tap
keg : B. Pddiin-na chhu hluk
You cook the food : L. Ho dzom zuk
B. Chhd sdma ts'o
Cook the fish at once : L. Alang-do ngo zuk
B. Tato 7iyd ts’o
I am hungry : L. Go krit-dak gum
B. Ngd tok-ri be’
Are you hungry : L. Ho krit-dak go
B. Chho-lo tok-ri b&
I am not hungry n o w ; L. A tang go ma krit-
but I shall be soon : dak ne go-rung
anye go krit-dak
sho
Who is he ; who is here : L. Hu to g o ; dba to
nyl-a ?
B. Kho ke 7uo; ndi ke
du'
 [ i43 ]
Don't do that (this; : L. Are ma mat nun !
B. Audi ma zo !
Don’t do so (like that) : L. Ore-zang ma mat
nun !
B. P'idem ma zo !
D on’t make a noise : L. Ma jo k kun !
B. Ur ina gyap !
LW e will start at day-break : L. So-song-ka jeng nong
sh'
B. Nam lang-ti gvu she
’in
T h e night is cold : L. Nap mo hydng gum
B. P 'iru di khydb me’
What are you doing : L. Ho shu mat tung go ?
Spread the rugs beneath L. Obi kam sa-gram
that rock over there : dum rdng-fo
Place it near the fire : L. M l zut fo
There is water in that L. Ore fok-ka ung nyl
hollow :
•Go as far as the tree-fern L. Pashen tet no-o !
How much is the sheep : L. Luk afar satet ?
B . Luk gong ka dzii mo ?
It is very d ear; it is old : L. Agydp ku gum ; dru
gum
Much snow has fallen on L. La-ka sa-nong mo
the Pass ; klo nong
B. Ld-lo khau mam
hlum che
This is a steep place : L. A re rung-dop gum
B. Audi zar-kyam me’
 C 144 ]
The ice is thick on the L. Ung-kd chu nyakka
river : gum
B. Tsang-chhu tengkhd
khek bompu be’
Who is there : L. Obd to go ?
Who are you : L. Ho to go ?
Is it n e ar: L. T o l go ?

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