PHYSICS PROJECT 2024-25

INDEX
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

 INTRODUCTION TO SELF INDUCTANCE

 EXPERIMENT

 APPLICATIONS OD SELF INDUCTANCE

 BIBLIOGRAPHY
PHYSICS PROJECT 2024-25

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am grateful to my respectable [Link] insightful

leadership and knowledge benefited me to steer out this
project successfully.
Thank you for your continuing support for my important work
in this field!

I would also like to underscore the dynamic efforts of the

teamwork and their expert advice and contributions to the
preparation of this report.

Regards,
CHETHAN T
 INTRODUCTION

What is self-inductance?
•When an electric current is passed through an insulated
conducting coil it gives rise to a magnetic field in the coil so
that the coil itself behaves like a magnet.
•The magnetic flux produced by the current in the coil is
linked with the coil itself.
•As the strength of the current in the coil is changed, the flux
linked with the coil also changes. Under such circumstances
. an emf is induced in the coil too. Such emf is called a self-

induced emf and this phenomenon is known as self-induction.

 AIM:-
 To study the factor on which the self inductance of a coil
depends by observing the effect of this coil, when put in
series with a resistor (bulb) in a circuit fed up by an A.C.
source of adjustable frequency.

APPARATUS:-
 A coil of large turns, a.c. source of adjustable
frequency, an electrical bulb , (6V) a.c. ammeter of
suitable range rheostat , a soft iron rod, one way key,
connecting wires etc.

THEORY :-
 Self inductance is the property of a coil which
opposes the change in current through it. The self
inductance of a coil (long solenoid) is:-
 L= µ0 µrN2A/ l
 Where µr, = Relative magnetic permeability of
magnetic material,
 µr = µ/ µ0
 N = Total number of turns in solenoid
 A = Area of cross-section of solenoid
 l= length of solenoid.
 Hence, the self inductance depends upon:
1. No. of turns (N), LαN²
2. Geometry of coil, LαA, L α(1/l)
3. Nature of core material, Lαµ

 When an inductor is connected in series with a resistor

(bulb) with a variable source of frequency, then current
flowing in the bulb is
 Irms = Erms/Z
 Where, Z = √ R2 + ω2 = Impedance of the a.c. circuit.
Here
.  R = Resistance of the bulb
 L = Self inductance of coil
 ω= 2πf = Angular frequency of a.c. source

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
 PROCEDURE:-
 Make all connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
 Switch on the a.c. supply & adjust the current in the circuit
by using the variable resistor (Rh).
 Record the current in a.c. ammeter & seethe brightness of
bulb.
 Now, put the soft iron rod inside the conductor core &
record the current in a.c. ammeter & again check the
brightness of bulb. The current & brightness both
.
decreases.
 Now, switch off the supply & decrease the frequency of
a.c. source (say 50 Hz).
 Again switch on the supply & adjust the current in circuit at
same constant voltage 6 V by using the rheostat. Note the
current in ammeter & brightness of bulb. The current &
brightness both will increase.
 Again insert the iron rod in the core of coil & note the
current & brightness. The current & brightness both
decreases.
 Repeat the steps 5, 6 and 7 for different frequency of a.c.
source.
 OBSERVATIONS:-
 Least count of ammeter = 0.05 A.
 Zero error of ammeter = 0 A.
 Range of ammeter = 0 – 5 A

[Link] Frequency of Current in Current in

applied voltage ammeter ammeter with
(Hz) without iron rod iron rod in coil
in coil (A) (A)
1. 60 2 1.8
. 2. 50 2.5 2.3
3. 40 2.9 2.6
4. 30 3.4 3.25
5. 20 4.1 4

RESULT :-
 The current in the circuit decrease on inserting the iron
rod in the core of coil at constant frequency of applied
voltage & brightness of bulb decreases & vice-versa.
 The current in the circuit increases on decreasing the
frequency of applied voltage & vice-versa. Therefore,
the brightness of bulb increases.
 PRECAUTIONS :-
 The coil should have large number of turns.
 Current should be passed for a small time to avoid the
heating effect.

SOURCES OF ERRORS:-
 The resistance of circuit may increases lightly due to
heating effect of current.
 There may be eddy current in soft iron coil.
.
 Applications of Self-Inductance
There are many applications of self inductance, one of the
major ones being a tesla coil,

What is a tesla coil?

A Tesla coil is a radio frequency oscillator that drives the air-

core double-tuned resonant transformer to produce high
voltages with low currents.

To understand better, let’s define what is a radio frequency

oscillator. Primarily, we are aware that the electronic
oscillator is a device that produces electrical signals of either
a sine wave or a square wave. This electronic oscillator
produces signals in the radio frequency range of 20 kHz to
100 GHz, known as a radio frequency oscillator.
Tesla Coil Working Principle

This coil has the ability to produce output voltages up to

several million volts based upon the size of the coil. The
Tesla coil works on a principle to achieve a condition
called resonance. Here, the primary coil emits huge
amounts of current into the secondary coil to drive the
secondary circuit with maximum energy. The fine-tuned
circuit helps to shoot the current from primary to secondary
circuit at a tuned resonant frequency.

Tesla Coil Circuit Diagram

This coil has two main parts – a primary coil and a
secondary coil, with each coil having its own capacitor. A
spark gap connects the coils and capacitors. The
functionality of the spark gap is to generate the spark to
excite the system.
 Tesla Coil Working

This coil uses a specialized transformer called a resonant

transformer, a radio-frequency transformer, or an
oscillation transformer.

The primary coil is connected to the power source and the

secondary coil of a transformer is coupled loosely to
ensure that it resonates. The capacitor connected in
parallel with the transformer circuit acts as a tuning circuit
or an LC circuit to generate signals at a specific frequency.
.
The primary of the transformer, otherwise referred to as a
resonant transformer steps up to generate very high levels
of voltage ranging between 2kv to 30 kV, which in turn
charges the capacitor. With the accumulation of massive
amounts of charge in the capacitor, eventually, breaks
down the air of the spark gap. The capacitor emits a huge
amount of current through the Tesla Coil (L1, L2), which in
turn generates a high voltage at the output.
 Oscillation Frequency:-
The combination of a capacitor and primary winding ‘L1’
of the circuit forms a tuned circuit. This tuned circuit
ensures that both primary and secondary circuits are
finely tuned to resonate at the same frequency. The
resonant frequencies of the primary ‘f1’ and secondary
circuits ‘f2’ and are given by,
f1=1/2π√L1C1 and f2=1/2π√L2C2
As the secondary circuit cannot be adjusted, the
moveable tap on ‘L1’ is used to tune the primary circuit
till both the circuits resonate at the same frequency.
.
Therefore, the frequency of the primary is the same as
the secondary.
f = 1/2π√L1C1 =1/2π√L2C2
The condition for primary and secondary to resonate at
the same frequency is,
L1C1= L2C2
The output voltage in the resonant transformer does not
depend on the number-of-turns ratio as in ordinary
transformer. As soon as the cycle begins and as the spar
sets up, the primary circuit’s energy is stored in the
primary capacitor ‘C1’ and the voltage at which the spark
breaks down is ‘V1’.
W1=1/2C1V12 Similarly, the energy at the secondary
coil is given by, W2=1/2C2V22 Assuming there is no loss
of energy, W2 = W1. Simplifying the above equation, we
get V2 = V1√C1/C2 = V1√L2/L1 In the above equation,
the peak voltage can be achieved when air breaks down
do not occur. The peak voltage is the voltage at which
the air breaks down and begins to conduct.
 Advantages/Disadvantages of Tesla Coil:-

The advantages are

 Allows uniform distribution of voltage

throughout the winding coils.
 Builds up the voltage at a slow pace and hence
no damage.
 Great performance.
 The use of 3-phase rectifiers for higher powers
can offer tremendous load sharing.

The disadvantages are

 Tesla coil poses several health hazards due to

high voltage radio frequency emission that
includes skin burn, damage to the nervous
system and heart.
 Involves high costs in buying large DC
smoothing capacitor.
 Construction of circuit consumes much time as
it needs to be perfect to resonate.
 Applications of Tesla Coil
At present, these coils do not require large complex
circuits to produce high voltage. Nevertheless, small
Tesla coils find their applications in a range of sectors.
 Aluminium welding
 Cars use these coils for the spark plug ignition
 Created Tesla coil fans, used to generate artificial
lighting, sounds like music Tesla coils in
Entertainment and Education industry are used as
attractions at electronics fairs and science museums
 High vacuum systems and arc lighters
 Vacuum system leak detectors
1) What do Tesla coils do?
This coil is a radio frequency oscillator that drives a resonant
transformer to generate a high voltage at low current.

2) Can a Tesla coil charge a phone?

Nowadays, smartphones are released with built-in wireless
charging, which uses the principle of a Tesla coil.

3) Is Tesla coil dangerous?

The coil and its equipment are very dangerous as they
produce very high voltages and currents which cannot be
ensured by the human body.

4) Why do tesla coils make music?

Generally, this coil converts air around it into a plasma that
changes volume and causes the waves to spread across all
the directions, creating sound/music. This happens at a high
frequency of 20 to 100 kHz.

5) How did Tesla transmit electricity wirelessly?

A spark gap is used to connect the capacitors and two
coils. As the power is fed in through a transformer, it
produces the necessary current and powers the entire
circuit.
Thus, this is all about an overview of the Tesla
coil that can be used to generate electricity of
high voltage, low current, and high-frequency.
Tesla Coil has the ability to transmit electricity
wirelessly up to several kilometres. We ensured
that this article gives the reader insights into
the working of the Tesla coil, advantages and
disadvantages, and applications. Truly, his
invention of wireless transmission of electric
energy has changed the way the world
communicates.
 Bibliography

Sites used:

[Link]
diagram-working-its-applications/

Ncert class 12 Textbook

Physics Lab Manuel