Tuesday-Thursday M616

General #I
BuildingWeek 1 .

30-3 em .
11

National Tsing Hua University

Department of Mathematics
National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City
November 12nd-14th, 2024
Section 6.6, 6.8

(NTHU) Calculus A (I) Week 11 1 / 32

Inverse Trigonometric Functions
(i) Now, we will investigate inverse of trigonometric functions, or so
called inverse trigonometric functions.
(ii) The main problem is that trigonometric functions are NOT
one-to-one on their domain. However, we overcome this problem by
RESTRICTING THE DOMAIN OF THESE FUNCTIONS so that they
become one-to-one.
17 = sin(x)
y

~
(NTHU) Calculus A (I) Week 11 2 / 32
·
y= Sin (y)

inverse of

sin 1(x)

---
=
y

-1

"
! ,
sint(x) = arcsie (x).
Inverse Sine Function
Definition
We denote by arcsin the inverse of the sin function on the interval
[ ⇡/2, ⇡/2]. That is,
⇡ ⇡
arcsin(x) = y () sin(y ) = x for y  .
2 2
The domain of the arcsin function is [ 1, 1] and the range of arcsin
function is [ ⇡2 , ⇡2 ].

(NTHU) Calculus A (I) Week 11 3 / 32

Example = T
Evaluate arcsin(1/2) and tan(arcsin(1/3)).

(1/2)
Solution:
arcsie
y then
If =
,

E
the
sin (y) =
Since range of

arcsin is (E1E] ,
we need to find
that
yE(-E El ,
so
sinly) =
must
Therefore y
be
/

If arcsie((/y) = x then sink) =

t
(NTHU) Calculus A (I) Week 11 4 / 32
 Sin2(x) + cost(x)
We need to
find = 1 .

tar (arcsin(((3)) =
tan(x) .

If sink) =

t ,
than cos(x) =M
sin(x)

=
F
= =
Then tax
S
=

=
Remark
We have
f(t"(x)) =
f (f(x)) = X .

⇡ ⇡
arcsin(sin(x)) = x for x 
2 2
and
sin(arcsin(x)) = x for 1  x  1.

> Size
-
function is continuous .

Therefore
is also continuous
arasin
,

>
-
size function is differentiable .

Therefore erasin is also differentiable .

(NTHU) Calculus A (I) Week 11 5 / 32

Derivative of arcsin function.
Theorem
We have
d 1
(arcsin(x)) = p
dx 1 x2
for 1 < x < 1.

Idea of the proof:

Let arcsie(x) =
y
=
Sin (y) = X

Differentiate both sides

of sinly)
= X

with respect to x ,
we
get
y'cos(y) 1 y cos(y)
= =
=

(NTHU) Calculus A (I) Week 11 6 / 32

 (y)
Josy
Sin
(y) /
I'
+ =
=
I

cosy =
Fig
=F
sinly)

-Fixe
& Carcsin)(a) = 1
OX
(sin) Carcsin(a)
cainaliz =
cos(arcsin(a))
If urasin(a) = b = sin() = .
a

=
cs(s)
=

Far
Example
If f (x) = arcsin(x 2 1), find the domain of f , f 0 (x) and the domain of f 0 .

Solution:
-
11x2 14) = 01x
-
12
-
V2xV2 .

So the domain of is 1-82 52] .

,

f(x) (x = 1)
(Garasin) (x2 1) -

Chain rule

#xY
2x .
1
=

(NTHU) Calculus A (I) Week 11 7 / 32

To find the dancin off's we need
2x " x4.
to
analyze
2x" - x" = x2(2 -

x2)(70] .
The domain is all the real numbers
off
* so that 2x2 - x4 = x 2(2 -
x2) > 0 .

That is domain f
of = (- 52 0010 , 52)
,
Inverse Cosine Function
Definition
We denote by arccos the inverse of the cos function on the interval [0, ⇡].
That is,
arccos(x) = y () cos(y ) = x for 0  y  ⇡.
The domain of the arccos function is [ 1, 1] and the range of arccos
function is [0, ⇡].
M
[0 , m) .

~
= cos(x)
y

% (NTHU) Calculus A (I) Week 11 8 / 32

i
Example
p
Evaluate arccos( 3/2).= /3
Solution:
Let accos (53/2) = X .

Than cos(x) =
E .

We need to
find xE10 it] ,
so

that cos(x)
=
The must
I
X be

(NTHU) Calculus A (I) Week 11 9 / 32

Remark
We have ↓ (t
"
(x)) =
f) (f(x()) = x

arccos(cos(x)) = x for 0  x  ⇡
and
cos(arccos(x)) = x for 1  x  1.

>
- cas is continous = arcos is continuous

> COS
- is differentiable >
= arcos is

differentiable .

(NTHU) Calculus A (I) Week 11 10 / 32

Derivative of arccos function.
Theorem
We have
d ⑳ =
(arcsin(x)) p
1
dx 1 x2
for 1 < x < 1.

Idea of the proof: Let arcos(x This

.
y
=

means that
cosly = x .

By taking
derivative of both sides of cosly) = X

with respect to x ,
we
get
-
y'sin(y) = 1 .

(NTHU) Calculus A (I) Week 11 11 / 32

=
y =
-
1
sinly
=
- 1

FosTy)
-
Ex
=
Example
Find the derivative of f (x) = arccos(arcsin(x)).

chain rule ,
By
Solution: the

If(x) = Carsiex)
.
arcos
Cary
=

Ex Fast
=
arcsin(72
(NTHU) Calculus A (I) Week 11 12 / 32
Inverse Tangent Function
Definition
We denote by arctan the inverse of the tan function on the interval
( ⇡2 , ⇡2 ). That is,
⇡ ⇡
arctan(x) = y () tan(y ) = x for <y < .
2 2
The domain of the arctan function is R and the range of arctan function is
( ⇡2 , ⇡2 ).

i (NTHU) Calculus A (I) Week 11 13 / 32

 1 +
/2
------

-yarctan(x)
-
--

---
-
-
--------
O

-
/2
...
>
Derivative of arctan function.
Theorem
We have
d 1
(arctan(x)) =
dx 1 + x2
for any x 2 R.

arctan(x)
. There
Idea of the proof: Let =
y
tanly ) = X . Implicit differentiation :

y"sty
=
1 =
y = co
sechy
(NTHU) Calculus A (I) Week 11 14 / 32
T
- I
It tonby It tanly

e
=
Ex
1
y =

1 + x2
Other Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Definition
Denote by arccsc the inverse of the csc function. That is,
⇡ ⇡
arccsc(x) = y () csc(y ) = x for  y < 0 or 0 < y  .
2 2
The domain of the arccsc function is all x 2 R such that |x| 1 and the range of
arccsc function is [ ⇡2 , 0) [ (0, ⇡2 ].

Definition
Denote by arcsec the inverse of the sec function. That is,
⇡ ⇡
arcsec(x) = y () sec(y ) = x for 0  y < or < y  ⇡.
2 2
The domain of the arcsec function is all x 2 R such that |x| 1 and the range of
arcsec function is [0, ⇡2 ) [ (⇡/2, ⇡].

(NTHU) Calculus A (I) Week 11 15 / 32

Other Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Definition
Denote by arccot the inverse of the cot function. That is,

arccot(x) = y () cot(y ) = x for 0 < y < ⇡.

The domain of the arccot function is R and the range of arccot function is
(0, ⇡).

(NTHU) Calculus A (I) Week 11 16 / 32

Table of Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Remark
d p 1
(i) dx (arcsin(x)) = 1 x2
d p 1
(ii) dx (arccos(x)) = 1 x2
d 1
(iii) dx (arctan(x)) = 1+x 2
d p1
(iv) dx (arccsc(x)) = x x2 1
d p1
(v) dx (arcsec(x)) = x x2 1
d 1
(vi) dx (arccot(x)) = 1+x 2

Remark
Each of these formulas can be combined with the Chain Rule. That if, for
example, u is a di↵erentiable function of x, then
d 1 du
(arcsin(u)) = p .
dx 1 u dx
2

(NTHU) Calculus A (I) Week 11 17 / 32

Example
2
Find the derivative of f (x) = e arcsin(x ) .

chaie
Solution:
By the rule.
asin (x2)
f(x) =
&Carcsin(x2)) . e

carcsin(x2)
=

( (x2) - -

earsin()
=
(NTHU) Calculus A (I) Week 11 18 / 32
Integrals Involving Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Theorem
We have Z
1
p dx = arcsin(x) + C
1 x2
and Z
1
dx = arctan(x) + C
1 + x2
for an arbitrary constant C 2 R.

Example
For a 6= 0, evaluate Z
1
dx.
x2 + a2

Solution:

(NTHU) Calculus A (I) Week 11 19 / 32

(=

=r ) + 1
dX

Le + u =
E ·
Then On
=

=
arctanlal
=
farctan(
=
Example
Evaluate Z
tan(x) ln(cos(x))dx.

Solution:

Stor(x))e(s(x))0x =

JS(cosy
n=
cos(x)0x ,
Ou = -
Sin(x)dX

fu d

v= (n(n)du =
(NTHU) Calculus A (I) Week 11 20 / 32
=
-

(vdu = -v
Z

=
-

I
-
=

ec + C
Indeterminate Forms ↓in
0
We have seen some techniques to find the limit when it is . Can we find
0
1 ex
lim with those techniques?
· notterminate
a
x!0 x
Definition for me
If we plug x in limit and get one of the forms of
0 1
, , 0 ⇤ 1, 1 1, 00 , 11 , 10 ,
0 1
we call the limit is indeterminate.
Question: Why do we call such forms “indeterminate”?
we will see examples like ( 3)
8
=
,

I' (-1) and im

"

They are bath

of the form o but
(NTHU) Calculus A (I) Week 11 21 / 32
those limits have different values
[Link]
namely 3
-
We need the following theorem to prove well-known L’Hospital’s Rule.
Augustie -
Louis
Cauchy
(1789-1857)
French

Theorem (Cauchy’s Mean Value Theorem)

Suppose that the functions f and g are continuous on [a, b] and
I
di↵erentiable on (a, b), and g (x) 6= 0 for all x 2 (a, b). Then there is a
number c in (a, b) such that

f 0 (c) f (b) f (a)

0
= .
g (c) g (b) g (a)

Idea of the proof:

Lath(x) = f(x) + (a) - -

() (g(x) g() -

(NTHU) Calculus A (I) Week 11 22 / 32

We use Rolle's The ,
and above to

prove the theorem .

> h(al 0 h(b)

= +bf(a) (f()
-

= -

h'(x)
>
f(x) (t(g'(x)
-
-
=

By Rolla's Thm .
JcE(a b) ,
So that
h'() = f'() -

(t)g(k) = 0

ti = a
is
That
L’Hospital’s Rule Guillaume Francois
Antoine
Morguis
de L'Hopital

(1661 -
1704)

Definition
L’Hospital’s Rule: Suppose that f (x) and g (x) are di↵erentiable functions and
0
g (x) 6= 0 on an open interval that contains a (except possibly at a). If
+
I
lim f (x) = 0 and lim g (x) = 0 or
x!a x!a

lim f (x) = ±1 and lim g (x) = ±1

x!a x!a

then 0
f (x) f (x)
lim = lim 0
x!a g (x) x!a g (x)

if the limit of the right side exists (or is ±1).

(NTHU) Calculus A (I) Week 11 23 / 32
 Assume the
Proof of L’Hospital’s Rule: first case !

lim
X >9
-
f(x) = lim
X +4
g(x) = .
0

Sat
=in
Gal : To show
thatin A,

3
F(x) f(x) if
E
Define = <4
,
6(x) = g(x) if X+9
O
O if X =9 If X=9
.

>
-
F and 6 are continuous on I since
f
gare continuous.
and
(NTHU) Calculus A (I) Week 11 24 / 32
(ic linF( = f(x 6))
= O =
.
(sanc for
Let XEI and X 7a .

Then F and 6 differentiable on (a x)

are
,

and 6'0 (because fand

gare diffe -
rentiable laix) and I
an
g'* 0 an
,

and F = f ,
6 =
g] .

By Carchy's
such that
MVT ,
thereaxists
yea x) ,

Flalblat
If we let x- at then tat because
,
y
ye(a , x) . The

F
+
=

Left hand side limit that is lim has the

-

X+a

same idea
↓ -Eg,
The
=
I this set +
Suppose a = 0 . case
,
=
t
Thax + o = + >
-
Ot
lim
x +(x)
+(x)
=in Chain
L'Hospital's
lolin
= =So
 (Assigima o
:livf(x)
Lase = lim g(x) =

X -> 9
Example
1 ex
Find lim
x!0 x
Solution: indeterminate form G

He
L'Hospital's
Rule
O
=
-
C

-1
=
.

(NTHU) Calculus A (I) Week 11 25 / 32

Example
p p
1 + 2x 1 4x
Find lim .
x!0 x
Solution:
indeterminate formG

inHospitals Rule

= Fro
= 3 .

(NTHU) Calculus A (I) Week 11 26 / 32

Example
⇣ x x ⌘
Find lim
x!1 x 1 ln x

Solution:
indeterminate
form
-

-)

· (NTHU) Calculus A (I) Week 11

form

27 / 32
 i
↓ 8

form

'Hospital's
↓ Rule
Example
Find lim+ (x 5 ln x)
x!0

Solution: indeterminate form O . D

=n
lim x511x indeterminate
X+ 0 t
ferm
L'Hospitals
= +*** = 0
.

(NTHU) Calculus A (I) Week 11 28 / 32

Example
Find lim ((2x ⇡) tan x)
x! ⇡2

Solution: indeterminate form 0 . .

00

=
lin (2x-itax
X+ indeter
- minate
is farm

ithorital
-

--
(NTHU) Calculus A (I) Week 11 29 / 32
 and
Im ! Let o be a continuous function

ling(x) exists far some

function g . Thee

+ (in g(x)) =
Y + (g(x)) .
& Set lingly)
M The there o
exists
f : = .

8. 20 for any 230 such that

0 Ix-al < 8
, = 1g(x)-MIE .
Since f is continuous there exists 8270
,

②
such that if ly-M1 <82 If(y) fImi/E -
&: To 820 such that
find if
# 9/28
-
then If(g(x) f(M)l < E
-
·

D , there exists 820 such that

By
if Ix-alL8 than 1gCl-MI <
82
Let y
=
g(x) . Then
by ②
1 g(x)-M/ < 8 = (f(g(x)) f(M)) < E
-

Henceitf(g(x) f (lg(x) =
Example
e(v(xY(x 1)
-

4 "(x
x
- 1
=
Find lim+ x x 1
x!1

Solution:
indeterminate form 1
X. The
Let =
y in
Bab,
*/x
1)
In (by
-

leg = +

lim In (x4/x 1) -

= Gide
x+ It ↓ terminate
((x)
=+ ,
. farm

(NTHU) Calculus A (I) Week 11 30 / 32

 ↓intal's
=+
= 4
Than hy 4 e"
= =
y =

x* =
Hacelin, =
y
Example
Find lim+ (x
1
2) ln(x 2 4) ⑳o indeterminate form
x!2

Solution: it-)
y =

L +
(x 2) -

in ((x 2) Tux2uy)
Iny +2
-

=
+

⑪inveteran
=+4 ·

form .

(NTHU) Calculus A (I) Week 11 31 / 32

Liflospital's

=
C E
inveter-
+
ins minate
form

ru lim 2x
-
-

* +> 2+ 2(x 2) - + 2x

= = 1 .

ky = 1 = y
= c .

=
Xin(x2)
Example
Suppose f is a positive function on an open interval containing a. If
limx!a f (x) = 0 and limx!a g (x) = 1, show that

lim [(f (x)]g (x) = 0.

x!a

This shows that 01 is not an indeterminate form.

fixey
Solution:

M
etag(x)(n(f(x))
.

~e 00
(NTHU) Calculus A (I) Week 11 32 / 32