Senior High School

Philippine Politics and

Governance
Module 4:
Relationship Among Nations and States
in the Context of Globalization

AIRs - LM
LU_Philippine Politics and Governance_Module4
HUMMS – PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE
Module 4: Relationship Among Nations and States in the Context of Globalization
Second Edition, 2021

Copyright © 2021
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form without
written permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: Mario V. Mariano Jr.

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team
Content Reviewers: Marybeth N. Garcia, Lorena D. Arce
Language Reviewer: Olive D. Rilloraza
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Atty. Donato D. Balderas Jr.

Schools Division Superintendent
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Printed in the Philippines by: _________________________

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LU_Philippine Politics and Governance_Module4

 Senior High School

Philippine Politics and

Governance
Module 4:
Relationship Among Nations and
States in the Context of Globalization

LU_Philippine Politics and Governance_Module4

Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear
learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities,
questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you
to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you
step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in

each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module
or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better
understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer
the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each
activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are
also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on
how they can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on
any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises
and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in

answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher
or facilitator.

Thank you.

LU_Philippine Politics and Governance_Module4

 Target

World Trade Organization, United Nation, World Health Organization and

World Bank are just among the international organizations that binds almost all
States in the world. Have you heard of them? What do you think are their functions?
How important is their role in our society? How does it affect one State? Well,
international organizations were organized because of the interdependence of States
nowadays. Like also human, no man is an island. The growing interdependence of
the world’s economy and cross-border trades brought us both advantages and
disadvantages; the pros and cons of globalization.

In your previous learning material, you have learned the nature,

dimensions/types, and consequences of power. You learned that power is the ability
to influence others and it is what exercise in politics is. It has various forms and
dimensions, and it exists in different levels of relationships: from the personal level,
to the governmental, and up to the international level. Power involves who gets what,
when, and how much. It has different consequences, but what is notable is that it
defines all types of relationships.

Now, for you to better understand the concept of state and nation in relation
to globalization, we have to delve into their definitions and their elements. These
elements or components served as an integral part in the overall perception of state
versus nation and government versus administration. You may wonder how state
was created and what will be its status in the global community; these will be
discussed in this learning material. You will have an overview of why it is important
for certain state to cooperate and have amity to other states. Furthermore, you will
learn how important a certain administration run the government for progress.

For you to have a better grasp on the ideas and concepts in this learning
material, you have to perform and answer the activities given.

After studying this module, you are expected to:

➢ analyze the relationship among nations and states in the context of

globalization

SUBTASKS
• define state, nation, and globalization;
• differentiate state from nation;
• explain the different forms of globalization;
• discuss how globalization influences nation-states;
• develop a master piece that shows how globalization affects nation-
states

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 Jumpstart

Are you now set to perform the activity, answer the questions, and read the
texts? If so, then you may now answer the questions included herein. Use another
sheet of paper for your answer.

ACTIVITY 1: LETTER ARRANGEMENT. Arrange the jumbled letters to form the

correct word that was described on each number.

DISARRANGED LETTERS DESCRIPTION ANSWER

1. a group of people bound

together by commonalities
OIANNT
in language, history,
traditions, and religion
2. agency or instrumentality,
through which the will of
REVTNENMOG
the state is formulated,
expressed and realized
3. a group of people, living
together in a fixed territory,
organized for political ends
TTAES under independent
government, and capable of
entering into international
relations
4. the act of governing or
administering the
government; it is the
DMIARONATINI ST
aggregate act of persons
working to run the
government
5. process through which
societies have become so
intertwined or interconnected
that events and decisions in one
NIOTAZALILOBG
part of the world have
significant effects on the lives
of people in the other part of
the world

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 Discover

CONCEPT OF STATE and NATION

What is a nation?

Nasci is a Latin word where the term nation came from which means “born”;
giving it a racial or ethnic in meaning. Etymologically, it refers to a birthplace;
therefore, it is generally used to describe an ethnic, linguistic, or cultural community.
Thus, it may also define as group of people bound together by commonalities in
language, history, traditions, and religion.

As a nation they share common identity as a people (cohesion) that enables

them to think themselves as a member of homogenous community. Like for example,
we Filipinos have different ethnic groups, however, we have that oneness of being
Filipino. We belong to one descent and share the same culture of being Filipino. Not
always that for a nation to be called such they have the same and exact culture,
religion or tradition as to the other. What important is the willingness to live together
as one. There are instances that even if they have same religion, physical feature and
culture, they are separate as a nation because of their inability to live together.

2 Classifications of Nation

1. Ethnic Nation – is an entity that is united on the basis of ethnicity. It is

populated more or less by a single ethnic group. Like for example, the
community of our Muslim brothers who shares same ethnicity even with
different territories. Japan also is one example of ethnic nation.

2. Territorial Nation – an entity that covers a predefined territory which was

populated by different ethnic group that have assimilated as a nation. For
example, the Philippines, we have different ethnic groups but we assimilate
our self as a Filipino. Also, the Asian nation, we are considered as Asian even
with different ethnicity and descent but we are one as Asian.

What is a state?

A state is a community of persons more or less numerous, permanently

occupying a definite portion of territory, having a government of their own to which
the great body of inhabitant render obedience, and enjoying freedom from external
control.

In international law, the concept of State was established in the Montevideo

Convention, an agreement signed by countries in Montevideo, Uruguay, where they

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set a standard of definition of state. It is stipulated that all states were equal
sovereign units consisting of (1) permanent population; (2) defined territorial
boundaries; (3) a government; and (4) an ability to enter into agreements.

ELEMENTS OF A STATE

For a certain State to be honored as state by others, it should possess the

following elements:

1. PEOPLE. There must be people residing who should be numerous to

be governed and self-sufficient. It should also be more or less numerous
for defense and both sexes present for perpetuity.

Example: Vatican; a state within a state, they are less numerous

but can govern and self-sufficient.

2. TERRITORY. An area over which territory has effective control. A fixed

portion of the surface of the earth in which people reside that is
sufficient to provide the needs of the inhabitants. It is big enough to be
self-sufficient but small enough to administer and defend.

COMPONENTS:
• Aerial Domain
• Terrestrial Domain
• Maritime and Fluvial Domain

MODES OF ACQUIRING TERRITORY

The following are the ways or modes on how a state can acquire
its territory:

a) Discovery and Occupation – A state can acquire a certain

territory when it discovers a certain place and occupy it for a
long period of time. The place should be terra nullius or land
belonging to no one. A certain territory cannot be acquired only
by discovery, it should be possessed and administered by the
state that discovered it.

Example: Spratly Island: This is the basis of the

Philippines why we are claiming it as our own.

b) Prescription. It is a long, continued, and adverse possession to

vest acquisitive title in the claimant. The acquisition of territory
by an adverse holding through a long term of years requires two
essential facts; (1) continuous; (2) undisturbed possession.

Example: Las Palmas case: Even if Spain discovered and

occupied this territory, the Netherlands acquires the
same by virtue of prescription as it exercised sovereign
rights over the island for more than two hundred years
after its discovery by Spain.

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 Question: Why do the Philippines not under Spain since we
are occupied for more than 300 years?

c) Cession. It is the transfer of territory from one state to another

by agreement. It may be a bilateral agreement whereby one state
transfer sovereignty over a definite portion of territory to another
state. This may be voluntary or by force.

Example: Sabah, Malaysia ceded by British Empire.

d) Subjugation/ Conquest. Formal annexation of a territory after

it has been conquered in the course of war. This mostly happen
during early times.

Example: Colonies of countries; Philippines during

Spanish Era

e) Accretion. Increase in the land area of a State caused by the

operation of the forces of nature or, artificially, through human
labor.

Example: Chinese Reclamation in West Philippine Sea;

Mischief Reef or some part of Spratly Islands.

3. GOVERNMENT. It is an agency or instrumentality, through which the

will of the state is formulated, expressed and realized. It was
established by inhabitants which was organized in exercising control
over, and capable of maintaining law, and other within the territory. It
is the system that put in place to govern the state. In the Philippines,
the government is governed by the constitution. The action of all the
people based from the constitution.

The way how the government is managed is what we call as

administration. The management of the affairs of the government is
administration. In the Philippines, the one we voted in office are the
ones mostly administering the government. Administration changes
over time but government will not if it will not change by the people
through referendum.

4. SOVEREIGNTY. The supreme and uncontrollable power in a state by

which that state is governed. An entity is NOT a state UNLESS it has
competence, within its own constitutional system, to conduct
international relation with other states, as well as the political, and
financial capabilities to do so.

2 ASPECTS

a. Internal – the ability of a state to exercise its authority over its

territory and people

Example: the totality on how the government rules its people

b. External – the relationship of the State with other States; the
freedom from external control.

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 Example: No other States dictates how the government should
be governed or run.

How State is created?

A state may be created by:

a. Revolution. It refers to a movement, often violent to overthrow an old

regime and effect a complete change in the fundamental institution of
society.
Example:
o American Revolution
o EDSA Revolution – there is a change in the structure of
government
b. Unification. The process of being united or made into a whole. Many
states joined together to form as one.
Example: Germany
c. Secession. The act of separating from a nation or state and become
independent.
Example: Timor-Leste with the help of UN, Indonesia ceded its
claim. This is what Taiwan wants from China, also those pro-
democracies in Hong Kong.
d. Assertion of Independence. The act of stating something or exercising
authority confidently and forcefully.
Example: former Yugoslavia, Kosovo
e. Agreement – It is negotiated and typically legally binding arrangement
between parties as to course of action.
Example: Netherlands
f. Attainment of Civilization – A process by which society is or place
reach an advance stage of social civilization.
Example: Mesopotamia is now Iran and Iraq.

CONCEPT OF NATION – STATE

Nation-state is a term that refers to a political institution that combines the

concepts of nation and state. It refers to a state inhabited by people who identify
themselves as a nation on account of common culture, history, language, ethnicity,
or other factors. Nation-state coincides with same language and religion, however not
all. A nation is composed of many states like the Muslim Nation; it is composed of
Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan and many more. There are also states with
minorities which separate themselves with the others. It is in this point where debate
comes in if Philippines is a nation-state or not because of our brothers in the south
establishing Bangsamoro which means Moro nation. In middle east also, the Kurdish
which are minorities in Turkey, Iran, and Iraq.

Always remember that if we are talking of Nation-State combines the concepts

of nation and the concept state, oneness in one state.

LU_Philippine Politics and Governance_Module4

 CONCEPT OF GLOBALIZATION

What is a globalization?

Heywood (2013) defined globalization as the process through which societies

have become so intertwined or interconnected that events and decisions in one part
of the world have significant effects on the lives of people in the other part of the
world. It implies opening of local and nationalistic perspective to a broader outlook
of interconnected and interdependent world. This globalization integrates States by
interchange of world views, products, ideas and other aspects of culture.

Globalization in the Philippines

Here in the Philippines, the domestic and political policies change because of
events happening in international arena. For example, the shift of TESDA training to
BPO related skills to cater the demand of outsourcing companies. Also, the shift of
10 years curriculum in Basic education Curriculum to K to 12 program is an outset
of global requirement. Many countries prefer those having 12 years basic education
program than 10 years program which prompt the Philippine government to shift
and follow other States program. For individual aspect, many high school graduates
enroll themselves to health courses program such as nursing because of its demand
abroad. What other instances you may think where globalization affects the
Philippines?

Features of Globalization

Does globalization need to happen? Globalization conjoined with the fast

improvement of technologies. The improvement of communication, transportation
and trade strategies fast track the process of interconnectedness of countries.

How and why this happen? What are the characteristics of globalization as a
phenomenon? Heywood (2013) enumerates its features. These are:

1. Declining relevance of geographical distance.

The use of internet connectivity virtually shortens the distance

between and among the people of different states. Even millions of
kilometers apart because of ICT development the geographical distance
between states was virtually shifted.

2. Lessening significance of territorial boundaries.

The development in air, water and land transportation delimits

the movement of people between states. They can now move to and from
one state to another.

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 3. Deepening and broadening of political processes, such that the local,
national, and global events constantly interact.

State personalities can now exchange ideas in real time, talk

diplomatically for the improvement of both State. The bilateral or even
multi-lateral relation among them can be strengthened or weakened
depending on the aspects of the relationship.

Forms of Globalization

Globalization resulted in a growing interdependence among actors, activities,

and processes all over the world. Several forms of globalization can be identified, of
which Heywood (2013) listed three—economic, cultural, and political. The following
are the forms and examples of globalization:

1. Economic Globalization - All economies have been integrated in a global

economy. There is an increasing interdependence of world economies as a
result of the growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and
services, flow of international capital and wide and rapid spread of
technologies.

Example: Internationalized production and global supply chains now

standardized for manufacturer of many device, it ranging from cars to
smartphones. Take a look of what is happening to Huawei; its parts came
from manufacturers in the Western countries which were affected by
political clash between China and US.

2. Cultural Globalization. A phenomenon by which the experience of

everyday life, as influenced by the diffusion of commodities and ideas,
reflects a standardization of cultural expression around the world.
Information, commodities, and images from one part of the world make
cultural differences between nations and individuals less significant.

Example: McDonaldization or what George Ritzer (1993) called as

rationalization that Max Weber found in bureaucracies extended to fast-
food chains. This then leads to standardization of processes such as
production. Also, Global brands penetrating the local scene. Uniqlo and
other brands abroad are now here in the Philippines; we are now
integrating the shoe and fashion culture of other countries.

3. Political Globalization. The growth of worldwide political system, the

importance of international organizations, transnational organizations, and
non-governmental organizations are being recognized.

Example: The creation of World Trade Organization which tackles trade

industries among member states. Also, the influence on domestic issues of
organizations such as the United Nations, World Trade Organization, World

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 Bank, Asian Development Bank, International Red Cross, and World Wide
Fund for Nature.

Effects of Globalization as to Economy

The developed States enjoy the advantages in the balance of opportunities and
threats. In contrast, the underdeveloped and developing countries remain dependent
on developed countries. They are mired in poverty and remain in competition with
other poor states in the export of agricultural products and minerals.

There are other effects of globalization in other aspects but it is your

assignment to search those ones. We focus on economic aspect because it controls
all the effects of globalization in every state.

Effects of Globalization in Developed States

To gain upper hand in economic competitiveness, developed states adopted

new policies. Some developed countries privatized their publicly owned companies
and pruned down their budget deficits to manageable levels, reduced their taxes, and
abolished shoddy stock market because of international competitions and
monopolies.

Developed countries are the markets of Multi-national corporations which in

turn MNCs are required to purchase or ask them to buy domestic products from
domestic suppliers because of many industries in developed countries. They are
unlikely be controlled by other states in terms of economy. They cannot be forced by
external economic forces, besides they are the ones controlling economic forces.
However, along with this, are the depletion of natural resources and destruction of
the environment.

Effects of Globalization in Developing Countries

The impact of globalization in developing countries in terms of economy is far

greater than in developed countries. Developing countries only rely on single or less
export products. They are not diversified. Middle East for example, their product is
mainly oil. Without oil revenue, their economy will falter. The Philippines is another
country that supports labor exports because of its agricultural products. Once
developed countries close its doors, the economy will falter too. Some developed
countries used this scenario to demand political agenda from other states.

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 Explore

ENRICHMENT 1: Give one example of a country that is classified in the choices given
below (state, nation, nation-state, non-state), then describe accordingly.
STATE NATION NATION -STATE NON-STATE
Example: Example: Example: Example:

Description:

RUBRIC FOR SCORING

POINTS REQUIREMENTS
Provides an insightful and detailed opinion that includes or extends
5
ideas for the text
Provides some explanation/opinion that includes ideas from the
4
text for support.
Uses text incorrectly or with limited success and includes an
3
inconsistent or confusing explanation.
Demonstrate minimal understanding of the task and provide an
2
unclear reference or no use of the text for support.
1 Response is completely irrelevant or off-topic.

ENRICHMENT 2: List down at least 2 positive and 2 negative effects of globalization

by completing the table below.

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 GLOBALIZATION
POINT OF
POSITIVE EFFECTS NEGATIVE EFFECTS
REFERENCE

CULTURE

POLITICS

ECONOMY

Guide Questions:

1. Are the effects of globalization in all countries the same? Why and why
not? (Are)
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________.

2. How globalization affects nation-states in terms of its sovereignty?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________.

3. Discuss how the domino effect of recession takes place because of

globalization.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.

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 RUBRIC FOR SCORING

POINTS REQUIREMENTS
Provides an insightful and detailed opinion that includes or extends
5
ideas for the text.
Provides some explanation/opinion that includes ideas from the
4
text for support.
Uses text incorrectly or with limited success and includes an
3
inconsistent or confusing explanation.
Demonstrate minimal understanding of the task and provide an
2
unclear reference or no use of the text for support.
1 Response is completely irrelevant or off-topic.

Deepen

ACTIVITY 1: ESSAY. Answer the following questions.

1. Do you consider Taiwan as a state? Why?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________.

2. Can you consider the Philippines as a nation-state?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________.

3. Why do some past government officials like Associate Justice Carpio and
former Foreign Secretary Del Rosario, urging the Duterte Administration of
the Arbitral Ruling which was won by the Philippines against China in the
Internal Court of Justice (or the assertion of ownership of the Philippines in
the West Philippine Sea)?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________.

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 4. What cultural belief and value systems do you share with the larger Philippine
society which makes you feel that you belong to the Filipino nation?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________.

5. What makes a certain community a nation and what makes it a state?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________.
RUBRIC FOR SCORING

Area of Assessment 5 Points 4 Points 3 Points 2 Points

Present ideas Present ideas in Present ideas

in less below average Present ideas
IDEAS comprehensive comprehensive comprehension vaguely and
and logical and logical and logical poorly
manner manner manner
Original Some of the Most of the All of the
ORIGINALITY concept and details were details were details were
not copied copied copied copied
Less 50%
NEATNESS and 100% neat and 75% neat and 50% neat and
neatness &
COMPLETENESS complete complete complete
completeness

ACTIVITY 2: POSTER-MAKING. In a short bond paper, make a poster that

illustrates how globalization affects nation-state. At the back of your bond paper,
explain your poster in not more than 5 sentences.

Area of
5 Points 4 Points 3 Points 2 Points
Assessment
Present ideas Present ideas Present ideas
in in less below average Present ideas
IDEAS comprehensive comprehensive comprehension vaguely and
and logical and logical and logical poorly
manner manner manner
Original Some of the Most of the All of the
ORIGINALITY concept and details were details were details were
not copied. copied. copied. copied.
Less 50%
NEATNESS and 100% neat 75% neat and 50% neat and
neatness &
COMPLETENESS and complete complete complete
completeness

13

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 Gauge

I. Multiple Choice. Read carefully each item. Use a separate sheet of paper for your
answers. Write only the letter of the best answer for each test item.

1. What element of the state refers to a fixed portion of the surface of the earth
in which people can reside sufficiently to provide the needs of the inhabitants?
A. Government B. People C. Sovereignty D. Territory
2. Japan is a state inhabited by people who identify themselves as a nation on
account of common culture, history, language, ethnicity, or other factors.
Which of the following best describe Japan?
A. Nation B. State C. Nation-State D. Non-State
3. Which of the following statement is TRUE?
A. Administration is an element of a state.
B. State, nation and government have the same meaning.
C. Nation refers to ethnical bases while state is based on legal concept.
D. Nation-states are those states with only one ethnicity, language and
religion.
4. Which of the following is NOT true about the government?
A. Government is the same as administration.
B. Government is an element of the state, without it, state will not exist.
C. Government is an agency or instrumentality, through which the will of
the state is formulated, expressed and realized.
D. Government will not change even if the people composing it will change
through the vote of people.
5. What do you call the group of people who feel bound into a single body by
shared culture, values, folkways, religion and/or language?
A. Nation B. State
C. Nation-State D. Non-State
6. What refers to a community of persons more or less numerous, permanently
occupying a definite portion of territory, having a government of their own to
which the great body of inhabitant render obedience and enjoying freedom
from external control?
A. Nation B. State C. Nation-State D. Non-State
7. What is the basis of the Philippines in claiming the Spratly Islands?
A. Cession B. Discovery and occupation
C. Prescription D. Unification
8. Which of the following involves globalization?
A. A stretching of social, political and economic activities across political
frontier.
B. A growing magnitude of interconnectedness in almost every sphere of
social existence.

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 C. An accelerating pace of global interactions and processes associated
with a deepening enmeshment of local and the global.
D. All of the above
9. Which of the following is NOT an example of globalization?
A. Internet
B. Selling local products in the local markets
C. Attending lectures by a Filipino in an American School
D. Selling of local products in an international market
10. Which of the following is an example of negative effects of globalization?
A. Deforestation C. Loss of local culture
B. Loss of income D. Strong bond with other culture
11. Which of the following describes the importance of international organizations,
transnational organizations, and non-governmental organizations is being
recognized?
A. Cultural globalization
B. Economic globalization
C. Globalization
D. Political globalization
12. McDonaldization or what George Ritzer (1993) called as rationalization that
Max Weber found in bureaucracies extended to fast-food chains. This example
is an example of what form of globalization?
A. Cultural globalization B. Economic Globalization
C. Globalization D. Political Globalization
13. Which of the following is NOT features of globalization?
A. Increase in wealth
B. Declining relevance of geographical distance
C. Lessening significance of territorial boundaries
D. Deepening and broadening of political processes, such that the local,
national, and global events constantly interact
14. What describes the increasing interdependence of world economies as a result
of the growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and services, flow of
international capital, and wide and rapid spread of technologies?
A. Cultural globalization
B. Economic globalization
C. Globalization
D. Political globalization
15. The shift of 10 years curriculum in Basic Education Curriculum to K to 12
program is an outset of global requirement is an illustration of what form of
globalization?
A. Cultural globalization B. Economic Globalization
C. Globalization D. Political Globalization

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LU_Philippine Politics and Governance_Module4
16
I. Multiple Choice
1. D
2. C
3. C
4. A
5. A
6. B
7. B
8. D
9. B
10.C
11.D
12.A
13.A
14.B
15.A
Answer Key
References
Printed:

Ramos, Renan E. (2017) Philippine Politics and Governance, Quezon

Ave., Quezon City, Philippines: Vibal Publishing House

Villanueva, Prince Aian G. (2017) DIWA Senior High School Series:

Philippine Politics and Governance, Makati City, Philippines:
DIWA Learning System Inc.

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 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – SDO La Union

Curriculum Implementation Division
Learning Resource Management Section
Flores St. Catbangen, San Fernando City La Union 2500
Telephone: (072) 607 - 8127
Telefax: (072) 205 - 0046
Email Address:
launion@[Link]
[Link]@[Link]

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