A
1- Psychological stress becomes threatening to people’s physical and mental health when they
experience it at high levels or more frequently for a long time.
2- Some cancer patients might become inactive or start smoking, drinking alcohol and this may
reduce their quality of life after cancer treatment. On the other hand, other cancer patients
deal with stress successfully through relaxation and stress management techniques, and this
may make them less disposed to depression, anxiety and cancer-related symptoms.
3- Stress can cause tumors to grow and spread. It might also make women with breast cancer
relapse during cancer treatment because of stress hormones.
4- Specialists such as clinical health psychologists, social workers, psychiatrists, health care
providers and experts can help cancer patients cope with psychological problems. This can
be done by providing emotional and social support to deal with stress such as offering
training in relaxation, meditation, stress management, talk therapy, cancer education
sessions, group support, medication and exercise. It is also helpful to have cancer patients
screened early for distress using different tools such as a distress scale or questionnaire.
5- It can be inferred that stress hormones play an important role is a person’s safety or survival.
These hormones cause physical changes that help a person avoid a perceived threat. 6-
a- “Those” in paragraph 6 refers to people who have cancer.
b- “their” in paragraph 7 refers to mice bearing human tumors.
c- “A number” in paragraph 11 refers to experts.
B
1- It is a relationship of addition. In paragraph 7, the writer explains how psychological stress
might make a tumor grow and spread. In paragraph 8, the writer gives additional evidence
from a survey that stress might cause a relapse during cancer treatment.
2- The writer uses evidence taken from research, experimental and survey studies. 3- It is a
contrast pattern of organization. The writer explains the differences between the ways cancer
patients cope with stress. The writer uses words such as “in contrast”, “more sedentary”,
“poorer quality of life”, “more energetic” and “lower levels”.
4- Audience might be psychologists, social workers, doctors, psychiatrists and experts to learn
about the link between stress and cancer and how to help cancer patients cope with stress.
Cancer patients and their family members would also be interested in reading the selection to
know how to deal emotionally with cancer.
5- Feeling unable to control changes caused by normal or unusual life incidents might lead to
distress that affects the quality of life of cancer patients.
C
1- People who are exposed to severe chronic stress may develop digestive problems and a
weakened immune system.
2- Stress hormones that are released under a particular threat boost a person’s ability to avoid it.
D- Stress symptoms increase with the increase in age. Older adults are more likely than younger
adults to experience stress symptoms. In 2015, adults of age group 50-59 years had a higher
percentage of 76% compared with 68% for ages 40-49 and 53% for ages 30-39 in addition to 36
% for ages 20-29 years.
E- Extract A is the correct ending of paragraph 9.
Extract B is the correct ending of paragraph 7.
F
1- outcome
2- screening
3- coping
4- relapse