Notes
Farm structures
The location of the farm stead is decided on the basis of sanitation and well being of humans.
Farmstead should be located near the center of the farm or on the middle of the longest edge
Site at the corner near the road ,high elevation ,good natural drainage , near the permanent source
of water supply,, near well,near trees for shed .
Farmstead area is about 3 to 5 percent of total farm area .
Residential building shold be far from cattle shed and other buildings. Wind not come from the side
of animal shed area. Soil pits and feed storage should be near to animal shelter .
Milk room or milk house should be around 6 m or 20 feet from barn.
Residential building is heart of farmstead.
Maximum sun advantage the residence should face in south or [Link] desirable if facing on to
mainroad and rivers.
Bedroom of 3.6*3 accommodate two single beds of 1*2
The minimum size of drawing room is 4.5*3.6 bot for large 6*4.5
Kitchen should be near to living room and away from bed room. Equipped with sink and racks area is
about 9.3to 14 sq m .
Kitchen should have eastern location for morning sun rays.
Size of bathroom and toilet is about 1.2*1.8
Store room should be near to kitchen and area of about 3*1.8
Guest room should be of size 3.6*3 and gate should be open in drawing room
Door and windows size 2.1* 0.9 m for living and bed room for kitchen and bathroom 2*0.75
The dimension of window is 1.2*0.9 and bootom of window should be 0.75 m above the floor
surface.
Single story building have its ceilings at 3.3 m but two story building have first floor at 3 m and old
The normal thickness of wall is 22.5 cm laid in cement or mortar.37.5 cm wall is better to bear the
load of ceiling and its own load
Principle of septic tank is that under suitable conditions bacteria will liquify any organic material . it a
water tight container in which untreat wate material is inserted so that bacteria act on it .
Three functions take place inside the tank
1 is removal of the solid from the sewage as it enters the tanksolid retained and liquid discharged. 2
is decomposition of the solid sewage under anaerobic digestion 3 is storage in form of sludge and
scum in tank .
Sewage includes the solid and liquid form of human excerta which enters the septic tanks in
combined form.
Sludge refers to the part of sewage left after action of bacteria it settles at the bottom of the tank.
Scum is partially submerged mat of floating solids that may form at the surface of the fluid in the
tank.
Septic tank should be located at the downhill of the water supplybso the it not contaminate it . it
should never be closer than 30 m from water supply I fthe ground water is expected to rise as close
as 1.2 m to the ground surface . the tank shoud be with in 1.5 m of residential building.
For the family of 2 adults and 3 children thetank capacity should be about 2.8 cu.m and for
additional member increased by 0.42 cu.m . it should not be smaller than 2.1 cu.m the interior of
the tank should be plastered with 1.25cm thick cement plaster. The shape of the tank may be
cylinder, rec., square it does not effect the workin efficiency. The liquid depth of the tank should be
0.75 to 1.5 m two baffle valve is also present in the tank wo divide the itank into three
campartments the thickness of wall is 7.5 cm they are placed about 15 to 22.5 cm away from the
side walls. It stop the wave formatikon and sotpage of solid waste go out. The location of the inlet of
the tank should be 7.5 cm above the liquid level. Inlet and outlet are generally provide at 15 cm
below the ground level . the should be inspected at least once in two years . clean before sludge
level reaches the bottom of the outlet . before tank is put into use it should be ¼ full of water so that
bacterial action start without much delay.
The all the subsurface absorption system should be placed 30 m away from water supply , 15 m
away from anystream, and 6 m from dewelling.
Soil of percolation rate less than 5 cm per hour
is unsuitable for disposal field .sokage pit is formed to dispose the fluid coming out of the septic tank
.circular pits are perefered to square and rectangular types. The tank size of 2.80cu.m requires pit of
15 sq m . so circular pit of 2.4 m dia and 1.5 m depth can provide sufficient surface area .sokage pit is
best in alluvial soil where depth is great
Bore hole latrine this is a pit of 25 to 75 cm in dia or 75 cm sq and 3 to 8 m deep dug in soil . a latrine
6m or more in depth will last about 1 year for a avg size family
Wells are the main source of water supply in farmstead.
Classification of the wire fencing
Woven mesh
A large mesh type
B close mesh type
C hexagonal wire mesh type
Barbed wire
Plain wire
Welded plain wire fencing
Electric fencing
Woven wire is used most popularly for general farm use than any other type ,properly glavenized it
is use for large animals cattles buffaloes horses [Link] space between vertical wires is kept 15 and
30 cm for horizontal it is 7.5 to 22.5. spacing between the horizontal wires is closer at bottom and
increases towards the top of the fence. Close mesh type fence may be considered as an ideal fence
for poultry houses rabbits and goats . up to first 43 cm height the spacing between the horizontal
wires varies between 4 and 8 cm . in close mesh horizontal wire are heavier and verticle wires are
wrapped around it
The hexagonal mesh is made of 20 gauge (1 mm) wires
The spacing bw barbed wire 7.5 to 15 ,14 gauge wire , available in 50 kg streatching to about 160 m .
it is also used for supplementing the woven or plain wire fencing . effective than palin wire fencing
and is cheaper than woven wire fencing used for confining larger cattle . not very effective against
goats and rabbits and cant be used for poultry.
Plain wire fencing spacing is 7.5 to 15, used for large cattles , five strands 6.5 mm dia plain wire are
strong enough for most of the pupose
Welded wire fencing ;- similer to woven this is maily used for demarcation of the boundry , available
in 100 m rolls
Electric fence 3;- controller energies the fence , some controler operates at 230v ,50 cycles ac , other
from 6 volt battery , the volatage applied to the fence varies from 6000 to 15000 volt for different
conditions . circuit is kept on for 1/10 of a sec and off for four fifth of sec. the maximum value of
current not exceed 0.008 A and pulsating current of 0.005A . one of the low cost used for confing
dairy cattle plain wire is used in it . the posts are placed about 10 m apart . earthing is done by
placing a rod about 60 cm below the ground level. 14 swc standard gauge wire . gate are 2.4 m apart
Farm gate 1.3 m high and 5 m wide . made of 3.5 cm outer dia steel pipe