SOLUTION

Solution-solution is a
homologous mixture of two
or more substances .

Binary solution
↓
I component
~

(generallypresenaits)
solute solvent

Solution be solid .
eg:Alloys
*

ca
can

Bronze (Cu + Sn)

* Solution can be as well : Air.
gas
.

eg

Isolded
solid
# solute
Fliquid Solvent

gas gas

depending upon physical bestate of solute &

-

solvent
,
solution can
of 9 types.
*
physical state of
solution is same
as that of solvent
.
 solute
#

-
-

solvent
Chloroform + N2

Concentration terms -

1)Wiw %
=date Xo e

2) w/
%=
solute X o

3 .
) V/ % =

-solute X 100
Vsolution

4) parts per million (ppm) =

used when solute in traces

I million = 10 lakh = 106

ppm
Salute X
=
5) Mole Fraction (4)
X NA
Natha
 A + B
XA + XB =
1
solent source

Question
-
-
Calculate the mole fraction
of Grea (Nn , Conu)
in solution
an
aqueous containing 15 % urea
by
mass .

(w/W %) solute -
urea

solvent-water

* - 15 gm urea - 100
go Solution

X urea
=
= =
urea curea 5

Dureat na2o

Nuno
8
=

Murea = 1

47
100 =
15 + WH20
0. 25 + 4 72 WHO
85gm
. =
.

↑ DID
 solubility of solids in Liquids
discolved
-Nall
in water
gets
Naphthalene -

& anthracene do not

dissolve in water

dissolution
solute + solvent => solution) at equilibrium
crystallization

*
saturated solution-mak amount of solid is
dissolved .

like dissolves
·
like
-

polar substance dissolves in polar solvent

-
non polar substance dissolves in non polar solvent
.

solubility of solid in liquid is equal

·
to amount of
solid dissolved in
given amount of solvent at
equilibrium .

# Temperature affects solubility of solid in liquids

solid +
H20(1) >
+ Solution
(ag) ,
AH =
+ve
(endothermi)
Th =
solubility Tendo
solid +
120(1) + solution (ag) ,
An = -ve
(enothern)
Th +
solubility to Do
Pressure doesn't affect much solubility
of solid in liquid .
 Solubility of gases
in liquids

a solubility
at equilibrium ,
Rate =
Rates
u= upward
d=downward

of gas is equal to an e
dissolved in
of gas given amount of
Liquid solvent at equilibrium at given
temperature.
On
solubility
·

Increasing temp , of gas

decreases in liquids .
-

fishes are uncomfortable in warm water

as lesser O2 is dissolved .

Effect of pressure on
solubility of gas in liquid

Henry's law-It states that

solubility of a
gas
in
 Liquid is
directly proportional to
pressure
above liquid
of gas at equilibrium .

Pgas & Xgas ·In depends on nature

gas
of
Pas ·
kux1

o
solubility
·
kn has units
of pressure
late =
I bar = 10 Pa
Pgos
IXge
=
·
He is least soluble
gas .

- = m

Xgas = more fraction of gas

in liquid.
kn =
henry's constant
.

Applications of Henry's law

&d Pair

Pgsayges
no se
1) Anoxia
ea
:
dissolved in
2) Scuba diving-He + N2 + 02

least soluble

Gestion
- hot excess Ne dissolved .

Question

Vapour Pressure It is the

pressure exerted by
-

vapours of a liquid over its

Liquid surface at equilibrium
evaporation condensata
at
given temperature
a .
at equilibrium ,

rate of condensation
of evaporation
rate

vapour pressure of a liquid never

changes except
temperature .

On 4 temp V.P
of a liquid Tes.
-

+
-

BLOC <
CoMs()
=
da-- ---o

. ofor--
-
more the intermolecular forces of attraction
in liquid ,
lesser the v.p
of Liquid .

Effects of addition of non volatile solute to liquid .

Benoit
#
RAOULT'S LAW

Pa =
Pos Xa
.

Unde Papoa
Pi =
v .
p of pure Pa = v .
p of solvent in
soln
Solvent
po = v p .
of pure solvent
Po v p
solution/
=
of
.

up of solvent in solu
Ya = more fraction of
.

solvent in solution .

Raoult's law states that v.p of a

component in

sole is given by product of of

v.p pure component&
more fraction of component in solution .
 volatile solute Pa =
Pos Xa
.

volatier PTotal =
Pp + Pr Pr =
Pos XB .

PTotal =
pos Yp + Ps XB
H20(l)
solvent
pis > pos pos2 Pos
Pos = v p
.
of pure .
PTotal > PoA Protal PA

On the basis of Roult's law

,
sol are of 2
types.
Ideal solutions Non-ideal solutions
-

follow roult's law -

don't follow soult's

law ↑

=
ABB
A = A B + B B
A
-
A - -

: CallsOn
eg
+ H20 ,
UNO
H20

eg : Benzene + Holuene -
deviation

#oppop
the
-vedeviation
↓ &
A A >A B A-A2A-B
-
-

* Umix the Almix

= =
-Ve

X To
* Noic = tre Vmix = -ve
 the deviation -

ve deviation

· Xa
XD
=

=
0

1
Xa

YB
=

=
1

0
XB = (
XA
XD
=

=
1

A -A > A +B A-A2A-B

Areotropes Those mixtures in which two

liquids
can't be separated by boiling/distillation.
La XB
-broz more fraction Liquid phase &

#
in

vapour phase remains same

Non-ideal sold forms azeotrope

-

~ o

areotropes
--
boiling areotropes
max

↓
mind
boiling
to
accotropes

the deviation -

ve deviation

U -
 Colligative Properties those
properties of soli
-

where value depends

only
solute particles
upon nor
of
in solution .

alligative properties-
1) Relative lowering of v . P

2) elevation in
boiling point
3) Depression in
freezing point
4) Osmotic pressure

1) Relative of U P
.
non
lowering
volative
.

#solute
(d) Pa =
Pis Xa

A(l) = X

pos + Po

1-A is
= -X

-Po =
X

2)
. Elevation in
Boiling point .

solute
-add
of non-volatile
increases the
boiling
point of sale as compared
to Bpt of pure solvent
. .

at

Apt of a liquid is that temp , at which u.p of a

becomes equal to atmospheric pressure.

 o
ATbXm
*
TB =
Ky m

* Kb depends on solvent

RT
4b
= trop
.

3) Depression in
sall
freezing point-freezingtiptpoint solvent
decreases
of
as compared to of
when non volatile solute is added

~
&
T1Xm
K+= solvent
·
Tp
=
+m
11 =
MRTG
2

-
1000 &H
fusion .

(420)f -
pt
= %
0

f .
pt = -
5°
&
Tg =
5

4) Osmotic
pressure
-
It the
is
pressure being exerted
on a solution due to inward flow
of solvent
through SPM
during osmosis

It is the required to stop

-

pressure

(no
.
Osmosis

P CRT
*
=

R 0821
atm/mol
= 0 .

osmotic pressure can be

semi-permeable measured at any temp

.

membrane -
allows
only solvent.
 osmotic pressure is used to
-

determine molecular masses of

macromolecules

Applications
-

mango-conch Nach soln

-

Wor
Osmosis
-

solvent
lower canc" sol"-higher conch all
.

edema-lot of Salt Khate h.

-

-
Reverse Osmosis RO.

I
je
reverse flow of solvent
by
providing energy
=
desalination .

Question-

~
Question -

Vant Hoff factor(i) -

if solute is
electrolyte
.

1 Nace- 1 Nat + 10 -

i
of solute particles after dissociation
=
no ·

of solute
particles initially taken
no .

i Nac
=
--

Inau = 2 Narson >

-
-Nat + Soy
i
q i =
=

i =

ob
served colligative
property
calculated value
of colligative
-Pix
,
property
for dissociation
i < 1

ATs =
iKbR for association it 1
i =
t
J i+ 5- 2
*
To ikfm
-

=o -- u
=

0)
-

-
iCRT
p Uz 8-n-oc
=
,

6 of o dimer.
Question
-

~
Question

A & R correct but R is not correct

explanation
.

Question

Thank You .