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1. Electrical Installation Design

1.0 Introduction
ELE 4116 • Design:

Electrical Installation Design • a plan or drawing produced to show the look and function or workings of a building, garment, or other object before it is
made.
• A process that involves understanding a problem or need, generating ideas, and developing a solution that is both functional
and aesthetically pleasing.
Name: Paul Kyoma Asiimwe
• Electrical Installation Design:
Email: kyomapaul@[Link] • process of planning and specifying the electrical systems and components required to safely and efficiently supply power within
a building or structure.
• It involves creation of detailed plans and diagrams that outline how electrical wiring, circuits, outlets, switches, lighting,
Textbooks: and other electrical devices will be installed, connected, and distributed throughout a space.
1. Electrical Installation Designs, by Bill Atkinson 1.1 Key Aspects of Electrical Installation Design
2. Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings by W. Grondzik, A. Kwok 1. Load Calculation: Determination of power requirements, including total electrical load required to operate all devices, appliances,
lighting and other systems

2. Circuit Design: Planning of electrical circuits, including number and type of circuits needed, circuit brakers and arrangement of
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wiring

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1. Electrical Installation Design 1. Electrical Installation Design

3. Component selection: Choosing appropriate electrical components such as cables, switches, etc that meet safety standards and
1.3 Design Team structure
performance requirements.
• Electrical installation design falls under building services engineering in the design process of a building structure.
4. Compliance with standards : Ensuring endurance to relevant codes, standards and regulations to ensure safety and legal
compliance. • Building services engineering focuses on the design, installation and maintenance of systems that make the buildings comfortable,
safe and efficient, functional and sustainable.
5. Safety considerations: e.g. grounding, overcurrent protection, surge protection etc to prevent electrical hazards like fire, shock and
• It entails mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing (MEP) engineers. i.e.
equipment damage.
• Mechanical Engineers: In charge of climate control. They design heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems,
6. Energy efficiency: This might involve selecting energy efficiency components, planning for load distribution and integrating ensuring comfortable temperatures and fresh air circulation. They also design plumbing, fire protection and fuel gas systems.
• Electrical engineers: They design lighting systems and ensure efficient power distribution and communication networks.
renewable energy sources.
• Plumbing engineers: They design water supply, drainage, and wastewater systems.
7. Documentation: Creation of detailed drawings, schematics, and specifications that electricians and contractors will use to install
the electrical system.

1.2 Why Electrical Installation Design

• Safety: minimise the risk of electrical hazards e.g. fires, shocks, and short circuits.

• Functionality: meet specific needs of the building, for all intended purposes.

• Efficiency: Ensure optimal power distribution and energy efficiency

• Code compliance: Adhere to electrical codes and regulations for legal compliance and building approval. 3 4

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1. Electrical Installation Design 1. Electrical Installation Design

1.4 Electrical Codes and Standards 2. Electricity (safety code) regulations, 2003.
• Focused on the safety aspects of electrical installations
• These are sets of rules and guidelines for the design, operation and maintenance of electrical systems
3. Electricity (primary grid code) regulations, 2003.
• Their purpose is to ensure: • Provides guidelines for operating the Uganda power system.
• safety: protection of people and property from electrical hazards such as fire, shocks and electrocution Reading Assignment: Read section 3 of The National Building (Standards for Electrical Installations in Buildings) Code, 2019
• Reliability: consistent and dependable electrical performance. Download link:
[Link]
• Efficiency: promotion of energy conservation and optimal system performance 0Code,%[Link]
• Compatibility: facilitation of interoperability of electrical equipment and systems
• Compliance: it is often required by law to comply with codes and standards 1.5 General Considerations in Electrical installation design
• Code: Mandatory regulations enforceable by law or regulatory bodies. None compliance can result in prosecution. e.g. BS7671: • In any design, there are always many possible solutions to each problem, some good, some fair, some poor.
Requirements for electrical installations (aka wiring regulations), International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), National Electrical
• Experience guides designers to a best solution for the problem, given the cost constraints, design intent and criteria.
Code (USA) etc
• The design must meet all requirements for local and national building codes.
• Standard: Voluntary guidelines developed by industry experts. Compliance is optional but encourage for quality control. e.g. UNBS
• The major considerations in any electrical installation design are:-
Note: Regulations: These incorporate codes and standards. They must be complied with.
1.4.1 Ugandan Case: 1. Safety: Though code adherence ensures initial safe electrical installation, the designer must know the potential for electric
1. The National Building (Standards for Electrical Installations in Buildings) Code, 2019 hazards caused by misuse and failure of equipment.
• Provides guidelines for the design, installation, operation and maintenance of electrical systems in buildings. 5 6

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1. Electrical Installation Design 1. Electrical Installation Design

2. Flexibility: There should always be enough flexibility in circuitry, feeders and panels to accommodate all reasonably probable 2. Decide on the point of service entrance, type of run, service voltage, metering location in conjunction with the local electric
patterns, arrangements and locations of electrical loads. utility.

3. Reliability: The service record of the utility should be studied along with the cost implications of a power outage to 3. Determine the proposed usage of all areas and information about all client furnished equipment including their ratings and service
determine whether and to what extent standby power equipment is justified. connection requirements.

4. Economic considerations: This can be divided under initial cost and life cycle costs. Note that low initial costs usually 4. Determine from other consultants (e.g. HVAC, plumbing, elevators consultants) the exact ratings for all the equipment under
translates to higher energy costs, higher maintenance costs and shorter life, hence a higher life cycle cost. their section.

5. Energy considerations: These might involve energy codes and budgets, energy efficiency techniques and energy control. 5. Determine the location and estimate the size of all required electrical equipment spaces including switchboards roams, electrical
closets, panelboards etc. (Why is this important early in the design process?)
6. Space allocations: It is usually assumed that all electrical equipment is easily concealed. That is true for wires and conduits,
but not panels, switchboards, transformers etc. 6. Design the lighting for the facility.

7. Special considerations. These depend on the facility, and may include items like security, central/remote control, 7. On the plans,
interconnection with other facilities, special needs people etc.
• locate all electrical equipment including lighting, receptacles, switches, motors etc.
1.6 Electrical Wiring Design Procedure
• Locate data-processing and signal apparatus such as telecommunication outlets, network connections, phone outlets,
• The steps may be performed in different order, or some steps maybe combined.
speakers, microphones, TV outlets, fire and smoke detectors etc.
1. Estimate the electrical load based on the building area and any building data and information
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1. Electrical Installation Design 2. Load Estimation

• Locate data-processing and signal apparatus such as telecommunication outlets, network connections, phone outlets, 2.1 Introduction
speakers, microphones, TV outlets, fire and smoke detectors etc. • Electrical load: Amount of electrical power used by a device, system or facility at a specified point in time. Measured in W, or kW.

• Circuit all lighting devices and power equipment to the appropriate panels and prepare the panel schedules • Loads can be:

• Resistive: convert electrical energy to heat e.g. heaters and cookers

8. Compute all panel loads.
• Inductive : use electromagnetic fields e.g. motors and transformers
9. Prepare a riser diagram. This includes the design of distribution panels, switchboards, and service equipment.
• Capacitive: store electrical energy e.g. capacitor banks
10. Compute feeder sizes and all protective equipment ratings
• Note: The size of your electrical panel is based on this calculation.
11. Check the preceding work.
• Electrical loads in a building can either be:
Note: Design is a continual process, and adjustments are made as new information is gained.
• Continuous loads: run none stop and hence require steady and continuous supply of power.
Assignment 1.1
• Non-continuous loads: these run for short periods of time
1. Describe the different types of electrical drawings (design, construction, shop, record, composite, as built) • Electrical load in any facility can be categorized as:-

2. Explain the different electrical design stages (Concept, preliminary, developed, detailed, construction design phases) 1. Lighting: these vary significantly depending on the type of lighting used, number of fixtures and hours of use.

2. Miscellaneous power, which include data processing equipment and peripheral equipment, convenience outlets and small motors

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2. Load Estimation 2. Load Estimation

3. HVAC equipment, including fuel pumps, boiler motors, air handling units, exhaust fans, refrigeration compressors etc • Note: Demand factor is applied to individual loads, especially electric motors as they are rarely operated at full load. For buildings,
it typically ranges between 50-80%
4. Plumbing and other piping-based systems: Loads associated with water and sanitary systems such as water pumps, air
compressors and vacuum pumps, fire pumps, water heaters and display fountain pumps etc. They also include electrical loads • Diversity factor

associated with fixed piping systems such as cooking gas, medical gas piping, distilled water systems etc 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
5. Mechanized transport equipment and fixed material handling equipment: e.g. lifts/elevators, escalators, moving walkways and
• Coincidence factor or Factor of simultaneity:
ramps, conveyors etc.
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6. Kitchen equipment: e.g. cookers, ovens, dishwashers etc. 𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

7. Special equipment: These are associated with specialized equipment e.g. laboratory, medical and industrial machinery. • Load factor:
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
2.2 Common terms in load estimation 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = =
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
• Connected load: sum of all loads connected to the electrical system (kW).
• Maximum demand: Maximum load which the consumer uses at any given time.
• Demand factor or Maximum utilization
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

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2. Load Estimation 2. Load Estimation

Example 2.1 Example 2.2
A residential consumer has 10 lamps of 40W each connected at his premises. His demand is as follows: Four customers of electricity have different load requirements at different times. Consumer 1 as a maximum demand of 2KW at 9pm
and a demand of 1.6kW at 8pm and a daily load factor of 15%. Consumer 2 has a maximum demand of 2kW at 12 noon, a load of
12am – 5am 40W 1kW at 8pm and an average load of 500W. Consumer 3 has a maximum demand of 8kW at 5pm, a load of 5kW at 8pm and a daily
5am – 6pm No load load factor of 25%. Consumer 4 has an average load of 1kW and a maximum demand is 4kW at 8pm. Determine (i)the diversity factor,
(ii) the load factor and average load of each consumer, (iii) and the average load and load factor of the combined load
6pm – 7pm 320W
Ans:
7pm – 9pm 360W
Maximum demand of the system at 8pm = 1.6 + 1 +5 + 4 = 11.6kW
9pm - 12am 160W
Sum of individual maximum demand = 2 + 2 + 8 + 4 = 16kW
Plot the load curve. Find the average load, the maximum load, the load factor and electric energy consumption during the day.
Diversity factor = 16/11.6 = 1.379
Ans:
ii)
Total energy consumed during 24 hrs = 5x40 + 1x320 + 2x360 + 3x160 = 1720 Wh
Consumer 1: Average load = 0.15 x2 = 0.3kW, LF 15%
Load factor = 1720/ (360x24) = 19.9% (formula 2 of load factor)
Consumer 2: Average load = 0.5 kW, LF = 0.5/2 x100 = 25%
Average load = 1720/24 = 71.7W
Consumer 3: Average load = 0.25 x 8 = 2kW, LF = 25%
Maximum load = 360W
Consumer 4: Average load = 1kW, LF = ¼ x 100 = 25%
Note: From formula 1 of load factor, Load factor = 71.7/360 = 19.9%
iii)
Combined average load = 0.3 + 0.5 + 2 + 1 = 3.8kW
Combined LF = 3.8/11.6 x 100 = 32.75%
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2. Load Estimation 2. Load Estimation

2.3 Methods of load estimation [Link] Space by space method (functional area method)

Preliminary load calculations Final load calculations • The building is divided into functional areas. e.g. offices, corridors, shops etc

Units of load are W/m2 or VA/m2 Units of load are kW or kVA or HP • The load density in W/m2 or VA/m2 is then used to estimate the load. These values are got from tables.
Unity power factor is assumed Different values of power factors are used • The load density can either be grouped (one value covering all the lighting, general power and power load) or individual (individual
depending on load types
values for lighting, general power and power loads)
Demand and load factors are selected from Demand and load factors are real values
tables Example 2.3
The connected load will be estimated based Actual demand load will be calculated based
You have been hired to design a power supply of a high-rise office building with a shopping arcade. It has:
on area or population on summation of the individual loads times
demand and diversity factors • 14 levels with each having real floor area approx.. 1350m2
Easy and fast calculation Economical, cost-effective calculations • Utilities area of 210m2
ensuring equipment and materials are adequate
to serve existing, new and future load • The area is divided into:
demands
• Parking ( levels -1 to -3)

2.3.1 Preliminary load calculations • Shopping center and bank (level 0)

• These are divided into space by space (functional area method), building area method and Area method. • Offices (levels +1 to +10)
• A design can sometimes use one, two or all the methods.
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2. Load Estimation 2. Load Estimation

The floor heights of levels 0 to +10 are 4m and -1 to -3 are 3m. Calculate the estimated load and the size of the required transformer.
Solution:
Step 1: calculate areas of each space:
Parking garage + utilities [level -1 to -3] = 3 x 1350 + 210 = 4260 m2
Shopping center/bank [level 0] = 1 x 1350 = 1350 m2
Offices [level +1 to +10] = 10 x 1350 = 13,500 m2
Step 2: Determine grouped loaded density for each space
From the tables, we will assume the highest possible values
Parking garage + utilities [level -1 to -3] = 4260 x 10 = 24,600 W
Shopping center/bank [level 0] = 1350 x 60 = 81,000 W
Offices [level +1 to +10] = 13,500 x 50 = 675,000 W
Step 3: Get the total load
= 780.6 kW
Step 4: Get the capacity of transformer
Assume power factor of 0.85 and maximum transformer loading of 70%
Transformer output rating = 780.6/(0.7 x 0.85) = 1,311.9 kVA.
Table 1 table 2
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2. Load Estimation 2. Load Estimation

Assignment 2.4 [Link] Area method
Solve 2.3 using individual load densities in table 3. State any assumptions made.
• Used for large areas with multiple building e.g. industrial, commercial, military etc
[Link] Building area method
• This method is used to design substations serving these areas.
• The building is divided into different areas based on occupancy or use (residential, commercial, industrial).
• Individual building loads are calculated using space-by-space or building area methods.
• It is much easier but lacks the flexibility of space-by-space method.
• A diversity factor is applied to account for unlikely event of all building operating simultaneously at maximum load.
• Gross area (area from the outside of exterior walls) is used in this calculation.

Note: Load densities are based on historical data or industry standards. • There are two methods under area method

Example 2.5 1. Basic method:

An educational building has power densities as follows • Used for one level of electrical distribution inside an area. i.e. feeders for individual building originate from the main substation
switch gear
Load density (W/m2) for non AC zone Load density (W/m2) for AC zone
2. Load centers method
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• This method is used for multi levels of electrical distributions inside the areas. i.e. group of individual buildings can be connected to
sub-main switchgear far from the main switchgear.
Calculate the preliminary electrical load for transformers feeding an academic building which has 4 floors with floor area 3250 m2
assuming each of the cases. Assume power factor of 0.85 and transformer load level of 70%. (AC : 1967kVA, non AC : 328kVA)
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• The choice between these three methods depends on: Method Description Advantage Suitability Accuracy Level of detail
1. Stage of design: Space-by-space Calculates for More accurate and Complex buildings Highest Highest
• Preliminary design or early planning stage: Lower accuracy required, Building area and area methods are okay. individual space detailed
• Detailed design stage: High accuracy required. Used space-by-space method functions
2. Complexity and functionality of the building: Building area Estimate based on Simpler and quicker General estimates Lowest Lowest
• Simple or uniform buildings : Use building area method or Area method entire building type than space-by-space
• Complex or multi-use buildings : Use space-by-space method. method
3. Availability of information Area method Use floor area to Straightforward and Various building Intermediate Intermediate
• Limited information: Use Building Area method or area method estimate loads rapid estimate types
• Detailed information: Use space by space method
4. Regulatory and code compliance 2.4 Actual load estimation (connected load method)
• Specific code compliance: Use space by space method
• General compliance: Use building area method • Involves summing up the rated capacities of all electrical equipment in a building. This can be done by following steps below.

5. Accuracy requirements 1. Identify all electrical devices and appliances

• High accuracy: Use space by space method • List all devices that will be used in the area
• Moderate to low accuracy: Use Building area method or area method
• Categorize by type for easier calculation and later, circuit design.
6. Time and resource constraints
• Limited time and resources: Use building Area method or area method 2. Determine the power ratings
• Adequate time and resources: Use space by space method • Check the nameplates of the devices
• Use standard values or estimates based on similar devices
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2. Load Estimation

3. Calculate the load of each device

3. Single phase devices: Load (W) = Voltage x Current
4. Three phase devices 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 3 𝑥 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑥 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑥 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

4. Estimate the total connected load by summing up all the loads. This gives the total power requirement if all devices were running
simultaneously.

5. Apply demand factor: Demand factor depends on type of building and usage pattern. 𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

6. Account for future expansion. Include a safety margin of about 10-20%

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