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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
To begin with, we want to extend our appreciation to Ho Chi Minh City
University of Technology for incorporating the program into their
curriculum. We would like to give special thanks to Dr. Tran Anh Tu, our
lecturer, for his unwavering dedication in training us, which has served
as the foundation for our research. His unwavering support and
ongoing guidance have been instrumental in helping us complete our
thesis.
As a result of time and knowledge constraints, our research may
unavoidably have some flaws. Therefore, we anticipate receiving
constructive feedback from our lecturers, which will enable us to gain
valuable experience and enhance our abilities.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction..................................................................................4
1.1..................................................................Overview of field trip
4
1.2................................................................................Preparation
5
1.3...............................................Introduction to Social – economics
5
1.4.......................................................................................Natural
5
1.4.1................................................................Ba Ria – Vung Tau
5
a. Regional geology............................................................5
b. Topographical and geomorphological features.................6
1.4.2..........................................................................Phan Thiet
6
a........................................................Geographical Location
6
b................................................Topographic characteristics
7
[Link]......................................................................7
d.. .Characteristic of sedimentary at Fairy Stream, northwest
of Mui Ne........................................................................7
2..........................................................................................Field trip
.....................................................................................................8
2.1...........................................................................................Rock
8
2.1.1.......................................................................Plutonic rock
8
[Link]...........................................................................8
b...............................................................................Diorite
9
2.1.2..............................................................................Volcanic
9
a.............................................................................Rhyolite
9
b............................................................................Andesite
10
[Link]...........................................................................11
2.1.3...................................................................................Dyke
12
2.1.4..............................................................................Laterite
12
2.2...................................................................................Resouces
13
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2.2.1...............................................................Building materials
13
a............................................................................Andesite
13
b...............................................................................Basalt
13
[Link].........................................................................13
d.............................................................................Laterite
13
e.................................................................................Sand
14
f. Pebble..........................................................................14
2.2.2.......................................................................Groundwater
15
2.2.3..............................................................Renewable energy
15
2.2.4.........................................................................Landscapes
16
2.3......................................................................................Hazards
18
3. Conclusion.................................................................................20
4. References................................................................................20
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1. Introduction
1.1 Overview of field trip
VT01: Rock Lake at Vietnamese National University- an old
andesite quarry with the age of the late Jurassic Long Binh complex
at HCMUT campus 2. We studied, observed, and described the
appearance, texture, and veins cut of the volcanic rock.
Locations: 10°52'50.00"N 106°47'16.0"E
VT02: Hoi Son Pagoda-We identified the chemical weathering
processes of Laterite formation and its distribution. Finding the
applications of laterite.
Locations: 10°52'15.8"N 106°50'23.5"E
VT03: Doi Nhai Beach- igneous volcanic rocks and
sediments. We studied the sand size on the beach, gravel, and
cobblestone. Distinguished the sand on Doi Nhai Beach.
Locations: 10°20'00.3"N 107°05'24.1"E
VT04: Bai Sau Beach Determined the texture, cross-cutting, and
appearance of extrusive volcanic rocks (Rhyolite).
Locations: 10°20'49.7"N 107°06'01.0"E
VT05: Ru Ri Island Determined and recognized how old one
igneous rock is with others (diorite, granite, rhyolite) by observing
and using principles of inclusions.
Locations: 10°21'00.4"N 107°04'02.5"E
VT06: Bai Dau Beach "Learn about the phenomenon of sand
layering on the outer coast and the presence of titanium minerals in
the sand."
Locations: 10°22'16.8"N 107°03'29.1"E
VT07: Gia Quy quarry Described the textured weathering process
( exfoliation) in mafic rocks.
Locations: 10°30'18"N 107°16'20"E
VT08: Loc An - Estuary of Ray River Studied how the erosion,
deposition and longshore current affected the land. Found solutions
to protect the beach.
Locations: 10°43'17"N 108°0'20"E
PT01: Ke Ga Beach Used the compass to measure the strike and
dip of the rocks. Described the texture and appearance of the felsic
igneous rocks.
Locations: 10°41′42″B 107°59′8″Đ
PT 02: Fairy Stream- a spectacular painting of nature. We can
fully enjoy a combination of the bright red and white color of the
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sand, the lush green color of the trees and the clear color water of
the stream.
Locations: 10°57'07.3"N 108°15'22.9"E
PT03: Bay Mau stone beach This is a unique place located on a
part of Co Thach Beach. Here, instead of the smooth sandy beaches
typically found on coastlines, there is a large-scale colored rock
beach. This rock beach is approximately 0.9 km in length and 200 to
300 meters in width.
Locations: 11°10'32"N 108°42'42"E
1.2 Preparation
Tape measure: to measure the height and length of the location
Compass: to determine location, strike, dip, …
Geological hammer: to collect rock samples
Note and pencil: to note the information
1.3 Introduction to Social - economics
Some rocks are a source of a mineral such as gold, diamond,
limestone, and petroleum e.t.c which can be exported to provide
foreign exchange to a country, petroleum, coal, limestone, and
derived from igneous and metamorphic rocks.
Sedimentary rocks like petroleum and local rocks are the source of
fuel for domestic and industrial uses.
Some rocks like granite and sandstone are quarried and used for
road, bridge, and building construction.
Some beautiful rocks such as marble can be polished as an
ornament for decorating floors, walls of buildings, churches, and
tombstones.
1.4 Natural
1.4.1 Ba Ria – Vung Tau
a. Regional geology
Ba Ria - Vung Tau province's geological structure is divided into
three structural layers: the upper structural layer, the middle
structural layer, and the lower structural layer:
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Upper structural layer: Holocene sediments make up the
upper structural layer. They are made up of three sets of
sediments that correspond to three Holocene epochs: the
Early-Middle Holocene, the Late Middle Holocene, and the Late
Holocene. Sediments from the Late Holocene and Late
Holocene.
Middle structural layer: The middle structural layer is made up
of Pleistocene sedimentary formations, weakly associated
Pliocene terrigenous formations, and Pleistocene to Pliocene
basaltic eruptions. This structural layer has a high degree of
soil consolidation and covers the eroded surface of the lower
structural layer.
Lower structural layer: Although the geological formations of
this structural layer have high load-bearing properties
because the surface is distributed either too deep or when
exposed The ground has a small area and a large slope, this
structural layer is only meaningful as a construction material.
b. Topographical and geomorphological features:
The province of Ba Ria Vung Tau is divided into eight topographic
groups based on their origins and ages, as follows:
Terrain of volcanic origin: occupies the majority of the space
and comes in two varieties (overflow basalt mantle and
volcanic cones associated with central explosive eruption)
The topography of the origin of erosion - erosion: The surface
of erosion - accumulation - erosion is divided into leveled
surfaces and slopes of erosion - accumulation - erosion.
Terrain accumulates many origins: including 4 river terraces:
Tier IV riverbed; River shelf level III; River shelf level II; River
shelf level I.
Terrain of marine origin: The abrasive-accumulative (shelf)
surfaces, plains, and sand strips range in age from the Middle
Pleistocene to the present.
Topography of river-sea origin: there are 4 deltas of river-sea
origin (Land of erosion-accumulation shelf level III, 35-50m
high, Level II erosion-accumulation shelf plain, 15-25m high,
Accumulation shelf plain of stage I, 5 to 15m high, middle
Holocene age, coastal estuarine accumulation shelf plain, 2 to
5m high, late Holocene age, Accumulation basin of marsh-sea
origin, swamp age Holocene
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Undivided Quaternary lake origin: The lake origin plain was
formed as a result of flow-blocking processes associated with
basalt eruptions from the end of the Neogene to the beginning
of the Quaternary.
Topography of wind origin: With long stretches of sand dunes,
the Middle Holocene sand dunes range developed at the edge
of Middle Holocene sea formations in Binh Chau, in the Vung
Tau area.
1.4.2 Phan Thiet
a. Geographical Location:
The red sand is easily identified by its distinctive wine-red color,
which creates a geologically strong impression. The red sand is
distributed with a surface difference and height ranging from 0m
to 200m along the coast from Cam Ranh, Hon Do, Maviec, Tuy
Phong, Bac Phan Thiet, South Phan Thiet, and Ham Tan to Phu
Quy and Con Dao island. From the tidal flats of South Phan Thiet,
Tuy Phong, to the plateaus of Song Luy, Mui Ne, and then to the
lower areas. The seafloor is clearly tiered, as in Maviec, and the
red sand distribution is quite diverse. The coastline length is
approximately 270 km; the length along National Highway 1A is
approximately 235 km. The area's width ranges from 2.0 km to
21.5 km. The total area of the investigation area is 1,262 km2.
When compared to other geological units along the South Central
Coast, the geological formations (red sand) of the Phan Thiet
Formation have the most widespread distribution. The red sand is
exposed along the side of National Highway 1A in Binh Thanh
commune in Tuy Phong, an area of about 15 km 2, with gray sand
covering about 25 square kilometers. The red sand layer is
continuously exposed in the North Phan Thiet area, extending
more than 50 kilometers from the district Bac Binh to the north of
Phan Thiet city, covering an area of approximately 520 km 2.
There are also a few exposed blocks along the coast of the Ham
Tan district.
The Phan Thiet Formation's sedimentary composition is primarily
composed of small to medium-grained sand, mixed sand powder,
and clay that has been compressed quite tightly. Colors range
from white to yellow to red, or red with white patches; red is one
of the most common colors and features of the formation.
Sediment has a layered structure of transverse waves, oblique
waves, and poor biological relics, inappropriately covering many
different geological formations, such as Mui Ne (mQ11mn), Lien
Huong Formation (N2lh), Mesozoic rocks, and covered by Late
Pleistocene to Holocene Sea sediments.
b. Topographic characteristics:
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With a length of nearly 300 kilometers, the coastal strip from
Ninh Thuan to the north of Ba Ria - Vung Tau has three types of
terrain: mountainous terrain, hilly terrain, and plain terrain.
The mountainous terrain occupies a small area, usually along
the western coast; this terrain has elevations ranging from
500 to 1,000 meters, with sharp peaks and steep slopes, and
the terrain is quite dissected.
Hilly terrain, low hills scattered along the coast, forming capes
that protrude into the sea.
Plain terrain accounts for a large area. The surface slopes
gradually to the sea, with absolute heights ranging from a few
meters to nearly 200 kilometers.
c. Vegetation
The majority of the mountains have been stripped bare by
human farming or logging. Some vegetation has been planted or
regenerated in recent years, but it is insufficient to completely
green the bald hills. Herbaceous plants, vines, and
underdeveloped herbaceous plants dominate the natural
vegetation in mountains, hills, and sandy beaches. However,
some natural vegetation areas have been well preserved, such as
Ta Kou special-use forest in Ham Thuan Nam, Binh Thuan.
d. Characteristic of sedimentary at Fairy Stream,
northwest of Mui Ne:
The Phan Thiet Formation sediments are exposed walls,
consisting of four volumes from bottom to top:
Volume 1: Medium-grained quartz sand, gray-white, medium-
bonded, overlaid on the plan surface. Corrosion of gray, patchy,
yellow-brown silty sand sediments, firmly attached, belonging to
the Mui Ne floor (mQ1mn). The volume is 1 to 4m thick, with an
age of 181,000 years.
Volume 2: White, gray-white medium-grained quartz sand, weak
cohesion, layered structure horizontal, directly overlaid on
volume 1, 1m to 3m thick.
Volume 3: Yellow, brown medium-grained quartz sand, weak
cohesion, the boundary between volume 2 and volume 3 gradual
transition. 2m to 3m thick.
Volume 4: Small to medium-sized quartz sand mixed with red
powder, medium cohesion, volumes 3 and 4. Moving forward
slowly, the lower part of the set (20 meters from the stream bed)
has an age of 73,900 ± 8,100 years.
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In this section, there are 2 sedimentary spans: beat 1 (volume 1),
and span 2 (including volume 2,3 and 4).
The color change of span 2 reflects the zoning of the weathering
process in the direction of drenched consciousness.
2. Field trip
2.1 Rock
2.1.1 Plutonic rock
a. Granite
VT05: Ru Ri Island
Granite
Figure VT05.1: Light-colored granite
Granite is next to Diorite. It is older than diorite and rhyolite
because the fault only cut through the granite but not through
the diorite. This means the granite formed first, then the fault cut
through it, then the newly-formed diorite overlapped the granite,
so the fault didn’t go through diorite and only cut through
granite. (figure VT05.1)
Granite is a type of igneous rock that is made up of minerals such
as quartz, feldspar, and mica. It is formed from the slow cooling
and solidification of magma or lava beneath the Earth's surface.
Granite is known for its durability, strength, and resistance to
scratches and heat, which is why it is commonly used for building
and construction materials, such as countertops, flooring, and
monuments. It is also used in the manufacturing of electronics
and as a decorative stone in landscaping.
b. Diorite
VT05: Ru Ri Island
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Diorite
Figure VT05.2: Diorite surrounds rhyolite
Diorite is a type of intrusive igneous rock that is composed
mainly of plagioclase feldspar, biotite, hornblende, and
sometimes small amounts of quartz or other minerals. It is
typically gray to black in color, with a coarse texture that can
range from fine-grained to porphyritic (containing larger crystals
embedded in a finer-grained matrix). Diorite surrounds the
rhyolite (as shown in Figure VT05.2). Diorite is commonly found in
areas where there has been volcanic activity or tectonic plate
movement, and it is often used as a building material and in
decorative stonework.
2.1.2 Volcanic
a. Rhyolite
VT04: Bai Sau Beach
Rhyolite
Figure VT04.1: Rhyolite on Bai Sau Beach
Rhyolite is a volcanic igneous rock with a high silica content. It is
typically light in color, ranging from gray to pink to beige, and
has a fine-grained texture. Rhyolite is formed when magma,
which is rich in silica and gas, cools and solidifies quickly at the
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Earth's surface. It can be found in volcanic areas all around the
world and is often used as a building material or decorative
stone.
VT05: Ru Ri Island
Rhyolite
Figure VT05.3: Rhyolite is surrounded by diorite
Observe the shape of the captive relationship (figure VT05.3). It
has a moon shape and the age is different. After observation, we
figured out that the rock has a different color in the middle
(Rhyolite) is covered by the black one. Because of that, it may be
younger than the diorite around (The black rock).
b. Andesite
VT01: Rock Lake at Vietnamese National University
Figure VT01.1: The sample of Andesite in Rock Lake
Texture: Glassy
Name: Andesite (Intermediate volcanic rock)
Size of texture: 5cm (horizontal), 10cm (vertical)
Color: Dark-blue
Mineral: feldspar, plagioclase, quartz, feldspathoid
Age: Jurassic
Component: Andesine, pyroxene, sodium-rich
Transparent: Opaque
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Strike: 54
Dip: 17
Andesite lava rock has moderate viscosity and forms thick lava
flows and domes. It has a porphyritic texture with phenocryst
(the large grain) and a matrix (the groundmass). It mainly
contains plagioclase and amphibole (hornblende). The color of
Andesite is usually gray or bluish-gray. Andesite has intermediate
silica content about 52 – 63%, the more silica content makes the
rock sharper and lighter in color. It also appeared vein cuts which
were filled by secondary minerals which are Calcite and Quartz.
Due to weathering, Calcite was dissolved, only Quartz remained
and the vein keeps stable.
c. Basalt
VT07 Gia Quy quarry
Figure VT07.1: Quarry panorama
Basalt rock is a type of extrusive igneous rock that is formed from
the rapid cooling of lava flows. It is typically dark in color, fine-
grained, and composed of minerals such as pyroxene, plagioclase
feldspar, and olivine. Basalt is one of the most common types of
volcanic rocks on Earth and can be found in many parts of the
world.
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Figure VT07.3: Massive Basalt Figure VT07.4:
Burmine Basalt
Basalt rocks can be divided into two main types, referred to as
Massive basalt in Figure VT07.3 and Burmine basalt in Figure
VT07.4.
Massive Basalt has a fine-grained structure, characteristics black
color, and usually has no gas cavities or bubbles.
Burmine Basalt has a porous structure and contains gas cavities
created by the escape of gas from the lava during solidification.
Burmine Basalt has a lower density and is often used in
construction and decoration.
2.1.3 Dyke
VT05 Ru Ri island
Figure VT05: Example of Dyke
Dyke can vary in size and shape, ranging from thin veins to thick
and wide sheets that extend for kilometers. They can be found in
many types of rocks, including granite, basalt, and sandstone,
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and can be used to infer the age and structure of the surrounding
rock formations.
2.1.4 Laterite
VT02: Hoi Son Pagoda
Figure VT02.1: Weathered laterite
“The high of the people in the picture is 1m8”
Laterite is a reddish product that results from the weathering of
basalt, and it is primarily composed of titanium, aluminum, and
iron. It typically develops in tropical and subtropical areas with
humid climates.
Laterite can become harder as it weathers, as was observed at
VT02 - Hoi Son Pagoda, where deeper layers of laterite were
found to be softer and easier to break down. Observations of
multiple layers of laterite at this location revealed that the
laterite layer is approximately 7 meters thick. Additionally, sandy
quartz inclusions were found in the laterite rock.
Figure VT02.2: Topographic map of the area for collecting data
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2.2 Resouces
2.2.1 Applications
a. Andesite
Andesite, a fine-grained volcanic rock, has various applications
including building and construction, road construction,
landscaping, sculptures and artwork, and geothermal power
generation. It is used for flooring, walls, exterior cladding,
pavements, retaining walls, decorative features, and as a
material for lining geothermal wells.
b. Basalt
VT07 Gia Quy quarry
Figure VT07.2: Some types of pavement tiles for sidewalk made
from Basalt
Basalt is a relatively stronf rock ưith diverse colors. It is often
used to produce pavement tiles because of its abrasion
resistance and easse of shaping into various shape and sizes.
c. Granite
Granite, a hard and durable igneous rock, has many applications
due to its durability, hardness, and aesthetic qualities. It is
commonly used in building and construction, monuments and
memorials, sculptures and artwork, landscaping, and interior
design, including kitchen and bathroom countertops
d. Laterite
VT01 Hoi Son pagoda
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Figure VT02.1: Example for Laterite
Laterite, a soil rich in iron and aluminum, has various applications
including construction, agriculture, water treatment, art and
decoration, and road construction. It is used as a building
material and soil conditioner, as well as for water treatment,
decoration items, and road construction.
e. Sand
VT08 Loc An - Estuary of Ray River
Figure VT08.2: Sedimented sand at the river mouth
Sand formed by sedimentation at the mouth of a river is a type of
natural sand created when sand particles are carried into the
river mouth and are held in place by centrifugal force. As the
centrifugal force decreases when water flows into the ocean, the
sand particles are trapped and gradually accumulate there. Over
time, these sand particles are compressed and become a hard
layer that can be used for construction and landfill purposes.
Sedimented sand at the river mouth is often highly pure and
widely used in construction, especially in urban infrastructure
projects such as roads, bridges, and new urban areas. However,
the exploitation of this sand needs to be managed and controlled
strictly to ensure environmental protection and prevent coastal
erosion.
f. Pebble
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PT03 Bay Mau stone beach
Figure PT03.2: Colorful pebble on the beach
Pebbles have various applications, including landscaping,
construction, aquariums, crafts, massage therapy, and cooking.
They are used for decoration, building materials, substrate,
crafts, hot stone massage, and seasoning.
2.2.2 Groundwater
VT02 Cua Lap Beach
Figure VT02.3: A freshwater well of a household on the coast
The depth of the well: 4m – 5m
The way determine water level: Using a beer can (this method is
only applicable to wells with shallow depths.
The method to determine groundwater aquifers is “Electrical
resistivity”
2.2.3 Renewable energy (Wind power in Phan Thiet)
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Figure PT01.2: Wind turbines
Phan Thiet is one of the potential locations for wind power
development in Vietnam. The city has many locations where wind
turbines can be installed, such as on the coastal sand dunes or
on low-lying areas.
According to geological and meteorological studies, the Phan
Thiet area has an average wind speed of 6 to 7 m/s, which is
suitable for wind power development. Additionally, the terrain of
Phan Thiet is also favorable for installing wind turbines due to the
many sand dunes and low-lying areas.
In summary, wind power is a potential solution for energy
development in Phan Thiet, contributing to reducing emissions
and protecting the environment.
2.2.4 Landscapes
PT01 Ke Ga Beach
Figure PT01.1: Cliffs built at Ke Ga
“The height of student in the picture is 1.65m”
The demensions of the location where data is collected:
Horizontal: 2m
Vertical: 3.5m
Area: 7m2
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Strike: 230 NE
Dip direction: 40 NE
Dip angle: 16 NE
PT02 Fairy Stream
The Fairy Stream is a small stream that originates from a six-
meter-high geyser in a sandy cave, and spans over two
kilometers. The stream is surrounded by sandy clay stalactites in
shades of red, brown, and yellow that have been eroded by rain
over time. It separates the western hill range, composed of red
sand coated in gray-white sand, from the eastern hill range,
composed of gray-white sand. The stream's western side exhibits
micro-terrain features that clearly show the difference between
the two sand types. The gray-white beach features waterfalls,
towering cliffs, sand structures, and a geological stretch of red
sand covered in gray sand. A thermoluminescence study reveals
that the gray-white sand is over 204,000 years old, while the red
sand is between 8,500 and 9,000 years old.
Figure PT02.1: Stratification of sand and types
There are many sand cliffs where the red sand is at the top of the
cliff while the white one tends to be at the bottom at Fairy
Stream; we can see that in Figure PT02.1
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Figure PT02.2 Figure PT02.3
Furthermore, Fairy Stream has many miniature models of popular
terrains in Vietnam such as miniature models of river flows from
upstream to downstream that will branch and segment (Figure
PT02.2). In addition, we can also see the similar topographic
pattern in the central regions of Vietnam (Figure PT02.3).
PT03 Bay May stone beach
Figure PT03.1: Cobblestones
The Lien Huong coastline is primarily composed of sedimentary
rocks with a complex mineral composition, formed from the
weathering of various rock types. The rocks date back to the
Early (Paleogene) period of the Cenozoic era, approximately 1.8
million years ago.
The pebble beach in Co Thach was originally formed from a layer
of sedimentary rock that is influenced by various igneous rocks
from volcanic activity in the Truong Son Nam region. Additionally,
when the pebbles were pushed from the sea onto the shore, they
were covered in moss and affected by the heat of the sun and
thick mist, which contributed to the variety of colors seen on the
beach (If these pebbles are broken, their cores are only a dark
gray color).
2.3Hazards
VT02 Cua Lap Beach
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Figure VT02.1: Sand in Cua Lap Beach after a drizzle
The permeability of sand refers to the ability of sand to allow
water or other liquids to pass through the gaps or void spaces
between sand particles. The permeability of sand depends on the
size, shape, uniformity, and porosity of the sand particles. Sand
has high permeability when there are large and uniform void
spaces between sand particles, while permeability is lower when
sand particles are close together and void spaces are smaller.
The permeability of sand is an important factor in construction,
water resource management, and soil improvement.
Figure VT02.2: Dune erosion in Cua Lap Beach
“The height of student in the picture is 1.52m”
Along the shoreline of Thuy Van beach, dune erosion may be
seen. Sand is lost from a dune as it is being attacked by waves,
mostly by nothing, avalanching, and slumping processes. This
article discusses storm-induced dune erosion and offers some
basic guidelines from which the dune front’s retreat can be
gauged.
VT08 Loc An – Estuary of Ray river
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Figure VT08.1: Embankment at Estuary of Ray river
“The shiting of the Ray River mouth in Loc An” refers to the
process of the movement of the Ray River mouth due to the
impact of floods, waves, and tides. When the water level rises or
there is heavy rain, the amount of water in the river increases
and can change the shape and position of the river mouth.
This shifting can affect the terrain and ecosystem of the area
around the river mouth, and sometimes can cause damage to
local infrastructure and people’s livelihoods.
To prevent the shifting of a river mouth, some measures can be
applied:
Construction of hydraulic structures such as dykes, banks,
piles, and dams to hold the river banks firmly and create a
stable flow channel.
Planting forests along the river banks to hold the soil firmly
and limit the change of hydraulic forces.
Implementing technical measures to reduce the impact of the
flow such as installing shields, containers to reduce the flow
rate, and disperse the impact force of the flow.
Understanding the characteristics of the river, the flow, and
the surrounding land to propose appropriate solutions lo limit
the movement of the river mouth.
3. Conclusions
Thanks to Mr. Tu's enthusiastic leadership, we were able to
overcome challenges quickly during our three-day, two-night
journey and achieve significant outcomes.
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This experience exposed us to structured work that involved
dividing tasks in the field, which contrasted with the theory taught
in the classroom and lab. We gained professional experience with
rock handling, surveying, report writing, and identifying rocks,
minerals, and sand, as well as exogenous and endogenous
geological phenomena. We also became proficient in using a
compass. The journey from Ho Chi Minh City to Phan Thiet provided
us with a chance to see many sights before culminating in a special
field trip.
Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to Mr. Tu for joining us
and enhancing our understanding of rocks and minerals in Vietnam
4. References
Earth Science (13th Edition) By Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K.
Lutgens, Dennis G. Tasa
[Link]
dip-strike-and-bearing/?
fbclid=IwAR0NWq19VeEObB83FQiMrps0JfF46TQfmtxtLQ3bNYcXQuz
OECJ_QMLPuJo
Geology of Great Sand Dunes National Park | U.S. Geological Survey.
(n.d.). [Link]
parks/geology-great-sand-dunes-national-park#:~:text=Sand
%20dunes%20are%20created%20
[Link]
to-man
[Link]
%[Link]
[Link]
VNU_123/8136/1/[Link]
Soonawala, N. (2019, March 2). The Geology of the Earth's Internal
Processes. Sciencing. [Link]
[Link]
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