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Geography All Chapter Notes Class 10

The document discusses the concept of resources, their development, and the need for sustainable management to prevent ecological crises and social inequality. It highlights the importance of equitable resource distribution and the historical context of resource planning in India, including land utilization and water scarcity issues. Additionally, it addresses the challenges posed by multi-purpose river projects and the movements against them due to their environmental and social impacts.

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160 views23 pages

Geography All Chapter Notes Class 10

The document discusses the concept of resources, their development, and the need for sustainable management to prevent ecological crises and social inequality. It highlights the importance of equitable resource distribution and the historical context of resource planning in India, including land utilization and water scarcity issues. Additionally, it addresses the challenges posed by multi-purpose river projects and the movements against them due to their environmental and social impacts.

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neelamkanwar915
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RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT WHAT IS A RESOURCE? © Everything in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs and is technoings ally accessible, econormecailly feasible and culturally acceptable ts termed a5 ‘Resource’. © Human beings themselves are essential components of resources. They transform things available in the environment into resources and use them. DEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCES Human survival depends on resources, Humans indiscriminately used resources, believing they were free gifts from nature. This led to major problems: 1. Depletion of resources to satisfy the greed of a few individuals, 2. The concentration of resources in a few hands, which divided society into two segments. namely haves and have-nots, or rich and poor. 3. Resource indiscriminate exploitation has resulted in global ecological crises (giobal warming etc.) Hence, equitable distribution of resources has become essential for sustained quality of life and global peace. Sustainable Development: Development should take place in a way that does not harm the environment. Thus, development should not compromise with the needs of future generations. This is possible with careful planning = First international Earth Summit was held in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992 - The summit addressed global issues such as environmental protection and socio-economic development. ‘The Declaration on Giobai Climate Change and Bisiogical Diversity was sighed (by the axiembied leaders, ~The Rio Convention engersed the global Foret Prinoples and adapted Agenca 2) for Tiht-century Seatainobie Development, Agends 21; Signed United Nations Conference an Enwvonment and Development tunCED), 1997 Olertive To comnbal erteirommenital Carnage, pewety. diana Mhrough global co-operation on common intermts, mutual needs and shaved nesponsitnities. and (x0 aims that every locel gevernment should craw its ewn inca! Agenda 21. ‘A echnique Yor proper vtitzetion of resources. It han scope in a country tke brdla., where the availability of fesouicen varies grmatty This necensitaten reiource planning that (1 Dalenced af the national. state, /egional, and local levers. Resource Planning in india = evourte planning ma comple peocens that invobwes + Kdentification and inventory of rexourcen. Thos ineoives BUTveViNg, MAppHINY as qualitative and quantitative estimation and meawurement of the resqurres + yniving # planning structure endowed wih angropeate technalogy, sil ane ‘natitutional set-up + Malctung the resource develagment glans wth overall raticna! Geveinpener plans Wrational COMMANDION end reMourte OveruTILEabiOn Can Weed 10 socmeconedtic and SPV ONINANTA! INNES RRQUICe COMME eRLION Mt Wari levete A CHICA! 10, vercorting these situs. This hes been the maki concert ofthe leaders ane thisbers 6 the past © Gandhvp savocated that “Ihere i enough fer everyhody mens ang rot tor anybody's greed” > 1 1974 Garchian philosophy wun presestted again by Schurmacher iin Boek Small os beautiful ® brundtins Commisnen Mineo 1987 urEguERd the concept of ‘uttainasie eymiopment’ and advocated it as @ means for resource converwation, whsch wan later publistied in a book “Oy Corvwnmn Future” ‘The land is & natural mepouree: ‘ot utrnnat importance aut ‘supports natural vegetation, dete, Buena ite, eeonaeic ‘activities, Warmport & crremiinication ayaternk India has lan under # variety of rete features, namely: Amountisint. ptatmaus, plavin ard islands. Land Utilization: 1. Forests 2. Land not available for cumtivation 8) Barren and wasteland b) Land put to non-agricultural uses 3. Other uncultivated lands. lemcluding tallow land) 4) Permanent pastures and grazing land, b) Land under miscellaneous tree crops groves (not included in the net sown erea}; ¢) Cutturabie wasteland (left uncultivated for more than S agricultural years) 4 Fallow Land 8) Cutrent faligw (left without cuitivetian for one or less than one agricultural year), 'b) Other than current tallow: (left uncultivated for the past 1 to 5 agricultural years} 5, Net sown area: Area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus the net sown area Is known @8 gross cropped anes. Land Use Pattern in india The use of land Is determined by physical and human factors Forest fw Culture wnate lant Wi Darren and unculturabie waste lant (Wi Paliow other than current taow wea under non-agricultural uses Current fallow (Permanent pasture and grasing land Net sore ares fa Aca under tae tree ctepe and grows The tots! geagraphicat area of India Is 3.28 millign sq km. The tand Under permanent pasture has also decreased. The pattern of the net sown area vatles greatly trom one State to another, The wasteland is @ land that has been cooverted fo non-agricultural uses the as rocky, arid, and desert areas, roads, railways, industry, and 30 0. Land degradation has resulted from the continued use of land over a tong period of time without apprapriate conservation and management measures. Land degradation & Conservation Measures: en) snerkhand agar, Magnya ‘Waterlogging due te over-irrigation ee eee netic] ee ere Mow can the land be conserved? + Found n the hity arg maintains enews, + Thee as Het Kasei td Aly ery BAe at carne A ae epee wpa. + In Ne town coer annas of the Hitsadayan, hese sei expences derantetio’ ne ae citi lth Nowe Nua Cece. = The 206 0 ferile an the ves Herigcies and ailevtn Hare, + Cate ceteiions ahong with the fasten rite matenial are the iment ‘tacoors ur tee furrow wt tac a, = Ths 500 0 inka for qroming eaten an ates Krewe ae Black thon ea. ~ Thou type of setien tourat m the Ceccan tap (Sanat raqhon seresd over the nomthuest Oeccan gates ond @ mate up of lave Newt, + Cover te patews of Manarashits. SaureinNe, Mabe. Iroctins Pradesh & [Chattagary & ertena i the soetneast CreCOn song the GeMawN) an tm nen eating + Thee Back la are ate wf entree Fine ba chanel ane te “etre ta shee ange to hed Merete (Black vei is mublents nict and contarm calcu carbonate. magnesium. potash ane bie + The nr sacky miter wet and efficut 1 wert cr UNAENE tiled ermedatety _attas the hevt shames ar dung ee pre mamean pened. ‘Red and Yellow Soil + Demons oF crpvtatine (poems AOU arti of Low mea im the peters nt ‘routhemn parts of the Ovccam plateau. = Fea 6 parts of Oftahe. CRNaRILGI®, southern are Cf the mute Gangs (hae? weal tong thee seed mont coe oF the Yew Ghana, + Davateps radars cofeur dus to cifTvam ot Won i eryetaiing ae mata Bhat ocx © Locks yettow when i acturs in a hiyd'ated fox, Laterite Soll +The nord laterite- Coral farm Latin wet ter which meses brick. | Deeeiege eter temp nd Arai seman ath mira wet ae oy semen + Sol in cent itera taaching ve be heavy rae. ~ ateitc sis ser mastiy dem to wey deep. acide: ihe CI. qeeraty * Water is a renewable resource, Three-fourth of the Earth's surface is covered with but only a small proportion of it accounts for freshwater fit for use. + Freshwater is mainly obtained from surface runoff and groundwater that is continually being renewed and rechanged through the hydrological cycle, 96.5% of the total volume of the world's water is estimated to exist as oceans and only 2.5% os freshwater. 70% of tatal freshwater is present as frozen ice in icebergs and glociers. A little less than 30% of total freshwater is stored as groundwater, India receives nearly 4% of the glabal precipitation and ranks 133 in the warld in terms of water availability per person per annum. The total renewable water resources in India ore estimated at 1,897 sq km per annum. By 2025, it is predicted that large parts of Endia will join countries and regions having absolute water scarcity. prs KAD Water Scarcity —_/7 man? Hew can water be scarce when it is se abundant and renewable? Lets understand what actually water scarcity is? * The availability of Water Resources varies aver space and time, mainly due to the variations in seasonal and annual precipitation. © Water scercity in mast cases is caused by aver- exploitation, excessive use and unequal access to water. Falken marks defined water scarcity os * Water stress occurs when availability of water is between 1,000 and 1,600 cubic meter per person per year” se Reasons for waten’scarcity (Quantitative) (@) Water scarcity may be oh outcome of large and growing population and consequent greater demands for water, andl unequal access to it. (ii) As the population increases, the food demand also increases. To provide food ta a large population, agriculture is dene or large scale. Agriculture requires much water for irrigation especially in dry-season agriculture. Tt further leads to falling groundwater levels, adversely ‘affecting water availability and food security ef the people, ‘The solution is to develop drought-resistant crops ond dry farmina techniques. (iii) Thtensive Tndustrialisation and urbanisation causing water scarcity. + Industries, apart from being heavy users of water, also require power to run them, + Much of this energy comes from hydroelectric power Multiplying urban centres with large and dense population and urban lifestyles have not only added to water and energy requirements but have further aggravated the problem Housing seciety have their own groundwater pumping devices to meet their water needs, 3g are *” Reasons for water scarcity (Qualitative) = Situation where water is sufficiently available to meet the needs of the people, but, the area still suffers from water scarcity because of the bad quality ef water which is polluted by domestic and industrial wastes, chemicals, pesticides and fertilizers used in agriculture, thus, making it hazardous for human use. Need for Water Conservation and Management * Tomeet the water demand effectively. * To safeguard people fram health hazards caused by drinking toxic water, = To ensure food security. * To ensure the continuation of our livelihoods and productive activities, * Ta prevent the degradation of our naturel ecosystems, * Ta reduce over-explaitation and mismanagement of water resources, Multi-Purpose River Projects and Integrated Water Resource Management Archaeslegical and historical records show that in ancient times, we used to conserve, water by constructing Sophisticated hydraulic structures like dams built of stone rubble, reservoirs or Iakes, embankments and canals for irrigation. We have continued this tradition in modern India by building dams in mast of our river Basins, Hydraulic structures in Ancient India (i) For channeling the flood water of Ganga, water harvesting system was built near Allahabad in the first century BC. (ii) Dams, lakes and irrigation systems were built during the time of Chandragupta Maurya. {ili) Sophisticated irrigation systems were Found in Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Moharashtea, (iv) In the fith century, Bhopal Lake, one of the largest artificial lakes of its time was built (v) The tank in Hauz Khas, Delhi was constructed by Iltutmish for supplying water to the Siri Fort area in the 14th century. Disadvantages of Multi-Purpose River projects: * Tt affects the natural flow of the river causing poor sediment flow and excessive sedimentation at the bottom of the reservoir. It destroys the habitats for the river's aquatic life. * It submerges the existing vegetation and soil if created on the floodplains. It displaces the local people of the place where it is created, These are unsuccessful in controlling floods at the time of excessive rainfall. * These projects included earthquakes, caused water-borne diseases and pests and pollution resulting from excessive use of water. Movements against MultisPurpose Projects * Multi-purpose projects and large dams have also been the cause of many new environmental movements like the ‘Narmada Bachao Andolan’ and the ‘Tehri Dam Andolan’ etc. Resistance to these projects has primarily been due to the large-scale development of local communities. . Local people often had to give up their land, livelihood and their meagre access and control over resources for the greater good of the the nation. Perhaps, the landowners and large farmers, industrialists and a few urban centres are only benefitting from such projects. Multi-Purpose River Projects M4 Dams * Adam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or retards the flow, often creating a reservoir, lake or impoundment. Based on structure and the materials used, dams are classified as timber dams, embankment dams or masonry dams with several subtypes. According to the height, dams can be categorized as large dams and major dams, low dams, medium height dams and high dams. Multi-purpose river projects large dams that serve several purposes in addition to impounding the water of a river and used later to irrigate agricultural fields. For example - the Sutluj-Beas river basin, the Bhakra-Nangal project etc. . First Prime Minister, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, proclaimed multi- purpose river projects as The Temples of Modern India, as they initiate development of agriculture and village economy with rapid industrialization and growth of the urban economy Advantages of Multi-Purpose River projects: 2? * Electricity generation Irrigation Water supply for domestic and industrial uses. Flood control Recreation Inland navigation Fish breeding = enn RNA Irrigation al * Trrigation has also changed the cropping pattern of many regions with farmers shifting te water-intensive and commercial crops This has great ecological consequences like salinisation of +the soil ‘At the some time, it has transformed the social landscape i.e. increasing the social gop between the richer fandowners and the landless poor- + TnGujarot, the Sabormati-basin farmers were agitated cond alimost caused a rict over the higher pricrity given to water supply in urban areas, particularly during droughts, Inter-state water disputes are also becoming commen ‘with regard to sharing the costs and benefits of the multi-purpose project Rainwater Harvesting * Economically and environmentally viable alternative in period of resistance ogainst Multi-Purpose Projects, * Variation in water harvesting system. keeping the local ecological conditions ond their water needs in mind ‘+ In ancient India, along with the sophisticated hydraulic structures, there existed an extraordinary tradition of water-harvesting system () Guls and Kals ‘+ Tn mountainous region of Western Himalayas for agriculture, + Impoundment on hill tops (i) Khadins and Johads ‘Joisalmer ond Rajasthan + Inorid area, agricultural field were converted into Rain fed storage structures, (i) Bamboo drip inrigation system ‘+ In Meghalaya, 200 year old system of using bamboo pipe to transport water: * 18-20 litres of water enters the bamboo pipes and 20-80, drop reaches at the site of plants (iv) Inthe Flood plains of Bengal, people developed inundation channels to irrigate their fields, (¥) Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting, Rooftop Rainwater‘Harvesting Fehkia System In arid and semi-arid area of Rajasthan [Bikaner, Pholodhi] Hod Tankes (underground) Connected with Roof top Rainwater Harvesting, Through pipes water is transported to tankas. Reliable Source of Drinking water. Beat the summer heat. Gendathur Model In Gendathur, a remote backward village in Mysuru Karnataka villagers have installed rooftop rainwater harvesting system to meet their water needs. Nearly 200 households have installed this system and the village has earned the rare distinction of being rich in rainwater — TP RASTANT RIN * Gendathur receives an annual precipitation of 1,000 mm, and with 80% of collection efficiency and of about 10 fillings, every house can collect and use about 50,000 litres of water annually. * From the 200 houses, the net amount of rainwater harvested annually amounts to 1,00,000 litres. Tamil Nadu is the first state having Compulsory legal provision for Rooftop Rain Water Harvesting. e Reet aan a the # Peer re Poe tens a ete eee eet Different Onset of nonoon sne-tuly) (feed oo ee eee ee ene en ete ee ene cated Pee a eres ror Ce eed and en Pea a ey Peet) een) Pern en oer reed eres Peed en ee Seer rd Perea} eee becteeinale ee ee eee eee pond whent, barley peas, gram es Co eet eerie tee Dae Private source of irrigation Coane crains & have very high outritional value a Sree eee eee core eas S Grows well on sendy soil end iach soll, Rajasthan a eee eee eee eee eee eer eee Cee oe eee aT oe 28 om oun rae | I Sa | Cee enue s eee ear a ea et arcs ee nt Cee a oe ee ee © Cotton, jute, hemp and natural silk are major fiter crops. PN ee ee need ee) eee ad er Thied largest producers. eee een ener) Cree eC meee Wigh tomperature, low rainfall ard 210 © Used for making variety of product. eet Nee eters Perera ee aes eet eet re aero) ial Reforms ad Le | ee) ee te eee Er) eos nn er eee] Pete ann ard bart eanin Pres ete ta De ete cg © Concentration of eee Te Paar rare rd pemenronnt Ane Pa eterey seen rere 9 eae Pee eet ern eters Peers Deen en ead eoeeerer ees eer iier cst 3 peor ver ras Serer s eae od ena Bhoodar - Gram¢an Movement ed SNL o| ee enna ccs Dee ree ta SOS SO a ed of land to 80 land less villagers. Pe ey Soe ee eee Tt them to be distributed among Pores Por ae rT ution ont Cera Bed + ieeeduce the dependence of people on agriculture income. [Dy aroviing employment] Preven eure concener nape veriti ne ot eteinehe SAMS On cen pe eee ar weeri ma rnirberv Mehr pe Tne oer] ee eres ee occ cere pp os Fi n ee eae enraienend ee 1 Fastsuccesful cotton mi was established in Mumba in 1858 Bar ee reerpeer sev Tennent i Benn eter renin eet ‘Association with other Industries [Chemical and dye. mill |e Erratic power supply. . eee Spinning concentrated in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamit Nadu \__syntbatic ve indus eS eee Sey eee eee nN Most ofthe jute mils are located in West Bengal, near Hugi Rives Fy FY 5. C Sean eee ege cd ea r largest exporter after Bangladesh. py Cee ene eaten! ovis nies [Abundance of water for processing raw jute Ss ‘Cheap labour trom West Bengal and adjoining areas. arenes eat eat er pee eter De Met eee tee eta ‘ eas Poe ee ene ee ea) eee eee ory poate econo tints -) ‘ Ene anne aetna erry Moreover, the cooperatives are more successful in these Ca) eee? 12 Production and consumption of steels often regarded as the index of a country’s development ‘© on ore, coking coal and lime stone are required in the ratio of approximately 4:2 1. te ee ett ee ee en ete et TS [pape Cees pre inate man Sees oy en ea es Re ne er een Leese eer nent eet eked oer een ee eterna raed Seer Teenie Re ee ne ry Cire een keel Tr ors ea ex - 7 Regular supply of electricity and assured source of raw material at minimum cost ee ree rs one een ene eee ne eee ees eee tetas aattie nent pentnet Ta eg nein eet earns ee eet ee beeen) ten een a ee ee re eta eee eT) eee tenes ern ner rect ery Prominent inthe areas of Gujarat, TN., U.P. and Kerala Essential for construction activity, bullding houses, factories, bridges, etc. Ce ae te eee et ee aes ‘ © Goal and electric power along with transportation. —- [Railways] Pen eee rr eent rere re tice : 1 The industry provide base for transport [Goods and Passengers. Para eri oor entree apis ee ee ent Foreign direct investment brought in new technology and aligned the i eons er oarats The industry is located around Delhi, Gurgaon, Chennai, Pune, Mumbai, Kolkata, Lucknow, indore, Myderabad, Jamshedpur and Bangalore. te ene ee ee ney Peer Cee ec ee eens dustry has been on employment generation Pe en in err re eet ey aren ots eas ee ee ee eee of permet pares Poorer ene 7 Pee ae ee 5 Po) Te raekra fescue Pee ee Eee ee ed {tanneries and electroplating industries oer © These ike yes erg oe Pose eee men Peereret ae ert resc ere ener ees) earners Paneer ees need Leads to pollution and hazards to human Se nr) eee eres PSreeet tind eT 8) Serene ed ee) eee eee sans Peosnreren Ee eriet causes water pollution = © Machinery, factory equipment, generators, Penaeth ener net Ceo der eer Pomerat rte Se ter ees Sa Sl rakakecteated ean Liad er eens Ce ea Se ahaha] —— Passer errant red Minimising use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it. Seed ee ue Br eee ue tt ua Rene cd ee eae ee easy Re ere cette ra ga en ns Using oil or gas instead of coal in factories to control smoke. Generators should be fitted with silencers. ee tung te aa ea ee ne Oe te et ney (a 4 Electrostatic precipitators Sustainable development i Fabric fitters Pett anit ent ats Serebbers Cee eae eT Ce DRL ge eu for Environment Management System (EMS). NTPC has taken proactive approach for preserving the natural environment and resources. AAAI Sr eg eee Ls © Minimnising waste generating by maximising ash utilisation * Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance. —» ‘© Ash pond management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste management to Reus © — Ecological monitoring, review and online data management for all its power stations Step taken |= Lifelines of National Economy Class 10 Notes Geography Chapter 7 ‘Means of transport and communication—lifelines of our national economy: They help in— increasing cooperation and assistance between countries; easy movement of goods and material between countries; trade and commerce within the country; reducing distances thus bringing the world closer; both production and distribution of goods; and movement of large number of people and over long distances. Roadways: Importance of road transport vis-a-vis rail transport— + Construction cast of roads is much lower than that of railway lines + Roads can traverse comparatively more dissected and undulating topography. + Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slopes and as such can traverse mountains such as the Himalayas, + Road transport is economical in transportation of few persons and, relatively smaller amount of goods over short distances. + Italso provides door-to-door service, thus the cost of loading and unloading is much lower, + Road transport is also used as a feeder to other modes of transport. Six classes of roads in India according to their eapacity: + Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways: I's a major road development project linking Delhi- Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai and Delhi by six-lane Super Highways. + The North-South corridors linking Srinagar Jammu & Kashmir) and Kanyakumari (Tamil Nadu), and East-West Corridor connecting Sileher (Assam) and Porbander (Gujarat) are part of this project. * + They are made to reduce the time and distance between the mega cities of India, National Highways: National Highways link all Major cities of extreme parts of the country. These are the primary road systems and are maintained by the Central Public Works Department (CPWD). The National Highway 7 between Varanasi and Kanyakumari is the longest highway of India. + State Highways: Roads linking a state capital with different district headquarters, These roads are constructed and maintained by State Public Works Department in State and Union Territories, + District Roads: These roads connect the district headquarters with other places of the district, These roads are maintained by the Zila Parishad + Other Roads: Rural roads, which link rural areas and villages with towns, are classified under this category. Under the Pradhan Mantrt Grameen Sadak Yojana scheme special provisions are made so that very village in the country is linked to a major town in the country by anall season motorable road. + Border Roads: Border Roads Organisation constructs and ‘maintains roads in the bordering areas of the country. These roads are of strategic importance in the northern and northeastem border areas, Importance of Railways in India: They are the principal mode of transportation for freight and passengers in India. Railways also make it possible to conduct different activities like business, sightseeing, and pilgrimage along with transportation of goods over longer distances. Indian Railways plays a role of national integration. Railways in India bind the economic life of the country as well as accelerate the development of the industry and agriculture. Factors which influence the distribution pattern of Railway network in Ind! The distribution pattern of the Railway network in the country has been largely influenced by physiographic, economic and administrative factors. The density railway network is high in the northern plains because they are vast level land, have high population density and rich agricultural resources. In the hilly terrains of the peninsular region, railway tracts are laid through low hills, gaps or tunnels therefore it difficult to construct railway lines. The Himalayan mountainous regions too are unfavorable for the construction of railway lines due to high relief, sparse population and lack of economic opportunities. It was difficult to lay railway lines on the sandy plain of western Rajasthan, swamps of Gujarat, forested tracks of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Jharkhand. Importance of Pipelines in India: In the past, these were used to transport water to cities and industries. Now, these are used for transporting crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas from oil and natural gas fields to refineries, fertilizer factories and big thermal power plants, Solids can also be transported through a pipeline when converted into slurry. Because of pipelines refineries like Barauni, Mathura, Panipat and gas based fertilizer plants could be located in the interiors of India, Initial cost of laying pipelines is high but subsequent running costs are minimal. It rules out trans-shipment (during transportation) losses or delays. Three important networks of pipeline transportation in the country: + From oil field in upper Assam to Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh), + From Salaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar in Punjab, + Gas pipeline from Hazira in Gujarat connects Jagdishpur in Uttar Pradesh, Importance of water transport: Waterways are the cheapest means of transport, They are most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods. It is a fuel-efficient and environment friendly mode, The National Waterways by the Government 1, The Ganga river between Allahabad and Haldia (1620 km)-N.W. No.1 2. The Brahmaputra river between Sadiya and Dhubri (801 km)-N.W. No.2 3. The West-Coast Canal in Kerala (Kottapurma-Komman, Udyogamandal and Champakkara canals-205 km)-N.W. No.3 Major Sea Ports: 1, Kandla: It was the first port developed soon after Independence, It was developed to ease the volume of trade on the Mumbai port. Kandla is a tidal port. .. Mumbai: It is the biggest port with a spacious natural and well- sheltered harbour. . The Jawaharlal Nehru port: It was planned with a view to decongest the Mumbai port and serve as a hub port for this region. 4. Martnagao port (Goa): It is the premier iron ore exporting port of the country. This port accounts for about fifty per cent of India’s iron ore export. . New Mangalore port: It export iron ore from Kudremukh mines, * Kochi: It is the located af the entrance of a lagoon with a natural harbour. . Tuticorin, in Tamil Nadu: This port has a natural harbour. It trades a large variety of cargoes to our neighbouring countries like Sri Lanka, Maldives, ete. 8. Chennai: It is one of the oldest artificial ports of the country. It is ranked next to Mumbai in terms of the volume of trade and cargo. 9. Vishakhapatnam: It is the deepest landlocked and well-protected port. This port was developed as a port for iron ore exports. [Link] port: It is located in Odisha. It specialises in the export of iron ore. 11 Kolkata: It is an inland riverine port. This port serves a very large and rich hinterland of Ganga- Brahmaputra basin, Being a tidal port, it requires constant dredging of Floogly River. [Link] port; It was developed as a subsidiary port, in order to relieve growing pressure on the Kolkata port, Importance of Airways: The air travel, today, is the fastest, most comfortable and prestigious mode of transport. It can cover very difficult terrains like high mountains, dreary deserts, dense forests and also long oceanie stretches with great ease. Air travel has made access easier in the north-eastem part of the country which has big rivers, dissected relief, dense forests and frequent floods and international frontiers. ‘Communication: ‘Two major means of communication in India: + Personal communication including letter, email, telephone, etc, + Mass communication including television, radio, press, films, ete. Different types of mail handled by Indian postal department: + First class mail: Cards and envelopes are airlifted between stations covering both land and air. + Second class mail: includes book packets, registered newspapers and periodicals. They are carried by surface mail, covering land and water transport, Importance of mass communication: Mass communication provides entertainment, They create awareness among, people about various national programmes and policies. They provide variety of programmes in national, regional and local languages for various categories of people, spread over different parts of the country. They strengthen democracy in the country by providing news and information to the masses. It helps in agriculture sector by helping farmers by providing them information about new agricultural practices. Doordarshan is the national television channel of India. It is one of the largest terrestrial networks in the world. The largest numbers of newspapers published in the country are in Hindi, followed by English and Urdu, India is the largest producer of feature films in the world, International Trade: International trade is defined as the exchange of goods and services between two or more countries. * Itisalso considered as economic barometer because advancement of intemational trade of a country leads to economic prosperity. Income earned from international trade constitutes a major part in the net national income. Large international trade leads to revival of domestic economy. Balance of trade: = The difference between export and import is known as balance of trade. « Ifthe value of exports is more than the value of imports, it is called favorable balance of trade. And if the yalue of imports is greater than the value of exports it is known as unfavorable balance of trade. + Favorable balance of trade is regarded good for the economic development where as unfavorable balance of trade is seen harmful for the domestic economy. Importance of tourism as a trade: + Tourism in India cams huge Foreign exchange, + Over 2.6 million foreign tourists visit India every year. * More than 15 million people are directly engaged in the tourism industry. * Tourism also promotes national integration, + It provides support to local handicrafts and cultural pursuits. + Italso helps in the development of international understanding about our culture and heritage. + Foreign tourists visit India for heritage tourism, eco tourism, adventure tourism, cultural tourism, medical tourism and business tourism. + Rajasthan, Goa, Jammu and Kashmir and temple towns of south India are important destinations of foreign tourists in India. * There is vast potential of tourism development in the north-eastern states and the interior parts of Himalayas, but due to strategic reasons these have not been encouraged so far

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