RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT WHAT IS A RESOURCE? © Everything in our environment which can be used to satisty our needs and is technolagically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable ts termed as "Resource’. @ Human beings thernselves are essential components of resources. They transform things available in the environment into resources and use them. DEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCES ‘Human survival depends on resources. Humans indiscriminately used resources, believing they were free gifts from nature. This led to major problems: 1, Depletion of resources to satisfy the greed of a few individuals 2. The concentration of resources in a tew hands, which divided society into two segments, namely haves and have-nots, or rich and poor 3. Resource indiscriminate exploitation has resulted in glabal ecological crises (global ‘warming etc.) Hence, equitable distribution of resources has become essential for sustained quality of life and global peace. Sustainable Development: Development should take place in a way that does not harm the environment. Thus, development should not compromise with the needs of future generations. This is possible with careful planning ~ First International Earth Summit was held in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992 - The summit addressed global issues such as environmental protection and socio-economic development.= The Declaration on Global Climate Change and Biological Diversity was signed by the assembied leaders. = The Rio Convention endorsed the global Forest Principles and adopted Agenda 21 for 2ist-century Sustainable Development. Agenda 21: Signed United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), 1992. Objective- To combat environmental damage. poverty. disease through global co-operation on common interests, mutual needs and shared responsibilities, and ‘also aims that every local government should craw its own local Agenda 21. A technique for proper utilization of resources. It hes scope in @ country like India... where the availability of resources varies greatly. This necessitates resource planning ‘that is balanced at the national, state, regional, and local levels. Resource Planning in india Resource planning is a complex process that involves: = Identification and inventory of resources. This involves surveying, mapping emu qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources. ~ Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set-up. = Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans. \rrational consumption and resource overutilzation can lead to socioeconomic and environmental issues, Resource conservation at various levels is critical to ‘overcoming these issues. This hes been the main concern of the leaders and thinkers in the past. > Gandhiji advocated that “There is eniough for everybody's need and not for anybody's greed.” > In 1974 Gandhian philosophy was presented again by Schumacher in his book ‘Small is beautiful > Brundtland Commission Report, 1987 introduced the concept of “Sustainable Development’ and advocated It as a means for resource conservation, which was later published in a book “Our Common Future” LAND RESOURCES The land is 8 natural resource of utmost importance and supports natural vegetation, wildlife, human life, economic activities, transport & communication systems. i Mountains India has and under a variety Platemta of relief features, namely; mountains, plateaus, plains and sacks:Land Utilization: 1. Forests 2. Land not available for cultivation 2) Barren and wasteland b) Land put to non-agricultural uses 3. Other uncultivated lands (excluding fatlow land) 4) Permanent pastures and grazing land; b) Land under miscellaneous tree crops groves (not included in the net sown area); ¢) Culturable wasteland (left uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years) 4. Fallow Land 2) Current fallow- (left without cultivation for one or less than one agricultural year); b) Other than current fallow- left uncultivated for the past 1 to 5 agricultural years) 5, Net sown area: Area sown more than ance in an agricultural year plus the net sown area Is known as gross cropped area. Land Use Pattern in India The use of land is determined by physical and human factors. erry! perenne sry) 455% 233% 87% 33% ane 43% 36% mi Forest fm Culturable waste land Barren and unculturable waste land | Fallow other than current fallow Area under non-agricultural uses i Current fallow Permanent pasture and grazing land (Net sown area mi Area under misc. tree cropa and groves The total geographical aree of India is 3.28 million sq km. The land under permanent pasture has also decreased. The pattern of the net sown area varies greatly from one state to another. ‘The wasteland is a land that has been converted te non-agricultural uses like as rocky, arid, and desert areas, roads, railways, industry, and so on. Land degradation has resulted from the continued use of land over a long period of time without appropriate conservation and management measures. Land degradation & Conservation Measures‘Some human activities such as deforestation, avergrazing, mining and quarrying toa have contributed significantly to land degradation. Caos na) Se ee ar) ror Waterlogging due to over-irrigation ee DO eed causing increase in salinity and alkalinity ear eID ic) eae err Pieri) water infiltration into the soil How can the land be conserved? Land conservation reters to various methods of preserving land and ensuring it is protected forever from development. Following are the ways to conserve land Afforestation and proper management of grazing. Planting of shelter belts of plants. Stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes. Proper management of wastelands. Control of mining activities. Proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment. SOIL AS A RESOURCE Soll- the most important renewable natural resource, serves as a medium for plant growth and is home to a variety at living organisms on Earth, ~ Soil also consists of organic (humus) end inorganic materials, Types of Soil Soils of india are classified on the basis of soil formation, colour, thickness, texture, age, chemical and physical properties. Alluvial Soil Vety fertile soll, widely spread in north Indian plains, and is deposited by three main Himalayan river systems- the Ganga, Yamuna, and Brahmaputra ~ This soll extend in Rajasthan, Gujarat, eastem coastal plains, particularly in the deitas of the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri rivers > Consist of various proportions of sand. silt and clay. - Or 01d Alluvial (Bangar): The Bangar soll has @ higher concentration of Kanker nodules than the Khadar. New Alluvial (Khadar): It has more fine particles and is more fertile than the € basis of age alluvial soll is classified as Bangar The soil contains an adequate proportion of potash. phosphoric acid and lime. and Is ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other cereal and pulse crops.Found in the hilly ard mountainous ereas. “The sof tenures loamy and sity in valley sides end coarse-grained in the upper slopes. In the snow-covered areas of the Himalayas, these soils experience denudation ‘anc are acidic with tow humus content. “The Sov is fertile on the “iver terraces and alluvia! fares, Climatic conditions along with the pevent rocc material are the imsortant fectors for the formation of black sot ‘The sot is ideal for growing cotten and is also known as black cotton soll. ‘This type of sollis found in the Cecean trap (Basalt) reqion spread over the northwest Deccan plateau and is made up of lava flows. Cover the pateaus of Maharashtra, Saursshtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh & Chhattisgar & extend in the southeast cirection along the Godavari and the Keishne vallsys. ‘The black soils are made up of extremely fine Le. clayey matesial and sre wel-known for zhelt capacity to hold moisture. Back soll Is nutiients rich and centahs calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash ane ime, “The sov is sucky when wet and oifficuit to work ch Unless tiled immediately after the first shewer or during the pre-menzcon period. Red and Yellow Soil Develops or erystaline igneous rocks in areas of low raintall in the eastern and ‘Southesn parts of the Deccan plateau, Fotnd in parts of Odisha, Chhattisgarh, southern parts af the midsle Ganga plan and aiang the pled mont zove of the Westein Grats. Develops reddit colour due to diffusion of iron in erystaline and metamorphic roces Locks yellow when it occursin a hydated form. Laterite Soll ‘The word laterite- Cerived from Latin word "later whieh means brick. Develops under trapical and subtrapical climates with alternate wet and dey seman Soll is the result of intense leachng due to heavy raie. Lateritc seis are mostly deep to very dep, acidic (pH<6.0), generally deficient in plant nutriests. “This type of Solis found mostly in Southern states, Western Ghats region of Maharashtra, Odicha, come arts of West Bengal and North-east regions. Arid Soil Range trom red to trown in colour. Generaly, sandy in texture & saline (y nature. In some areas, che salt content is very high & common sat is obtaned by evaporating water. Locks huis & noisture because ofthe dry diate, she high temperature maces evaperation ‘acter. Lower horizans of the cil are accupied by Kenka” because ofthe increasing calcium content downwards. [After proper irrigation, ese sols become cultivable as has been n the case cf western Rajastran. Found i Westein parts of Ra! 40, Horyano, Northern Gujarat. Forest Soil‘SOR EROSION AND SOI CONSERVATION £ he denudation of J cover and subsequent wa ng 18et of tcl formation and aration ga hand in hand, and there ie » balance ween the two, But, this balance is dsturbed due to human activites ike on and mining et:., whi jatar lead 13 sol erosion ind, glaciers and he cunning water cuts thio clayey soils and makes deep channels. The land becomes unfit for cultivation. In the Ch bal basin such lanes ar Steet Erosion Water owing down ove Wind Eroson oF Hoping ld known as wind eration Cully Erason [es a water cuts throuahthe ity sols and makes dea es, Ways of Soil Conservation s tn the prevention ot etsien ofthe topmost layer ot sot Contour Poughing the contour ines can decelerate the Now of water down the Skip Cropping Slip of grass ar et grow betes tion af sand dunes ard in stablising the desert in western nda restricts eosion. Western and central Hrnslayas rave wel-developed terrace auuvia. | Punab, Haryana | Sandy. tom | Nitrogen, | Sugarcane, Pisticci a ee eee Borganic | _ Wheat matter | Cereal, ete Eee eon peer pee Fine grained, | phospraric | catten, | rormedunder Southern ofthe | clay teloam | acd. organic pope) erento pt eens tarerite | omitNady, Andhra | Reddish Plant Peers poner ce er i” Pe prea) cen ear ed ee Pal(Forest and Wildlife Resources | a CEI ad Conservation of forest and wildlife in India Cer Cou ue bee oed ee ee ee ee ee Pe co oy Pree eee eee ae ‘* India is one of the world's richest countries in terms of its vast array of Peers * These diverse flora and fauna are so well integrated in our daily life that we take these for granted. Sa et a Pees of forest and wildlife in India s ‘* Conservation preserves the ecological diversity and our life support systems ~ water, air and soil. OSC sc tee ee Ce ca ad Sea neta. Cee arcs Oe en ea ECL * The main motive of the programme was towards protecting the remaining population. Of the Penn eh et aster eeOe a ney acer une Rd peers. © The central government also announced Several projects for protecting specific animals which were gravely threatened Including the tiges, one - horned rhinoceros, the Kashmir Hangul eee Ce ee ee ea ee eee ed een ta eee eg components, even Insects are getting a place in Conservation planning. Se er Cee eC ELC ee seco dragonfly have been added to the list of beetles. CU et ere enuics tiger conservation programme launched on 4 April 1973 by government of india to save the dwindling population of tigers due to various reasons. Me oun eu gd Se a eee ae Dee nar ans een neon ST ese ee Pee a ore et ne etary er eer este ery eee ee ae et eed ane ene err ey eee Cem Ly Cen rh un tee ae ce ee ese eee © The inhabitants of five village in Alwar district of Rajasthan have declared 1200 hectares of forests Pe ea team ks Oe ee eee te en Od shown that Community afforestation with Indigenous Species can be enormously Successful Oe eR Cn Boe Cee ng diversified crops production without the use of Chemicals are possible. Se Oe acu ts Under such programmes, village communities are assigned responsibility to protect and manage cre aceType and Distribution of Forest and Wildlife Resources f Peeeicn ] [Protected Forest | f Unclassed Forest } Pt Matera here aeaee See ences 4 wR UM eRe hee roe et ROE Ee ture t ied DUE RU CE Coleen Ue uc ee Ut oe cre PP au eee UCU MCR ao cE LBC uler | Cer tee Rute tt Riet tity Whereas Bihar, Haryana, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh Odisha and Rajasthan have bulk of it All North-eastern states have a very high % of their forest under unclosed Section managed by the ere Uomeen) a cer et oo renee stead c ao A re Ltcbeuheetare ate nid Se aE ear arene ee ee een eee es ee a ee ey oer erent ray r p eoroier ener nett ed ee eee ee etyree et Peeters) oer teeiates rr et neeteete rs eee pevareroney nore oa eet eens eres Sai eeen nearer ae Reriereerranerr ay Les Porter) oT) eee) meee ener penton cota! eee Sennea Depending upon the craracteristics of physical environment, technological know-how and socio-culture practices farming can be classified as - Ee ene ad o ce errr rs oe eee DEO environmental conditions er as ere eee rd ets and Peet . Prenat) eee ats eet Pee! De ete teen cer eB ery Dee) (race ne Dune od et td eee) as tur, moong, cotton jute ce peed Peoed eer) [cea ee eee ee ee Mad Coe ee eae eed erates a a eens = Sea Private source of irrigation — Perey ener: ee eee Re eee eee = ae ae me mee Feel coed oe sae | fo = a oaCoarse grains & have very high nutritional value. 5 Cor) Poteet a ‘Third mest important crop, Rainfed crop, Mak rec rorn 5 Crops of dry region, grows well on red, Tecra eee SO eee Cee oo eon cere retainer) ey — ce ‘atason wre ecw 10m dom | Faqeetevenh ities al ‘ ceed Daca a Oe ee eu ee ee eee et urs Oe une ee eee no CeCe ME Rn eo geri ey Cee rd CE en ee ae OTe eas Se a ee eto ee ee en ere) ee a em} Cen nnn Pere SC Mme nee race frost free days, bright sunshine. err ert Sead pe se et ea a attr)Technological and Industrial Reforms Se er Le) Sian em ra) Cen ee SL) Cre eto] aoe See nn rs = Comprehensive land ore eC ua) eee ear Ter Cee eu yes Dg ec ce are er Oe Toes eer rer prauerieteemay tg Poet PCIe ce pee eer Ce ead Oe cs Pee aed Began ee aay Peni tee ea Cree ag een ura Pac Les Bhoodan - Gramdan Movement Cd Oe ack | Pe coy EU Eons Ot Oa ad Pe re kee ete ed ieee ict cs pO ceed Coe Rea eat rg peep serie pee coo ie ue aaa adMinerals and Energy resources = The earth’s crust is made up of different minerals embedded in the rocks. * Various metals are extracted from these minerals after proper refinement. * Minerals are an indispensable part of our lives, Almost everything we use, from a tiny pin fo a towering building or o big ship, all ore made from minerals. + Defi occurring substance with a definable internal structure.” They have physical and chemical properties by which they can be identified, + Rocks are combinations or aggregates of minerals in varying proportions. Some rocks consist of a single mineral, ¢.g., limestone while mest rocks consist of several minerals. ion of Mineral: Geologists define mineral as a "homogeneous, naturally Kuch Kaam Ki Boat (2B) : WHERE ARE THESE MINERALS FOUND? + Minerals are usually found in “ores”. The term ore is used to describe an accumulation of any mineral mixed with other elements. + They are then extracted from these ores, * The economic activity of extraction of minerals from below the earth's surface is called mining. + Minerals generally occur in these forms: © Veins and lodes: In igneous and metamorphic rocks, minerals may occur in the cracks, faults or joints by getting solidified in them. The smaller ‘occurrences are called veins and the larger lodes, e.g., metallic minerals like tin, copper, zinc and lead, ete. are found in lodes and veins. © In sedimentary rocks minerals occur in beds or layers. They are formed as 0 result of deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal strata. Some sedimentary minerals are formed as a result of evaporation, especially in arid regions, é.g., gypsum, potash and salt, © Another mode of formation involves decomposition of surface rocks and the removal of soluble contents, leaving a residual mass of weathered material containing ores. Bauxite is formed this way. © Alluvial deposits: Certain minerals occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floors and the base of hills, e.g., gold, silver, tin and platinum, T © Ocean waters contain vast quantities of minerals, ¢.g., common salt, magnesium and bromide are largely derived from the ocean waters. The ocean beds are rich in manganese nodules. PLACES IN INDIA WHERE MINERALS ARE FOUND: * India is fortunate to have fairly rich and varied mineral resources. * Peninsular Plateau: Peninsular rocks contain most of the reserves of coal, metallic minerals, mica non ferrous mineral and non-metallic minerals. * Gujarat and Assam: Sedimentary rocks in Gujarat and Assam have most of the petroleum deposits. * Rajasthan: It has reserves of many non-ferrous minerals. + Northern Plains: There is very litfle or no economic minerals in vast alluvial plains of North IndiaClassification of Minerals Minera = + = ¥ ¥ v Betas Non-Metallic Eneniy Minerale + + _—___+———_, xg mule. sll coat Ferrous benalning, Non-Feronae —— Predious pale se Petriean ron)eg:ionere. eg copper fae cf gM alter, Gram, impetoie, NUT AS Wangstiese. nickel {in ane ar” platinum. ete-” Saye eanidetane, te chal, ete METALLIC MINERALS Minerals containing metals. [1] Ferrous Minerals: + The metallic minerals having iron content are called Ferrous Minerals * Ferrous minerals account for about 3/4th of the total value of the production of metallic minerals. They provide a strong base for the development of metallurgical industries Examples of Ferrous minerals are Iron Ore and Manganese : Iron Ore: @ [ron ore is the basic mineral and the backbone of industrial development © Indiaiis tich in good quality iron ores. © Magnetite is the finest iron ore with a very high content of iren up to 70%, 6 Hematite ore is the most important industrial iron ore in terms of the quantity used, but has a slightly lower iron content than magnetite (50-60'L) @ The major iron ore belts in India are: ® Odisha—Jharkhand belt = Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt * Ballari - Chitradurga - ChikkarnagaluruTumakuru belt in Karnataka * Maharashtra-Goa + Manganese: Manganese Is mainly used in the manufacturing of steel and ferro- manganese alloy. Nearly 10 kg of manganese is required to manufacture one ‘tonne of steel. It is also used in manufacturing bleaching powder, insecticides ‘and paints. [II] Non-Ferrous Minerals: * The metallic minerals net having iron content are called Non-Ferrous Minerals. * India's reserves and production of nonferrous minerals is not very satisfactory. i.e India has only a few reserves for non-ferrous minerals. + Examples are Copper and Bauxite :+ Copper @ Copper is malleable, ductile and a good conductor, and is mainly used in electrical cables, electronics and chemical industries. © The Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh, Khetri mines in Rajasthan and Singhbhum district of Jharkhand are leading producers of copper + Bow © Itisa clay-like substance from which alumina is extracted and later alurnina becomes aluminium. @ Bauxite deposits are formed by the decomposition of a wide variety of rocks rich in alurninium silicates, @ Aluminium is an important metal because it combines the strength of metals such as iron, with extreme lightness and also with good conductivity and great malleability @ India's bauxite deposits are mainly found in the Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills and the plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni. NON-METALLIC MINERALS + Mica: © ItIsmade up of a series of plates or leaves, © {t splits easily into such thin sheets that if thousand of them are put together, it makes only a few centimeters thick. © Mica is indispensable for electric and electronic industry because it has excellent di-electric strength, Low power loss factor, Insulating properties and Resistance to high voltage. ® I's deposits are found in the northem edge of Chhota Nagpur Plateau, Jharkhand is the leading producer. The important mica producing belt here is Koderma-Gaya-Hazaribagh. + Limestone: It isc type of rock mineral found in sedimentary rocks It is composed of calcium carbonates and magnesium carbonates. Itis.a basic raw material for manufacturing of cement. The most important bauxite deposits are found in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. ‘Kuch Kaom Ki Baat (KB) : HAZARDS OF MINING/ What are the impacts of mining on the health of the miners and the environment? + The dust and noxious fumes inhaled by miners make them vulnerable to pulmonary diseases + The water sources in the region get contaminated due to mining. © The risk of collapsing mine roofs, inundation and fires in coalmines are a constant threat to miners. + Dumping of waste and slurry leads to degradation of land, soil, and increase in stream and river pollution.Conservation of Minerals Conservation of minerals is necessary because: \ The formation of minerals takes a long geological period of millions of years. ‘2. They are finite in nature, non-renewable and exhaustible. [Link] rate of replenishment of minerals is infinitely small in comparison to rate of consumption. 4. They have to be preserved for our future generations. We should use minerals in a planned and sustainable manner. Improved technologies need to be evolved to allow use of low grade ores at low cost. Energy Resources = Energy can be generated from fuel minerals like coal, petroleum, natural gas, uranium and from electricity. + Energy resources can be classified as conventional and non-conventional sources. = Conventional sources include: firewood, cattle dung cake, coal, petroleum, natural gas and electricity (both hyde! and thermal). © They take million of years to form again; thus, they are finite and non- renewable. + Non-conventional sources include solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas and atomic energy. © They are freely available; thus re renewable CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY [1] COAL: * In India, coal is the most abundantly available fossil fuel. * tis used for power generation, to supply energy for industrial and domestic needs. « Itcan easily be converted into other forms of energy—slectrictty, gas, oll, ete. * tis an indispensable raw material for iron and steel industry. * Four types of coal and their characteristics: © Anthracite- |. It is the highest quality hard coal; 2. It contains more than 80% carbon content. It gives less smoke. , © Bituminous. |, Its the most popular coal in commercial use and has 60-80% carbon content; 2. Metallurgical coal is high grade bituminous coal and Is of special value for srnelting iron in blast furnaces. © Lignite-|. Itis a low grade brown coal; 2. It Is soft with high moisture content. The main lignite reserve is Neyvell in Tamil Nadu. © Peat-I. It has a low carbon and high motsture content; 2. It has low heating capacity and gives lot of smoke on buming,= Occurrence of coal: © Gondwana Coal Belt—A little over 200 million years in age. Mainly metallurgical coal is found in: (a) Damodar Valley Belt (West Bengal, Jharkhand) which contains important coal mines of Jharia, Raniganj and Bokaro; (b) The Godavari Valley Belt; (c) The Mahanadi Valley Belt; and (d) Wardha Valley Bett. © Tertiary coal deposits are only about §5 million years old, i., they are comparatively younger. They occur in North-Eastam States, namely: (a) Assam (b) Meghalaya, (c) Arunachal Pradesh and (d) Nagaland. [11] PETROLEUM: * Petroleum or mineral oll is the next major energy source in India after coal * Itcan be easily trans-ported by pipelines and does not leave any residue * I provides fuel for heat and light, It provides lubricants for machinery. * It provides raw material fora number of manufacturing industries * Occurrence of Petrol in Indi © Most of the petroleum occurrences in India are associated with anticlines and fault traps in the rock formations of the tertiary age. ° In regions of folding anticlines it occurs where oil is trapped in the crest of the upfold. ©. The oil bearing layer is porous limestone or sandstone through which oll may flow. @ Petroleum is also found in fault traps between porous and non-porous rocks. © Mumbai High—It is an offshore oilfield and is the richest oilfield of India. Its share is about 63% of India’s petroleum production. © Gujarat produces 18% and Assam 16%, [lll] NATURAL GAS: * Itis a clean energy resource as it gives out very little carbon and pollutants on buming, + Natural Gas is found with petroleum deposits and is released when crude oil is brought to the surface. * Itcan be used as a domestic and industrial fuel, as cooking fuel (PNG) and as transport fuel (CNG). * The offshore region of the Krishna- Godavari basin has the largest amount of natural gas currently available in India. * [tis also available in Mumbai high, Andaman and Nicobar islands. [Ul] ELECTRICITY: * Electricity is generated mainly intwo ways: @ Non-conventionally, by running water which drives hydro turbines to generate hydro electricity: and © Conventionally, by burning other fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas to drive turbines to produce thermal electricity.NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY [1] NUCLEAR ENERGY: + Nuclear energy is obtained by altering the siructure of atom. ‘+ When the structure of en atem is altered, too much energy is released in the form of heat, This heat is utilised fo generate electric power * Uranium and Thorium are used for generating atomic power. * These minerals are available in Jharkhand, Arovalli ranges of Rojosthan. [II] SOLARENERGY: «= India is a tropical country, it has enormous posabilties of solar anergy. © It can help in minimizing the dependence on firewcod and animal dung cakes in rural areas. * This wall olso help in conservation of fossi fuels. * The lorgest solar plant of india is located at Madhopur near Bhuj. [ul] WIND POWER: = India hes great potential of wind power * Wind is utilised to rotate large windmills to generate energy. * The largest wind farm cluster is located in Tamil Nadu from Nagarcoil to Madurai, [v]Blos, «Shrubs, farm waste, cnimal and human waste are used to produce biogas for domestic consumption in rural areas. * Itismore efficient than kerosene, dung cake and charcoal. * Biogas plants can be set up ai municlpal, cooperative and individual levels. + The plants using catile dung are known a3 Cobar gas plants’ in rural Indio. [V] TIDALENERGY: + Doms are built across inlets, The water flows into the inlet during high tide and. gets trapped when the gate is closed. = Once the tide recedes, the floodgates are opened so that water can flow back to the sea. = Theflow of waters used to run the turbine to generate clectrcity. * A900 mw tidal eneray pawer plant is set up by the National Hydropower Corporation in the Gulf of Kuchchh in Gujarat. [VI] GEO THERMAL ENERGY: + We know that the inaide of the earth is Very hot, At some places, this heat is released on the surface through fissures. * Groundwater in such areas becomes hot and rises up in the form of steam. This steam is used fo drive turbines. ‘+ Two geo thermal energy projects have been setup in India- the Parvati valley near Manikam in Himachal Pradesh and the Puga valley in Ladakh, Conservation of Energy Resource Energyis a basic requirement for economic development. Ways to conserve Energy Resources are: + Using more of public transport system instead of individual vehicles. + Switching off electrical devices when net in use, using power saving devices. ‘© Using non-conventional sources of energy such as solar energy, wind energy, ete. * Getting the power equipment regularly checked to detect damages and leakages.Coens Bee ad eran eee errors eee ee Ce ae een epouensere ceetrna phen arial oe iene Ben In peseennsna ee es eet ne ane eee oy Ceres} rete) ees ee] eee? ery ener Peay eerie eer ery Rp ee any Rarer cy 1 A 1 Scere mento - onto etn rene oo Se ene eee ee ea and complete inthe value chain oc ee es ee ee eee Ty Seen ee eters | et ee ead ee err ete store and packaging meee recy Bertier seternen emetic ’ eee Se ee ee eee aera ee ene eer eT eee ereee) erent ‘Most of the jute mills are located in West Bengal, near Hugl River. eee eae Pare tans Pore tiene T a eee eee \ ae 5. Cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining areas. Parertisnreerat Sater (ee) « Oe atl me 5 a eet eer eee eee ee eee Cen a eer ea) read perenne iia FY Pe ee ee eee tone! ene ee ere een red Pe ret etree erent Ni resE os Seay eae ‘* Production and consumption of stee!is often regarded as the index of a country’s development ee rien ee ee ee he ee emer td Market min BJ = second most important metaturgca 1: Ugh, cesistant to corrosion, good conductor of heat, malleable and becomes strong when mixed with m rere terrae eee eet ee ‘has gained popularity asa substitute of stel, coppe Aluminium smelting plants In the country are located in Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, (Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu, fcc ec ee Regular supply of electricity and assured source of raw material at minimum cost. oe eee eee eee) ee tn reer td eee ee tee ete tid Ws own largest consumer. 2 Undergoes pracessing to further produced other chemicals ‘© Most ofthe industries are centred around the production of nitrogenous ent er ett ee Cee Seer entre? Se eee aeee te ee ie ee ea a ‘This industry required bulky and heavy raw material lke limestone, silica, etc, S ee ee Peer ee er Nae Cea i pe ee eters tats See neg | 3 Forelgn direct investment brought in new technology and aligned the ie Industry with global developments. a ‘The industry Is located around Delhi, Gurgaon, Chennai, Pune, Mumbai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Bangalore. Perr te eee ras Oe ee a ee eae Ona © Other centres are Delhi, Chennai, Pune, Mumbai, Kolkata, Lucknow, and Coimbatore. ‘© Amajorimpact ofthis industry has been on employment generation. ere err et renin etert eas Industry contribute alot in development but in turn it has caused pollution and environmental degradation. (ea Oe ea aa) Crt en) 7 erg Ps ees 5 Paper, pulp, chemical, a eon ees Cee etd Peareeee phere etnies ees aon ae Perr ol Pee eer eee Lenten Pennetta re ane ee ego eae cs eee nes Seon on Dee ny health, plants, animals and atmosphere. steel slags are the major _ een Tn Ser] Ce eee cad Peaster eerie eee Na a oe ponent n ose Oe eee ene Peg eee ee ees a See ers eee nce) ae Pee eee ets Cee ee eer ee Sree eed _ Peet anes© Minimising use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it. ee CUE ar ach tae a Tie ORR een uc sc RUC ecm re ay tee ee > Primary treatment by mechanical means. aR ce ee oe ee ee er Using of groundwater reserve by industries should be regulated legally. Using oil or gas instead of coal in factories ta control smoke. Generators should be fitted with silencers. Noise absorbing material may be used apart from personal use of ear plugs and ear phone. (i ae renin ere Oe enced ca ee ced Pre eee ee? = satin See ea a ie paced i Cae sinahenaintstuianadid Curae OUR eet Lee Ce ue Oe ee a ec ea ae ees © Minimising waste generating by maximising ash utilisation. A Step taken |= rite iach ee ie ct aed Ash pond management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste management to eter tae Rese ea a en ar se ee eeeLifelines of National Economy Class 10 Notes Geography Chapter 7 Means of transport and communication lifelines of our national economy: They help in increasing cooperation and ussistne between countries easy movement of goods and material between cou true and commerce within the couniry reducing distances thus bringing the world eoser, ‘bath production and dsibution of goods and ‘movement oflrge number of people and over long distances Roadways: Importance of road transport vis-a-vis rail transport— + Construction cost of roads is much lower than tha of rilay ines, {Roads can averse comparatively mace dissected und undulating topoeraphy, + Roads can nepotat higher eraents of apes and a such can ‘raverse mountains sch she Himalayas + Road transport is economical in tansporation of few persons and relatively smaller amount of goods ove short distances. 4+ Iealso provides door-to-door service, ths the east of loading and unloading is much lower, + Road transport is also used us a feeder to ae modes of transport ‘ix elasses of roads im India according to thei capacity: + Golden Quadilatceal Super Highways: 1s a major road development project linking Delhi Kolkata-Chennai-Murmbai and Delhi iy ss-hine Super Hiehways +The North-South condos linking Srinagar Jammu & Kashi) and Kanyakumar (Tamil Nad), and East-West Coridorconsecting Siler (Assam) and Posbarder (Gujarat) ate part of this projec 4+ They are male a reduee the ime and distance between the mega cities of India National Highways: National Highways fink all Major cites of extreme parts ofthe country. These ate the primary road systems and are maintained by the Cena Public Works Department (CPWD). The National Highway 7 between Varamas nd ‘Kanyakumari isthe longest highway of Ind State Highways: Roads linking tte capita with difftent district headquarters, These roads are constructed and maintained by State Public Works Department in Sate and Union Teritoris + District Roads: These roads connect the dsiitheadguartens with ‘other plas ofthe distil, These roads ae mantsined by he Zila Parishad, +Other Roads: Rural roads, which link ruta areas and villages with towns, are elasitied under this eategory. Unuer the Pradhat Mant ramen Sadak Yojana scheme special provisions are made xo that «very village inthe county is liked toa major town in he country by anall scason motorable oad, + Border Roads: Border Ros Organisation eonsnuets and ‘maintains toads inthe hordering areas of the courtry. These roads seco stategic importance in the novther and northeastern border Importance of Railways ia Ind Tag are the principal mode of transportation forfeit and passengers in Indi. Raibvays also make it possible to conduct different acuvities Ike busines, sihisecing, and pilgrimage along with tansporation of poods over longer distances. nan Railways playa roe of national integration, Railways in dia bind the economic life oF the county as well a accelerate the development of the industry and agieuture, actors which influence the distribution pattern of Railway network in India “The distribution partern ofthe Railay setwokin the country has ees largaly influenced by physiographic, economic and adminstrative tutors, The density railway network fs high inthe noern plans because they are yas level land, ‘have high population density and rich agricultural wsourees. fn th hilly terrains ofthe peninsular region ralway tacts are aid through low hills, gaps oe ‘wel therefore i ficult to constuet away ins, The Himalayan ‘mountainous regions too ave unfavorable forthe constuction oF alway lines {ue thigh relict sparse population and lack of economic opportunities. fe was| {lificul to lay aay lines onthe sandy plain of westera Rajasthan, swamps of ‘Gujarat, forested tucks of Madhya Pradesh, Chhatisgah, Odisha and SathanaImportance of Pipetines in Indi: Inthe past, these were used to tansport water eis and industries Now, these reuse for transporting crude ul, petroleum products and natural gas ‘fom ol and natural gas eld o refineries, frtlze factories and big terra ‘powerplants, Solid can also be transporte through a pipeline when converted tnt slurry. Because oF pipelines refineries ike Baran, Mathura, Panipat and as based fetlizer plants could be located inthe interiors of dia. Inial cost ft laying pipelines high hut subsequent unning esis ae minimal. Rules ot thas shipment (during wanspotation) losses ar delays ‘Three important networks of pipeline transportation inthe country + Fromoilield ia upper Assam to Kunpur (Uta Pradesh. + From Salaa in Gujarat to Jalandhar in Puna {Gas pipline fom Hara in Gujarat connect lagdihpur in Unter Pradesh, Importance of water transport: Waterways atc the cicapest means of transport, They ate most suitable for ‘arrying heavy and bulky goods, Iisa feleticint and envtemmen endl mode ‘The National Waterways by the Government 1. The Gang Noll 2 The Beahmapusta river between Sadia and Dhue (691 ken)-NW. No 8. The West-Coast Calin Kerala (Kovtapurma-Komman, LUdyogamandal and Champakkiracanals-205 kra}-N.W. No river between Allahabad and Haldia (1620 hm)-NAW Major Sea Ports: 1. Kanal: In as the Fist pot develope soon ater Independence. It vas developed o ease the volunte of tade on the Mumbai pot Kandla tidal prt 2. Mumbai tis the biggest port witha spacious natural and well sheltered harbour, 5, The Jawahaelal Nehru post: was planned witha view to decongest the Mumba port and serve a hh poe To his eon, 44, Mariza port (Goa) I the promier ion oe exporting port of | the county. This part aecounts for about fy percent oF india’ inom ore export, 5, Now Mangalore port Itexport iam ote from Kudremukh mine, 6, Kochi tis the located atthe entrance ofa lagoon with a natural ‘arbour 2. Tuticorin, in Tamil Nad: This port has a natural harbour Ierades a Farge variety of cargoes our neighbouring counties ike Si Lanka, Maldives, te. 8, Cheam: itis one ofthe oldest artifical port of the country. tis ranked next to Mumba ia trms of the volume of wade and cary 9, Vishaktapatnany His the deepest landlocked and wel-potccted port. This port was developed as apr for on ae expats, 10 Paap ports Is located in Oda. spaaises nthe export of 11-Kolkata: 1s an inland riverine prt. This port serves avery lange an ch bnterland of Ganga- Brahmaputra basin. Being tal port, itvequios constant dedging of Flongly River 12. Haldia port fr was developed asa subsidiary por, in oder tveliove ‘rowing pressure on the Kolkata pr. Importance af Airways: ‘The treed, day, ithe ses, most comfortable ad prestigious mone of transport. ean cover very dificult trains ike high moun, dreary dese, Aense forests and also long oveanie stretches wth great ese, Air rael has made access easier nthe norh-custem pat of te county which has big rivers, isseced relief, dense forest and frequent ods and interacial Homies Communication: Two major means of communication is Inia + Personal communication including Keer, emai telephone, ee + Mass communication including television, radio, press, films, ee Ditferent types of mall handled by Indian postal department: + Firs las mai: Cards and eavelopes ure sited betwee stations covering bath land and ai, + Secon clas mail: includes hook packets, rgistored newspapers and periodicals. They ar eared by surface mal, covering land und eater trp Importance of mass communication: ‘Mas communication provides enetainment. They eeate awareness aman people about various national programmes and policies. They provide variety af programmes in national, regional and local languages fir various categories peuple, spread over diffrent parts of the country. They sttengthen democracythe country by providing news and information to the masses, It helps in agriculture sector by helping farmers by providing them information about new agricultural practices. Doordarshan is the national television channel of India. It is one of the larg newspapers published in the country are in Hindi, followed by E st terrestrial networks in the world. The largest numbers of lish and Urdu. India is the largest producer of feature films in the world. International Trade: Intemational trade is defined as the exchange of goods and services between two or more countries. Itis also considered as economic barometer because advancement of international trade of a country leads to economic prosperity Income earned from international trade constitutes a major part in the net national income. Large international trade leads to revival of domestic economy. Balance of trade: The difference between export and import is known as balance of ade. Ifthe value of exports is more than the value of imports, it is called favorable balance of trade. And if the value of imports is greater than the value of exports it is known as unfavorable balance of trade. Favorable balance of ttade is regarded good for the economic development where as unfavorable balance of trade is seen harmful for the domestic economy Importance of tourism asa trade: Tourism in India eams huge Foreign exchange, Over 2.6 million foreign tourists visit India every year More than 15 million people are directly engaged in the tourism industry, Tourism also promotes national integration, It provides support to local handicrafts and cultural pursuits. Italso helps in the development of international understanding about our culture and heritage Foreign tourists visit India for heritage tourism, eco tourism, adventure tourism, cultural tourism, medical tourism and business. tourism, Rajasthan, Goa, Jammu and Kashmir and temple towns of south India are important destinations of foreign tourists in India. There is vast potential of tourism development in the north-c states and the interior parts of Himalayas, but due to strategic reasons these have not been encouraged so far stern