1

POLITICAL CORRUPTION, SEXUAL IMMORALITY AND RELIGIOUS BIGOTRY

IN FRANK OGBECHE'S "HARVEST OF CORRUPTION" AND FEMI OSOFISAN'S

"MIDNIGHT HOTEL"

BY

GOODNESS CHIJIOKE ETUKOKWU

ART2004474

Endurance Enorunose OGBEFUN

ART2004469

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH AND LITERATURE

FACULTY OF ARTS

UNIVERSITY OF BENIN

BENIN CITY

DECEMBER 2024
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Abstract

This study examines how political corruption, sexual immorality, and religious bigotry are

depicted and understood in Nigerian society. It does so by comparing two well-known Nigerian

literary works: Frank Ogbeche's "Harvest of Corruption" and Femi Osofisan's "Midnight

Hotel." Instead of focusing on specific details, the study takes a thematic approach to explore the

various aspects of these societal issues as presented in the two narratives. By closely analyzing

the characters, plot developments, and socio-political contexts, the project aims to reveal the

authors' criticisms and observations of the current realities in Nigeria. Additionally, by

comparing the treatment of these themes in the two works, the study provides insights into the

unique perspectives and storytelling techniques employed by the authors. Ultimately, this project

enhances our understanding of the complex dynamics surrounding political corruption, sexual

immorality, and religious bigotry in contemporary Nigerian literature. It also emphasizes the

role of literature as a reflection of societal norms, challenges, and aspirations.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Purpose of Study

The objective of this research is to investigate and evaluate the subjects of political corruption,

sexual immorality and religious bigotry as portrayed in Frank Ogbeche's Harvest of Corruption

and Femi Osofisan's Midnight Hotel. By examining these themes within the Nigerian society

depicted in these literary pieces, the research aims to bring to light the authors' criticisms of

societal problems and their reflections on the prevailing socio-political environment.

Furthermore, the comparative analysis of these two works aims to clarify the similarities

and differences in the treatment of these subjects, offering insights into the authors' viewpoints

and narrative techniques. Ultimately, this research aims to contribute to a deeper comprehension

of the complexities surrounding these societal issues in Nigerian literature and their broader

implications for society.

1.2 Scope of Study

This study will thoroughly analyze the themes of political corruption, sexual immorality, and

religious bigotry as presented in Frank Ogbeche's Harvest of Corruption and Femi Osofisan's

Midnight Hotel. The focus will be on closely examining the characters, plot developments, and

socio-political contexts in which these themes are embedded in the literary works. By identifying

the different manifestations of these themes and their impact on the narrative structure and

character dynamics, a comprehensive understanding will be gained.

Furthermore, this study will compare how these themes are approached in each work,

exploring both the similarities and differences in the authors' techniques, narrative styles, and
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underlying messages. While the main emphasis is on the depiction of these themes in the chosen

literary works, relevant socio-political and historical contexts may also be considered to gain a

deeper insight into the societal issues being addressed. It is important to note that this study will

solely focus on the analysis of Harvest of Corruption and Midnight Hotel as representative texts

of Nigerian literature. It will not extend to a broader examination of literary works beyond the

scope of these two texts.

1.3 Research Methodology

This study takes a qualitative approach, using a textual analysis to explore the themes of political

corruption, sexual immorality, and religious bigotry in Frank Ogbeche's Harvest of Corruption

and Femi Osofisan's Midnight Hotel. By closely examining the texts, we will identify and

examine recurring themes, motifs, and narrative elements related to these societal issues. We will

also conduct a comparative analysis to uncover similarities and differences in how these themes

are addressed in the two works. To better understand the influences that shape the portrayal of

these themes, we will consider the socio-political context in which each text was written and set.

The findings of this study will help us understand the authors' critiques and reflections on

societal issues, contributing to a deeper understanding of Nigerian society and literature.

Throughout the research process, we will maintain rigor and validity by collecting data

systematically, conducting thorough analysis, and critically reflecting on our findings. We will

also consult relevant scholarly literature and theoretical frameworks to enhance our interpretation

of the texts and findings.

1.4 Theoretical Background

The theory adopted in this research is the social realism. Social realism is a movement that

surfaced in the 19th century and gained popularity in the early to mid-20th century, is a form of
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literature and art that aims to depict the realities of everyday life. It specifically focuses on the

social and economic conditions experienced by the working class and marginalized communities.

Rooted in the principles of socialism and Marxism, social realism strives to provide a

truthful and critical portrayal of society, shedding light on themes such as poverty, inequality,

exploitation, and injustice. At the heart of social realism is its dedication to presenting the lives

of ordinary people in a genuine and truthful manner. This includes highlighting the challenges

and difficulties faced by individuals and communities, as well as showcasing their resilience,

unity, and desire for social transformation. Through vivid and intricate descriptions, social realist

literature and art aim to create a sense of immediacy and authenticity, allowing audiences to

connect with the characters' experiences and sympathize with their struggles.

Social realism is closely linked to the emergence of industrialization and urbanization,

which brought about significant societal changes. These changes included the rise of urban

slums, the exploitation of labor, and the widening gap between the wealthy and the poor. Artists

who were part of the social realist movement aimed to reveal the harsh realities of industrial

capitalism and the human toll of economic progress. They often drew inspiration from their own

experiences or conducted extensive research to accurately represent the living conditions of the

working class and marginalized communities.

In literature, social realism is characterized by its focus on realistically and socially

relevantly portraying everyday life. Notable writers like Charles Dickens, Émile Zola, Upton

Sinclair, and John Steinbeck employed various narrative techniques, such as detailed

descriptions, naturalistic dialogue, and multi-dimensional characters, to create a vivid and

captivating depiction of society. Through their works, they shed light on issues like child labor,

urban poverty, labor exploitation, and social injustice. Likewise, in the visual arts, social realism
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is expressed through paintings, sculptures, and other visual forms that depict the lives and

struggles of ordinary people. Artists like Gustave Courbet, Honoré Daumier, Diego Rivera, and

Dorothea Lange used their artistic talents to document social conditions, question prevailing

norms and values, and advocate for social transformation.

Throughout its history, social realism has evolved and adapted to mirror the changes in

society, politics, and culture. While it reached its peak in the early to mid-20th century,

particularly after the Great Depression and World War II, its influence can still be observed in

contemporary literature, art, and film. Writers, artists, and filmmakers continue to find

inspiration in the principles of social realism to address urgent social problems and promote

social justice.

The theory of social realism will play a significant role in this research as it provides a

framework for understanding and analyzing the representation of social issues, such as political

corruption, sexual immorality, and religious discrimination, in literature. By basing the analysis

on the principles of social realism, the study can explore how the selected texts, Harvest of

Corruption and Midnight Hotel, realistically depict these societal problems and their impact on

the lives of ordinary individuals. Furthermore, social realism underscores the importance of

scrutinizing existing social structures and advocating for social change, which aligns with the

research's objectives of examining the authors' criticisms and observations of Nigerian society.

By interpreting and placing in context the depiction of societal problems in literature, we

enhance the analysis and contribute to a deeper comprehension of the chosen texts.

To sum up, social realism is an artistic and literary movement that aims to present an

accurate and critical representation of society, specifically focusing on the lives and challenges

faced by the working class and marginalized communities. Founded on the principles of
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socialism and Marxism, social realism highlights the significance of portraying everyday life

realistically and truthfully. Through literature, art, and other forms of cultural expression, social

realism serves as a potent tool for raising awareness about social issues, questioning prevailing

norms and values, and advocating for social transformation.

1.5 Review of Related Scholarships

In this review, we will delve into and assess relevant scholarship on Political Corruption,

Sexual Immorality, and Religious Bigotry in Frank Ogbeche's Harvest of Corruption and Femi

Osofisan's Midnight Hotel, synthesizing important insights and pinpointing areas that warrant

further exploration. Gabriel Kosiso Okonkwo's (2020) scholarly work on Frank Ogodo

Ogbeche's Harvest of Corruption offers a comprehensive and perceptive analysis of the play's

themes, character interactions, and societal critiques.

Okonkwo's scholarly work skillfully unravels the intricate connection between the

characters' choices and the overarching theme of law and morality. His use of literary theories,

specifically Postmodernist and Peircean Semiotic theories, brilliantly illuminates the hidden

meanings within the text. Through these theoretical frameworks, Okonkwo uncovers the

underlying ideologies and socio-political commentaries embedded in the play, providing readers

with a nuanced understanding of its thematic foundations.

In addition, Okonkwo's analysis of the characters' words and actions offers valuable

insights into the moral dilemmas faced by the protagonists, particularly Aloho. Okonkwo's

interpretation portrays Aloho's descent into lawlessness as a consequence of societal

disillusionment and elite corruption, highlighting how systemic injustices greatly influence

individual behavior.
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Furthermore, the scholarship effectively emphasizes the role of elite characters in

perpetuating corruption and undermining the rule of law. By critiquing the actions of figures like

Chief Haladu Ade-Amaka and Justice Odili, Okonkwo exposes the moral bankruptcy of those

entrusted with ensuring justice, thus shedding light on the broader societal issues that plague

Nigeria. Okonkwo's scholarship on the play's themes and motifs is well-structured and easy to

follow. His writing is clear and captivating, making complex literary theories understandable to a

broad range of readers. In today's Nigerian society, his work remains highly significant.

According to Gabriel Kosiso Okonkwo (2020):

Findings from this study show that characters’ representamina in Piercean ideation result

in the contravention of the law. Ogbeche reflects and refracts the rot in the Nigerian society, a rot

that is emboldened by the defiant attitudes of the elites who should know much about the law

and be willing to teach and enforce same by their own attitudes towards the law. Through the

words and actions of characters, the law is contravened. The characters do not just contravene

the law; they are often aided by the depraved audacity of the microscopic few. In addition, socio-

political agents such as unemployment, corruption, peer group influence, bad leadership, and

injustice, contribute greatly to the preponderance of violations in the texts. Sometimes, laws are

broken circumstantially and not willfully. When this happens, the culprit is seen as a victim of a

dysfunctional society." (pp. 26 – 27).

Frank Ogbeche's narrative skillfully explores the complex relationship between

characters' actions and societal norms, particularly the law. It sheds light on how characters'

representations, influenced by Piercean thinking, serve as channels for critiquing and reflecting

on society. The depiction of societal deterioration, reinforced by the indifferent attitudes of the

privileged class towards the law, resonates with the wider socio-political landscape of Nigeria.
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Additionally, the recognition of socio-political factors like unemployment, corruption, and

ineffective leadership as contributors to law-breaking enhances the analysis, revealing the deeper

systemic issues at play.

In summary, Gabriel Kosiso Okonkwo's study on Harvest of Corruption provides a

compelling and thought-provoking examination of Frank Ogodo Ogbeche's influential work.

Through meticulous research and insightful interpretation, Okonkwo deepens our comprehension

of the play's socio-political commentary, emphasizing its enduring significance in Nigerian

literature.

Adewumi Samuel Idowu's (2013) research on Femi Osofisan's Midnight Hotel presents a

comprehensive analysis of the moral, social, and political decay depicted in the play. Idowu, in

collaboration with co-author Akinkurolere Susan Olajoke, navigates through the intricate layers

of societal issues portrayed in Osofisan's work, offering readers a nuanced understanding of the

themes and characters. The play's thematic elements are thoroughly examined in the scholarship.

The authors delve into the moral ambiguity of characters like Awero and Pastor Suuru, shedding

light on their involvement in illicit affairs and corrupt practices. By analyzing the dialogue and

interactions between characters, Idowu demonstrates how Osofisan uses these characters to

criticize the moral fabric of Nigerian society.

Additionally, the scholarship explores the social decay depicted in Midnight Hotel. Idowu

and Olajoke dissect the prevalent social vices in Nigerian society, such as prostitution and

corruption, as exemplified by characters like Jimoh and Asibong. By examining how the play

portrays these social malaises, the authors provide readers with a sobering reflection of the

societal ills plaguing Nigeria.

Politically, the scholarship delves into how Osofisan's work serves as a scathing critique

of Nigeria's political establishment. Through a detailed analysis of dialogue and character

motivations, Idowu illustrates how characters like Awero and Suuru engage in political

opportunism for personal gain, reflecting the widespread corruption within Nigerian politics.

Overall, Idowu's scholarship on Midnight Hotel is an impressive feat of literary analysis. The

authors offer readers a comprehensive understanding of the play's themes and characters, while

also providing valuable insights into the broader societal issues that Nigeria faces.

A scholarship delves into the intriguing connection between literature and society. This

study will expand upon existing academic studies, offering a detailed examination of the

discoveries and perspectives they have provided regarding the selected literary works.

1.6 Thesis Statement

This research investigates how political corruption, sexual immorality, and religious bigotry are

portrayed in Frank Ogbeche's play Harvest of Corruption and Femi Osofisan's play Midnight

Hotel, taking a social realism perspective and specifically examining how these themes are

presented in different parts of each play.

Works Cited

Courbet, Gustave. The Stonebreakers. 1849, Musée d'Orsay, Paris.

De Sica, Vittorio, director. Bicycle Thieves (Ladri di biciclette). Ente Nazionale Industrie

Cinematografiche, 1948.

Dreiser, Theodore. Sister Carrie. Doubleday, 1900.

Eisenstein, Sergei, director. Strike (Stachka). Goskino, 1925.

Loach, Ken, director. The Battle of Algiers (La battaglia di Algeri). Igor Film, 1966.

Rivera, Diego. Murals depicting the lives of ordinary Mexicans, Palacio Nacional, Mexico City.

Sinclair, Upton. The Jungle. Doubleday, Page & Company, 1906.

Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath. The Viking Press, 1939.

Idowu, Adewumi Samuel, and Akinkurolere Susan Olajoke. "The Moral, Social and Political

Decadence in the Nigerian Society: A Case Study of Femi Osofisan’s Midnight Hotel." Research

on Humanities and Social Sciences, vol. 3, no. 15, 2013, pp. 1-13.

Okonkwo, Gabriel Kosiso. "Violative Representamina in Frank Ogodo Ogbeche's Harvest of

Corruption." Volume 5, no. 1, 2020, pp. 17 - 36.