Number

System
A number system is a system representing
numbers. It is also called the system of
numeration and it defines a set of values to
represent a quantity. These numbers are
used as digits and the most common ones
are 0 and 1, that are used to represent binary
numbers.
Types of Number System

There are various types of number systems in

mathematics. The four most common number
system types are:

Decimal number system (Base- 10)

Binary number system (Base- 2)
Octal number system (Base-8)
Hexadecimal number system (Base- 16)
Decimal Number System (Base 10 Number
System)

The decimal number system has a base 10

because it uses ten digits from 0 to 9. In the
decimal number system, the positions successive
to the left of the decimal point represent units,
tens, hundreds, thousands and so on. This system
is expressed in decimal numbers. Every position
shows a particular power of the base (10).
Example of Decimal Number System:

The decimal number 1457 consists of the digit 7 in the units

position, 5 in the tens place, 4 in the hundreds position, and 1 in
the thousands place whose value can be written as

(1×103) + (4×102) + (5×101) + (7×100)

(1×1000) + (4×100) + (5×10) + (7×1)

1000 + 400 + 50 + 7

1457
 How to Convert Decimal to Binary?

To convert numbers from decimal to binary, the given decimal number is divided
repeatedly by 2 and the remainders are noted down till we get 0 as the final
quotient. The following steps is considered as the decimal to binary formula that
shows the procedure of conversion.

Step 1: Divide the given decimal number by 2 and note down the remainder.
Step 2: Now, divide the obtained quotient by 2, and note the remainder again.
Step 3: Repeat the above steps until you get 0 as the quotient.
Step 4: Now, write the remainders in such a way that the last remainder is
written first, followed by the rest in the reverse order.
Step 5: This can also be understood in another way which states that the Least
Significant Bit (LSB) of the binary number is at the top and the Most Significant Bit
(MSB) is at the bottom. This number is the binary value of the given decimal
number.
Binary Number System (Base 2 Number
System) Decimal to
The base 2 number system is also known as the Binary
Binary number system wherein, only two binary
digits exist, i.e., 0 and 1. Specifically, the usual
base-2 is a radix of 2. The figures described under
this system are known as binary numbers which
are the combination of 0 and 1. For example, Solution:
110101 is a binary number. Base 2 Number System Example

We can convert any system into binary and vice

versa.

Example

Write (14)10 as a binary number.

∴ (14)10 = 11102
Example 2:

Convert (1001001100)2 to decimal number.

Solution:

(1001001100)2

= 1 x 29 + 0 x 2 8 + 0 x 27 + 1 x 26 + 0 x 25 + 0 x 24 + 1
x 23 + 1 x 2 2 + 0 x 2 1 + 0 x 2 0

= 512 + 64 + 8 + 4

= (588)10
Decimal to Binary Table

There are different methods of converting

numbers from decimal to binary. When we convert
numbers from decimal to binary, the base of the
number changes from 10 to 2. It should be noted
that all decimal numbers have their equivalent
binary numbers. The following table shows the
decimal to binary chart of the first 20 whole
numbers.
Decimal Numbers Binary Numbers
0
0
1
1
2
10
3
11
4
100
5
101
6
110
7
111
8
1000
9
1001
10
1010
 Example: Convert the decimal number 1310 to
binary.

Solution: We will start dividing the given number

(13) repeatedly by 2 until we get the quotient as 0.
We will note the remainders in order.
Division by 2 Quotient Remainder
13 ÷ 2 6 1 (LSB)
6÷2 3 0
3÷2 1 1
1÷2 0 1 (MSB)
Example 1: Convert 17410 to binary.

Solution: For decimal to binary conversion, let us

first divide the given number by 2 and note down
the remainders as shown in the following table.

Solution: For decimal to binary conversion, let us first divide the

given number by 2 and note down the remainders as shown in the
following table.
Division by 2 Quotient Remainder
174 ÷ 2 87 0
(LSB)
87 ÷ 2 43 1
43 ÷ 2 21 1
21 ÷ 2 10 1
10 ÷ 2 5 0
5÷2 2 1
2÷2 1 0
1÷2 0 1 (MSB)

After noting the remainders, we write them in the reverse order

such that the Most Significant Bit (MSB) is written first, and the
Least Significant Bit is written in the end. Hence, the binary
equivalent for the given decimal number 17410 is 101011102.
 Binary to Decimal Conversion Methods

Binary to Decimal Conversion Using Positional Notation Method

The positional notation method is one in which the value of a digit in a number
is determined by a weight based on its position. This is achieved by multiplying
each digit by the base(2) raised to the respective power depending upon the
position of that digit in the number. The summation of all these values
obtained for each digit gives the equivalent value of the given binary number
in the decimal system.

Observe the following steps to understand the binary to decimal conversion.

Let us consider the binary number (101101)2
. In any binary number, the rightmost digit is called the 'Least Significant Bit'
(LSB) and the left-most digit is called the 'Most Significant Bit' (MSB). For a
binary number with 'n' digits, the least significant bit has a weight of 20 and
the most significant bit has a weight of 2n-1.
 Step 1: List out the powers of 2 for all the digits starting from the rightmost
position. The first power would be 20 and as we move on it will be 21, 22, 23,
24, 25,... In the given example, there are 6 digits, therefore, starting from the
rightmost digit, the weight of each position from the right is 20,21,22,23,24,25.

Binary to Decimal - Power of base-2 with Exponents

Step 2: Now multiply each digit in the binary
number starting from the right with its respective
weight based on its position and evaluate the
product. Observe the figure shown below to relate
to the step. Finally, sum up all the products
obtained for all the digits in the binary number.

Step 3: Now, express the binary number as a

decimal number: (101101)2 = (45)10
Binary to Octal conversion Examples

Example 1: Convert 10101012 to octal

Solution:

Given binary number is 10101012

First, we convert given binary to decimal

10101012 = (1 * 26) + (0 * 25 ) + (1 * 24) + (0 * 23) + (1 * 22) + (0 * 21) +

(1 * 20)

= 64 + 0 + 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1

= 64 + 21

0101012= 85 (Decimal form)

0101012= 85 (Decimal form)

Now we will convert this decimal to octal form

Therefore, the equivalent octal number is 1258.

Example 2: Convert 011012 to octal

Solution:

Given binary number is 011012

First we convert given binary to decimal

011012 = (0 * 24) + (1 * 23) + (1 * 22) + (0 * 21) + (1 *20)

= 0 + 8 + 4 + 0 +1

011012= 13 (Decimal form)

Now we will convert this decimal to octal form

Therefore, the equivalent octal number is 158.

 Octal to Binary

Q.1: Convert 418 to a binary number.

Solution: Given number is 418

418 = (4 * 81) + (1 * 80) Now convert this decimal number into its equivalent binary
number. Let us draw a table to show the conversion of
=4*8+1*1 decimal to binary as given below.
Decimal Number divided by 2 Quotient Remainder
= 32+1 33 divided by 2
16 1
= 33(Decimal number) 16 divided by 2
8 0
8 divided by 2 4
0
4 divided by 2 2
0
2 divided by 2 1
0
1 divided by 2 0
1
Q.2: Convert 108 to a binary number.

Solution: Given number is 108

108 = (1 * 81) + (0 * 80)

Now convert this decimal number into its equivalent
=1*8+0*1
binary number. Let us draw a table to show the
conversion of decimal to binary as given below.
=8+0
Decimal Number divided by 2 Quotient
Remainder
= 8 (Decimal number)
8 divided by 2
4 0
4 divided by 2
2 0
Therefore,
2 divided bythe
2 equivalent binary number is 10002.
1 0
1 divided
Hence, 10by 2
8 = 10002
0 1
 Binary to Hex Conversion Examples

Example 1: (10001110)2

1000 1110

8421 8421

8000 8420

8 14

8 E
 Hexa To Binary Examples

Question 1: Convert A2B16 to an equivalent

binary number.

Solution: Given hexadecimal number = A2B16

First, convert the given hexadecimal to the

equivalent decimal number.

A2B16 = (A × 162) + (2 × 161) + (B × 160)

= (A × 256) + (2 × 16) + (B × 1)

= (10 ×256) + 32 + 11

= 2560 + 43

= 2603(Decimal number)
Now we have to convert 260310 to binary

The binary number obtained is 1010001010112

Hence, A2B16 = 1010001010112

Question 2: Convert E16 to an equivalent binary number.

Solution: Given, a hexadecimal number is E.

First, convert the given hexadecimal to the equivalent decimal number.

E16 = E × 160
=E×1
=E
=14 (Decimal number)

Now we have to convert 1410 to binary number.

Converting hexadecimal to binary

The binary number obtained is 11102

Hence, E16 = 11102

End of slide
Octal Number System (Base 8 Number
System)

In the octal number system, the base is 8 and it

uses numbers from 0 to 7 to represent numbers.
Octal numbers are commonly used in computer
applications. Converting an octal number to
decimal is the same as decimal conversion and is
explained below using an example.

Example: Convert 2158 into decimal.

Solution:

2158 = 2 × 82 + 1 × 81 + 5 × 80

= 2 × 64 + 1 × 8 + 5 × 1

= 128 + 8 + 5

= 14110
Hexadecimal Number System (Base 16 Number System)

In the hexadecimal system, numbers are written or represented with base 16. In
the hex system, the numbers are first represented just like in decimal system, i.e.
from 0 to 9. Then, the numbers are represented using the alphabets from A to F.
The below-given table shows the representation of numbers in the hexadecimal
number system.

Hexadecimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 A B C D E F
Decimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
 Number System Examples

Example 1:

Convert (1056)16 to octal number.

Solution:

Given, 105616 is an hex number.

First we need to convert the given hexadecimal

number into decimal number

(1056)16

= 1 x 163 + 0 x 162 + 5 x 161 + 6 x 160

= 4096 + 0 + 80 + 6

= (4182)10
Now we will convert this decimal number to
the required octal number by repetitively
dividing by 8.
8 4182 Remainder
8 522 6
8 65 2
8 8 1 Therefore, taking the value of
8 1 0 remainder from bottom to top, we get;
0 1
(4182)10 = (10126)8

Therefore,

(1056)16 = (10126)8
Example 3:

Convert 101012 into an octal number.

Solution:

Given,

101012 is the binary number

We can write the given binary number as:

010 101

Now as we know, in octal number system,

010 → 2

101 → 5
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