Side-Side-Side (SSS) Congruence Postulate:
If the three sides of one triangle are equal in length to
the corresponding three sides of another triangle,
then the triangles are congruent.
Side-Angle-Side (SAS) Congruence Postulate:
If two triangles have an equal side, an equal angle,
and another equal side in the same order, then the
triangles are congruent.
Angle-Side-Angle (ASA) Congruence Postulate:
If two triangles have an equal angle, an equal side,
and another equal angle in the same order, then the
triangles are congruent.
Corresponding Angles Theorem: When a transversal
intersects two parallel lines, the corresponding angles
are congruent. They lie on the same (corresponding)
side of the transversal.
Vertical Angles Theorem: Vertical angles (opposite
angles formed by intersecting lines) are always
congruent.
Linear Pair Theorem: If two angles form a linear pair
(i.e., their non-common sides form a straight line),
their sum is always 180 degrees.
Line Segment:
A line segment is a part of a line that has two
endpoints.
It is like a piece of a line with a definite length.
Imagine it as a segment between two points, such as
the line connecting the endpoints of a ruler.
Rays:
A ray is a portion of a line that has one endpoint and
extends infinitely in one direction.
Think of it as starting from a point and continuing Plane:
indefinitely in a specific direction. A plane is a flat surface that extends infinitely in two
Rays are often used to describe angles in geometry. dimensions (length and width).
Perpendicular Lines: It never ends in any direction.
Perpendicular lines are lines that intersect at a right Three noncollinear points determine a plane.
angle (90 degrees). Alternatively, a line and a point not on the line also
When two lines are perpendicular, they form an “L” define a plane.
shape. The intersection of two distinct planes results in a
Examples include the intersection of the edges of a straight line.
book or the corners of a square.
Point:
A point is a location in space that has no size. It is
often represented by a single capital letter.
Imagine it as an indivisible dot—a precise position
without any width, length, or breadth.
Line:
A line is an endlessly long, straight mark that extends
infinitely in both directions.
It is defined by two collinear points (points that lie on
the same line).
A line segment has a definite beginning and end,
defined by its two endpoints.
Variations of lines include line segments, rays, and
half-lines.
Vertical Angle Theorem:
Theorem: Angles on one side of a straight line always
add up to 180°.
Corollary: Following from the theorem, when two lines
intersect, the angles opposite each other (called
vertical angles) are equal. In other words, if angle a is
opposite angle c, and angle b is opposite angle d,
then a = c and b = d.
Angle at the Center Theorem:
Theorem: An inscribed angle of a° is half of the
central angle (2a°).
Corollary: Keeping the endpoints fixed, the angle a° is
always the same, no matter where it is on the
circumference. This means that angles subtended by
the same arc are equal.
Lemma: In the special case where the central angle
forms a diameter of the circle, the inscribed angle is
always a right angle (90°).
Pythagorean Theorem:
Theorem: If m and n are whole numbers, and:
(a = m^2 - n^2)
(b = 2mn)
(c = m^2 + n^2)
Then:
(a^2 + b^2 = c^2)
Corollary: The values of a, b, and c, as defined above,
form a Pythagorean triple.
Lemma: If (m = 2) and (n = 1), then we get the
Pythagorean triple 3, 4, and 5.