MACRO PERSPECTIVE OF TOURISM about their business, they often had a

AND HOSPITALITY need or desire to eat or drink.

CHAPTER 1: MEANING AND There are two distinct types of

IMPORTANCE OF TOURISM AND establishments that offer food and
HOSPITALITY beverages:
Tourism is a social, cultural and 1. COMMERCIAL FOOD SERVICES
economic phenomenon which which comprises operations whose
entails the movement of people to primary business is food and beverage
countries or places outside their 2. NON-COMMERCIAL FOOD
usual environment for personal SERVICES where food and beverages
or business/professional are served but they are not the
purposes. primary business.
Hospitality means extending a SERVICES IN THE FOOD AND
welcome to guests or offering a home BEVERAGE COMPONENT:
away from home, and the word is 1. Table service
derived from the Latin word “hospes” 2. Family service
meaning host, visitor or stranger. 3. Plate service
4. French service
5. Gueridon service
6. Silver service
RELATIONSHIP OF TOURISM AND
HOSPITALITY
B. LODGING COMPONENT/ ACCOMMODATION
The hospitality industry acts as the
Lodging means accommodation for
main supplier of safe and satisfying
a period or a place to sleep for
products and services for tourism
overnight or long-term services to
(supply chain integration). Tourism on
people.
the other hand is the activity of
tourists where most of the time avails C. RECREATION AND ENTERTAINMENT
products from the hospitality industry. COMPONENT
Recreation is any activity that
COMPONENTS OF TOURISM AND people do for rest, relaxation, and
HOSPITALITY enjoyment to make them free from the
demands of work and duty.
1. Food and beverage component
2. Accommodation or lodging FIVE COMPONENTS OF LEISURE
services INDUSTRY
3. Leisure and recreational activity 1. Sports and Physical Recreation
4. Tourism services 2. Play and activity based leisure
3. Home based leisure
4. Countryside recreation
A. FOOD AND BEVERAGE 5. Arts and entertainment
COMPONENT
The food and beverage sector begun [Link] and Physical Recreation:
from simple origins: as people Sport is a form of physical activity
which involves some element of
travelled from their homes, going
competition between two or more
groups and usually is governed by Transportation is the process
rules or uncompetitive activities. of making movement of people
from one place to another using
TWO TYPES: primitive and simple to modem
A. Based on role of the person and complex means of
involved transportation.
• Active of participative, eg.
playing volleyball and COMPONENTS OF TRAVEL SERVICES:
basketball A. TRAVEL AGENCIES
• Passive or spectator, eg, Travel agency can assemble
watching a game products and services into
B. Based on location of physical prepackaged travel tours.
activity: -Travel agents, they are the
• Land-based recreation and one that directly
tourism connect with a traveler who is
• Water-based recreation and looking for means to purchase
tourism prepackages through
2. ARTS AND ENTERTAINMENT travel agencies.
Arts and entertainment are B. ONLINE TRAVEL AGENCIES
the things that take place (OTA) One of the advantages of
technology can be found in
outdoor which entertain you.
hospitality
3. COUNTRYSIDE RECREATION
and tourism. Today, travelers can
Countryside recreation can take
now
place in National Parks, Areas of
search and book everything they
Outstanding Natural Beauty or in
need
places that are considered
for traveling online.
heritage in a country.
C. TOUR OPERATOR
4. HOME-BASED LEISURE
Tour operators are companies or
Home-based leisure is activities
individuals who package all
that can be done without leaving
components of offered trip or
your home but in the comforts of
tourism and hospitality services
your home.
and then sell them to the traveler
5. PLAY AND ACTIVITY-BASED LEISURE. personally or through retail outlets
This kind of leisure is mainly of travel agencies.
associated to activities that involve Inbound tour operators:
children young adult and teens.
Tour operators that bring travelers
D. TRAVEL AND TOURISM into a country as a group or through
COMPONENT Individual tour packages
There may be two types of
travel, the business travel Outbound tour operators:
wherein a person travels to Tour operators that within a
another place for work and country to take travelers to other
spends money on hospitality, countries
and tourism products (lodging
and food and beverages) and Receptive tour operators (RTO):
the leisure travel, wherein a These are not travel agents and
person travels for recreational they do not operate the tours instead
and entertainment. these are operators that work as a
liaison and booking agent of various
TRANSPORTATION products to sour operators in other
markets, such as Philippines to U.S.A.
D. DESTINATION MARKETING
COMPONENT OF TOURISM OR 5A’S OF
ORGANIZATIONS
TOURISM
(DMOs) This includes national
1. Attraction
tourism boards, government
2. Accessibility
agencies such as Department of
3. Accommodation
Tourism, city of provincial
4. Amenities
tourism
5. Activities
offices and community tourism
offices
DEFINITION OF HOSPITALITY
E. OTHER ORGANIZATIONS
The word hospitality is derived
This may include other
from the Latin wont “hospes",
organization that not only
which means guest.
focuses in leisure travel but also
Hospitality is the friendly
business trips and other
and generous reception and
functions
entertainment of guests,
visitors, or strangers and
DEFINITION OF TOURISM
providing them food, beverages,
Defining tourism is not easy as
lodging and abode.
its definition varies source by
source, person by person and
The Three Perspective of
country by country.
Hospitality:
The Guest Perspective: This is the
The first definition of tourism is perspective wherein as people who
made by Guyer-Feuler in 1905. serve and give products must have
"A phenomenon unique to modern achieved the expectations of their
time which is dependent on the
guests-receive good hospitality
people's increasing need for a
change and relaxing, the wish of making customers or the guest feel
recognizing the beauties of nature comfortable and well-served.
and art and the belief that nature The Operator Perspective in a
gives happiness to human beings hospitality setting, the guest exists to be
and which helps nations and served, the operator exists to serve to
communities approaching to each be able to be considered as
other thanks to the developments in hospitable, the operator must be
commerce and industry and the successful in making guests feel
communication and transportation
comfortable and well-catered to.
tools becoming excellent. “
-Guyer & Feule. The Tech Perspective. The increase in
the needs of the people results to increase
"Tourism is a social, cultural and in demand of tourism and hospitality
economic phenomenon which entails services such as restaurants, lodging and
the movement of people to countries or car rentals.
places outside their usual environment
for personal or business/professional MEANING OF TOURIST
purposes. These people are called
visitors (which may be either
"Tourism' or Tourist word is related
tourists or excursionists; residents to the word 'tour' which is derived
or non-residents) and tourism has to from the latin word "tornus" it means
do with their activities, some of which a tool for describing a circle or turner's
imply tourism expenditure" (United wheel. It is from the word “tornus" the
Nations World Tourism
Organization, 2008)
notion of a "round tour" or a 1. Allocentric (The Wanderers): A
"package tour" has cone vogue. tourist who seeks new experiences
and adventure in a wide range of
activities. This person is outgoing
and self-confident in behavior.

2. Psychocentric (The Repeater): A

TWO CLASSES OF VISITORS: tourist falling in this category is
a. Tourists- usually non-adventuresome. They
are temporary visitors staying in a prefer to return to familiar travel
place at least or more than 24 destinations where they can relax
hours. and know what types of food and
b. Excursionists- activity to expect.
are temporary visitors staying in a
place less than 24 hours in the 3. Midcentric (Combination):
destination that they have visited.
They do not make overnight stay
This category of tourists covers
and may include cruise travelers. the ones who swing between
CONSUMER BEHAVIOR IN the above said two types
TOURISM:
A. Factors affecting Tourists Behavior C. Henley Centre Model of Holiday
B. Plog’s Model of Tourist Behavior Making
C. Henley Centre Model of Holiday a. Phase I-Bubble Travelers:
Making They do not have much money as
well as knowledge. They prefer
A. Factors affecting Tourists packaged tours. They long to
observe different cultures without
Behavior
being a part of it. They travel
 Geographical Factors:
mostly out of curiosity.
Some physical factors like
b. Phase II-Idealized Experience
geographical and climatic
Seekers:
conditions
They are confident tourists with
 Social Factors:
the experience of foreign tours.
A few social factors such as
They are flexible and comfortable.
a person's social network
They prefer tour offers made for
 Place of Origin:
individuals.
There can be a broad
c. Phase III-Seasoned Travelers:
spectrum of tourist behavior
These tourists are more affluent
depending upon the place
than the idealized experience
they belong to
seekers. They are more confident
 Tourism Destination:
to experiment and experience
It is a major contributing
different places and environments.
factor altering tourist
They are more adventurous and
behavior.
prefer individualistic tours.
 Education of Tourist:
d. Phase IV. Complete immersers:
The more educated the
These tourists have an intention of
tourist is the wider range of
immersing completely into the
choices, curiosity, and the
foreign culture, heritage, culinary
knowledge of places he
experience, and language. Their
would have.
holidaying is well-planned but not
B. Plog’s Model of Tourist well-structured
Behavior
Tourists classify into three categories:
Elements of Travel:
1. Reason for journey. residents' own country with the
The first element of travel is the benefit of having no problem in
purpose of why language barrier, currency,
a tourist will travel in the first documentation barrier and socio-
place. cultural differences.
Some of the reasons for travel may
2. International tourism involved
be
classed as: traveling outside of the country and
a. Work or business may show possible problems in
b. Outdoor recreation-boating, fishing language barrier, currency.
c. Visiting family and friends
d. Holiday celebration
e. Entertainment-sports and theater
f. Personal wedding, funeral, medical
2. Distance to travel:
The second element of travel is the Package tour classification:
distance of travel. The distance of A. Independent inclusive tour (IIT);
travel is another important element wherein the tourist travel to the
and can determine what form of site of destination individually
transport would be taken to
complete the journey. Under this B. Group inclusive tour (GIP):
the tourist must consider the wherein the tourist travel to the
difference between local and site if destination with the company
of other tourists
international traveling.
3. Length of stay at the
destination:
TOURIST PRODUCT
The third element of travel is the Tourist product in the simplest
length of stay at the destination explanation is what the tourist
The definition of tourists and buys.
excursionists by UNWTO is Four characteristics of products:
directly associated to this element a) Tourist product is a service.
4. Residence of the tourist: b) Tourist product is largely
The fourth basic element of psychological in its attraction.
travel is the residence of the c) Tourist product tends to vary in
tourist. This is an important standard and quality.
element for the d) Supply of the product is fixed.
destination's government
for them to monitor which CHARACTERISTICS OF A SERVICE:
country or race visits their Intangible
country frequently. can't be seen, tasted,
5. Form of travel. felt, heard or smelled
The last element of travel is the before being purchased
forms of transport which is Inseparable
also considered to be a crucial can't be separated from
element to travel and as service provider’s
mentioned before the other Variable
factors can contribute to what quality depends on who
form of transport is selected. provides them and
Perishable
Nature of a Tour can’t be stored for later
1. Domestic tourism involves sale or use.
traveling exclusively within the
 Tourist Destination 7. Tourism and hospitality products
-A tourist destination is a are purchased without even
geographical location which has the insisting the people to buy them.
necessary components to attract
tourists and meet their needs- usually
due to its cultural and natural values.
The success of a tourist
-Destination may be dependent on
three basic factors,
attraction, amenities and access.

IMPORTANCE OF TOURISM AND

TOURIST SERVICES HOSPITALITY
Accommodation, food and beverage 1. Economic progression- One of
and entertainment constitute another the major significances of tourism and
part of the tourist services. Hotels are hospitality sectors is their contribution
necessary for a large group of tourists to the economy of country.
and travelers because these are the 2. Generation of employment-
places where they can stay and be Because of the increase in numbers of
accommodated during the length of tourists visiting countries, there will
their vacation. Restaurants to also be the number of employees
provide food and beverages are also needed to provide human resource to
considered to be as important as these tourists.
hotels for the provision of pleasure 3. Promotion of culture and
eating. Entertainment, amusement cultural heritage Tourism and
and recreation are the primary hospitality industry provide a stage to
reasons for people to travel. emphasize, share and explain the
beauty of different cultures, histories
Travel agent and tour operators are and arts of a specific country or place.
also vital tourist services. The travel 4. Societal progress - Tourism and
agent is the distributor of the hospitality are a good way for a
product while the tour operators successful cultural exchange. In the
are the manufacturers of these same way the people in the area
products. where the tourists visit may also adapt
some of the traditions and ways of the
CHARACTERISTIC OF TOURISM AND tourist.
HOSPITALITY: 5. Significance to education
1. The tourism and hospitality is Tourism and hospitality services
dynamic. also affect education, especially those
2. The tourism and hospitality related to movement from one place
industry is seasonal. to another such as educational tour,
3. Tourism and hospitality is a labor- school seminars and international
extensive industry. conferences
4. Tourism and hospitality is people- 6. Dispersion of development- The
oriented. demand of international competition in
5. Tourism and hospitality is a tourism and hospitality provides
multidimensional phenomenon. means to spread wealth among
6. Tourism and hospitality products different countries and not only limit it
are unlimited. to some of the well-developed
countries.
7. Environment and culture
preservation-the tourism and
hospitality industry exposes different
places and cultures with unique
characteristic and natural beauty.
8. Build strong relationship
between countries - can help create
a bridge for the psychological and
cultural distances which separates
different people based on race,
language, colors, socioeconomic CHAPTER 2: HISTORY OF TOURISM
status and religion. AND HOSPITALITY
9. Better planning strategies for
HISTORY OF TOURISM
road development, housing or
EARLY TOURISM
industrial building The word tourism is derived from the
-people in these industries may help Hebrew word “torah” which means
to plan road and industrial "instruction, teaching or law." In some
development with sensitivity to their other literature, tourism is derived from
environmental implications the Old Saxon term Torn which means
10. World's peace industry- People "departure with the intention of
of different race, religion and culture returning”
are distanced from each other by
many [Link] can provide ways to Travel (from the word "travail") for
these people to have strong leisure has evolved from only being done
by very few people (the wealthy) into
relationship and better understanding
something that can be done by anyone.
of each other
11. Foreign Exchange Earnings - TWO REASON WHY PEOPLE TRAVEL
One of the most important a. to travel for business such as
contributions of the industry is to help trading and
the growth of the economy of the b. to travel for religious purposes such
country. Many countries of the world as pilgrimage
make it mandatory for tourists from
abroad to carry a certain amount of the early people to trade with other
foreign currency for the entire length nations and tribes such example is by:
• Sumerians who have invented money
of their stay.
and wheels.
• Phoenicians traveled throughout the
Mediterranean
Greeks; created the Olympic games
Roman; grand tour

THE FOREMOST DESTINATIONS OF

PILGRIMAGE - St. James of Galicia
located in Spain.

MEDIEVAL PERIOD
the travel declined. Travel became
burdensome, dangerous and demanding
during this time as roads and inns and
horse stables were not maintained and
became unsafe because of thieves
Religious travels were the only ones Other important information in the
who traveled during this period. 20th Century:
The development of motor cars
the close encounter of military men
of the foreign.
The development of commercial
aircraft.

RENAISSANCE
opened a new kind of travel, the
educational travel. Elizabeth I of HISTORY OF THE HOSPITALITY
England encouraged young men the Latin “hospes”, which
who want to be part of the court to encompasses the words guest,
travel to different continents to host, and foreigner
widen their education and gain The early travelers were
knowledge of the places around warriors or traders
their country. The travel called Lodging can be considered the
“GRAND TOUR” The term was first ever commercial business
used as early 1670. and hospitality as the first service
The term spa is derived from the for which money was
word “espa” which means exchanged
fountain/ the medicinal bath ANCIENT PERIOD
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The Sumerians: Because of this
It brought about technological influx of natural resources, the
advances and social changes that made Sumerians became prosperous,
travel not only for educational, medicinal skilled farmers and animal
or cultural but also as a recreational breeders also emerged.
activity. Early Traders
MODERN TOURISM (19th century) “Caravanserai” were described
the creation of railway system as "guest houses," "roadside
and the creation of steam inns," and "hostels," which were
power. designed to provide overnight
Thomas Cook was one of the housing to travelers and traders.
first travel organizers or firm EMPIRE
that managed a train trip in Two possible explanations of why
1841 between Leicester and ancient time people felt required to be
Loughborough in United hospitable:
Kingdom. they felt that hospitality to
In 1866, he organized an strangers was necessary to their
American tour. religious well- being and in
in 1874, he introduced "cook's others;
circular notes" which were the they were hospitable only because
precursor for traveler's check. of their own superstitious fears
The Baedeker, first published EGYPTIAN EMPIRE
in 1839 by Karl Ludwig
widely known and was
Johannes Baedeker
highlighted by the “great
feasts” that were organized in
20TH CENTURY
the development of more the honor of their visiting
accessible, safer and easier guests and dignitaries.
transportations continued the GREEK EMPIRE
industry of leisure travel.
Inns and taverns in ancient
Greece were often respected
and served fine food to
travelers.
ROMAN EMPIRE
The inventions of the Romans
such as Roman law, cement,
concretes, and army, wild
cuisine and roman numerals.