Solution

REVISION3 (3)

Class 12 - Mathematics

1.
(b) 2sin x + C
Explanation: Given :
sin 2x 2 sin x cos x
∫ dx = ∫ dx
sin x sin x

= 2 ∫ cos x dx

= 2 sin x + c
2

2. (a) 3

2
x 3 + C

Explanation: Given:
1
∫ dx
3
√x
n+1
n x
∫ x dx = + c
n+1
−1
+1
1 x 3
∫ dx = + c
3 −1
√x +1
3
2

x 3
= + c
2

3
2
3
= x 3 + c
2

x|x|
3. (a) 2
+ C

Explanation: (Case 1) for x > 0:

2 ′
⇒ ∫ |x| dx = ∫ x dx = (1/2)x + C

(Case 2) for x < 0 :

2 ′′
⇒ ∫ |x| dx = ∫ −x dx = −(1/2)x + C
1
Combining both cases, we have ( 2
)x|x| + C

4.
(b) x - sin x + C
2
2 1−(cos x)
Explanation: Given : ∫ sin

(1+cos x)
x
dx = ∫
(1+cos x)
dx

(1+cos x)(1−cos x)
= ∫ dx
(1+cos x)

= ∫ (1 − cos x)dx

= x - sin x + c
5. (a) 2 sin(e √x
)+ C
n+1

Explanation: Formula :- ∫ n
x dx =
x

n+1
x
+ c; ∫ e dx = e
x
+ c

Therefore ,
Put sin e √x
= t

√x √x 1
⇒ (cos e ) × (e )× ( ) dx = dt
2√x

= ∫ 2dt
= 2t + c
= 2 sin e √x
+ c

6.
1
(c) 4
tan
−1
x
4
+ C
n+1

Explanation: Formula :- ∫ n
x dx =
x

n+1
+ c; ∫
1

2
dx = tan
−1
x + c
1+x

Therefore ,
Put x4= t 4x3 dx = dt
1 1
= ∫ dt
4 2
1+t

1 / 12
 1 −1
= tan t + c
4
1 −1 4
= tan x + c
4

7. (a) tan (xex) + C

x
e (1+x)
Explanation: Given: I = ∫ 2 x
dx
cos (x e )

Let xex = z
⇒ ex(1 + x)dx = dz
So,
x
e (1+x)
∫ dx
cos 2 (x ex )

dz
= ∫
2
cos z

= ∫ sec 2 zdz
= tan z + c
= tan (xex) + c
where c is the integrating constant.
8.
(d) 1

2
(tan
−1
x)
2
+ C

Explanation: Subsitute tan-1x = t then 1

dx = dt
1+x2
−1 2
2 (tan x)
t
⇒ ∫ t dt = + C ⇒ + C
2 2

9.
(d) tan x
Explanation: tan x
10. (a) − 1

6
cos 2x + C
3

cos 4x+1
Explanation: ∫ tan x+cot x
dx

2
2 cos 2x
= ∫ dx
2 cosec 2x
2
2 cos 2x
= ∫ dx
2 cosec 2x

substitute cos2x = t , then -2 sin2x dx = dt

−1 2 −1 3
t cos 2x
∫ dt ⇒= ( ) + C
2 2 2 3

11.
(c) 1

√3

Explanation: 1

√3

sin(x−b)
12. (a) cosec (b - a) log ∣∣ ∣
∣
+C
sin(x−a)

Explanation: Given integral is: ∫ dx

sin(x−a) sin(x−b)

Multiply Nr. and Dr. by sin (b - a)

1 sin(b−a)dx
⇒ ∫
sin(b−a) sin(x−a) sin(x−b)

Now, sin (b - a) = sin ((x - a) - (x - b))

Also, sin (A - B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B
sin(b−a) sin((x−a)−(x−b)) sin(x−a) cos(x−b)−cos(x−a) sin(x−b)
⇒
sin(x−a) sin(x−b)
=
sin(x−a) sin(x−b)
= sin(x−a) sin(x−b)

sin(x−a) cos(x−b)−cos(x−a) sin(x−b) cos(x−b) cos(x−a)

⇒ = −
sin(x−a) sin(x−b) sin(x−b) sin(x−a)

cos(x−b) cos(x−a)
⇒ − = cot (x - b) - cot(x - a)
sin(x−b) sin(x−a)

⇒ ∫
dx
=
1
(∫ cot(x − b)dx − ∫ cot(x − a)dx )
sin(x−a) sin(x−b) sin(b−a)

Now ∫ cot xdx = ln | sin x| + C

dx 1
⇒ ∫ = (∫ cot(x − b)dx − ∫ cot(x − a)dx)
sin(x−a) sin(x−b) sin(b−a)

2 / 12
 = 1
(ln | sin(x − b)| − ln | sin(x − a)|)
sin(b−a)

sin(x−b) sin(x−b)
⇒ ∫
sin(x−a) sin(x−b)
dx
=
sin(b−a)
1
ln(
sin(x−a)
) = cosec(b − a) ln( sin(x−a)
)

13.
x−1
(d) sin −1
( ) + C
√3

Explanation: (2 + 2x - x2) = 3 - (1 + x2 - 2x) = (√3) − (x − 1)

– 2 2

∴ I = ∫ = ∫ , where (x - 1) = t and dx = dt
dx dt

2 2 2
√( √3) −(x−1) √( √3) − t2

(x−1)
−1 t −1
= sin + C = sin + C
√3 √3

14.
−−−−−−−− −
(b) − 1

2
2
log |2 cos x + √4 cos x − 1 | + C

Explanation: The given integral is ∫ sin x

√4 cos 2 x−1

Put cos x = t and sin x dx = -dt. Then,

−−−−−
dt 1 dt 1 2 1
I = −∫ = − ∫ = − log |t + √t − | + C
√4t2 −1 2 1 2 4
2
√t −
4

1
−−− −−− 1
−−−−−−−− −
2 2
= − log |2t + √4t − 1| + C = − log |2 cos x + √4 cos x − 1 | + C
2 2

15.
(b) 1

3
tan
−1 x

3
+ C

dx
Explanation: ∫ 2 2
x +3
dx 1 x
We know, ∫ 2 2
=
a
tan
−1
a
+ c
x +a

1 −1 x
= tan + c
3 3

16.
−−−−−−−−−∣
(c) log∣∣(x −
3
2
) + √x − 3x + 2 + C
2 ∣
dx dx
Explanation: I = ∫ = ∫
2 2
2 9 1 3 1
√( x −3x+ )− √(x− ) −( )
4 4 2 2
−−−−−
= ∫
dt
= log |t + √t
2
−
1

4
| + C , where (x − 3

2
) = t
1 2
√t − ( 2
)
2

∣ 3
−−−−−−−−−∣
2
= log (x − ) + √x − 3x + 2 + C
∣ 2 ∣

17.
−1 2
(c) a = 10
,b= 5

Explanation: Given; ∫ dx

2
= a log |1 + x2| + b tan-1 x + 1

5
log |x + 2| + C
(x+2)(x +1)

Using concept of partial fractions

1 A Bx+C
⇒ = +
2 (x+2) 2
(x+2)(x +1) (x +1)

⇒ A(x2 + 1) + (Bx + C) (x + 2) = 1
⇒ x2 (A + B) + x(C + 2B) + (A + 2C) = 1
⇒ A + B = 0 …(i)

⇒ C + 2B = 0 …(ii)

⇒ A + 2C = 1 …(iii)

⇒ On solving the above three equations we get

⇒ A = , B = - and C =
1 1 2

5 5 5
1 1 2
x+
1 5 5 5
⇒ = +
2 (x+2) 2
(x+2)(x +1) (x +1)

1 1 2
− x+
5 5 5 1 x 2
⇒ + = − +
(x+2) 2 5(x+2) 2 2
(x +1) 5(x +1) 5(x +1)

⇒ ∫
dx

2
=∫ (
1
−
x

2
+
2
2
) dx
(x+2)(x +1) 5(x+2) 5(x +1) 5(x +1)

= 1

5
ln |x + 2| −
1

10
ln ∣
∣x
2
+ 1∣
∣ +
2

5
tan
−1
x =C
=
1

5
ln |x + 2| −
1

10
ln ∣
∣x
2
+ 1∣
∣ +
2

5
tan
−1
x+ C .....(ii)

3 / 12
 On comparing (i) and (ii) we get,
a = - and b = 1

10
2

18.
(d) log |x| − 1

2
log(x
2
+ 1) + C

Bx+C
Explanation: Let 1
=
A

x
+
2
x(x2 +1) x +1

1= A(X2 + 1) + (Bx + C)x = Ax2 + A + Bx2 + Cx = (A + B)x2 +Cx + A

Equating the coefficients of x2, x and constant term, we get,
A+B=0
C=0
A=1
On solving these equations, we get,
A = 1, B = -1 and C = 0
−x
Therefore, = +
1

2 x
1

2
x(x +1) x +1

1 1 −x
∫ = ∫ { + } dx
x 2
x(x2 +1) x +1

= log |x| − 1

2
log∣
∣x
2
+ 1∣
∣ + C

1+sin x
19. (a) log( 2+sin x
) + C

Explanation: substituting sin x = t implies cos x dx = dt

cos x
∫ dx
(1+sinx)(2+sinx)

dt
= ∫
(1+t)(2+t)

1 1
= ∫ ( )− dt
1+t 2+t

1+t
= log ∣ ∣ + C
∣ 2+t ∣
1+ sinx
= log + C
2+sinx

20.
2
∣ (x−2) ∣
(c) log∣ x−1
∣ + C
∣ ∣
x
Explanation: Let (x−1)(x−2)
=
A

x−1
+
B

x−2

x = A(x - 2) + B(x - 1) …(i)

Substituting x = 1 and 2 in (i), we get,
A = -1 and B = 2
Therefore, = − +
x 1 2

(x−1)(x−2) (x−1) (x−2)

x 1 2
∫ dx = ∫ {− + } dx
(x−1)(x−2) (x−1) (x−2)

= − log |x − 1| + 2 log |x − 2| + c
2
∣ (x−2) ∣
= log∣ x−1
∣ + C
∣ ∣

(x+2)
21. Let I = ∫ 3
dx
(x+1)

Put x + 1 = t
⇒ x = t - 1

⇒ dx = dt
t−1+2
∴ I = ∫ ( ) dt
3
t

1 1
= ∫ ( + ) dt
2 3
t t

−2 −3
= ∫ (t + t ) dt
−2+1 −3+1
t t
= [ + ] + C
−2+1 −3+1

1 2
= − − + C
t 2
t

= −
x+1
1
−
1

2
+ C (∵ t = x + 1)
2(x+1)

22. Let I = ∫ (9 sin x − 7 cos x − 6(sec x)

2
+ 2(csc x)
2 2
+ (csc x) − 1) dx , Then
I = -9 cos x - 7 sin x - 6 tan x - 3 cot x - x + c

4 / 12
23. Take tan x = a
Hence, sec2x dx = da
2
tan x sec x
∴ ∫ dx
2
1− tan x

ada
= ∫
2
1−a

Now, taking 1-a2 = k , -2a da = dk i.e. a da = -dk/2

ada
∴ ∫
2
1−a
−dk
= ∫
2k
1
= − ln |k| + c
2

Replacing the value of k,

1
− ln |k| + c
2
1 2
= − ln ∣
∣1 − a ∣
∣ + c
2

Replacing the value of a,

1 2
− ln ∣
∣1 − a ∣
∣ + c
2
1 2
= − ln ∣
∣1 − tan x∣
∣ + c
2

Where c is the integrating constant

24. Clearly, =
cos 2x

2 2
cos 2x

2
=
cos 2x

1+sin 2x
(cos x+sin x) cos x+ sin x+2 sin x cos x

cos 2x cos 2x
Now, ∫ 2
dx = ∫
1+sin 2x
dx
(cos x+sin x)

Let 1 + sin2x = t
⇒ 2cos2x dx = dt

Thus, ∫ cos 2x

2
dx =
1

2
∫
1

t
dt
(cos x+sin x)

1
= log |t| + C
2
1
= log |1 + sin 2x| + C
2
1 2
= log∣
∣(cos x + sin x) ∣
∣ + C
2

= log|sinx + cosx| + C
3x
25. Let I = ∫ dx
4
1+2x

=
3

2
∫
2x

2
dx ...(i)
2
1+2(x )

Putting x2 = t
dt
⇒ 2x =
dx

⇒ 2xdx = dt
∴ From eq. (i),
3 dt
I = ∫
2 2
1+2t
3 1
= ∫ dt
2 2 2
(2t )+ 1

3 1
= ∫ dt
4 2 1
(t )+
2

3 1
= ∫ dt
4 2 1 2
t +( )
√2

3 1 −1 t
= . tan + c
4 √2 1

√2

3 −1 –
= tan √2t + c
4√2

3 −1 – 2
= tan √2x + c
4√2

26. It is given that f '(x) = x + b

∴ ∫ f '(x) = ∫ (x + b) dx
2

⇒ f (x) = x

2
+ bx + c ...(i)
Since,
f(1) = 5
2

∴
1

2
+b×1+c=5
1
⇒
2
+b+c=5
⇒ b+c= 9

2
...(ii)
and, f (2) = 13

5 / 12
 2
(2)
⇒
2
+ b × 2 + c = 13
⇒ 2 + 2b + c = 13
⇒ 2b + c = 11 .....(iii)
Subtracting equation (ii) from equation (iii), we get
b = 11 − 9

⇒ b= 13

Putting b = 13

2
in equation (ii), we get
13 9

2
+c= 2

⇒ c= 9

2
−
13

2
9−13 −4
⇒ c= 2
=
2
= -2
Putting b = 13

2
and c = -2 in equation (i), we get
2

f (x) = x

2
+
13

2
x-2
27. Let I = ∫ x
dx . Then,by rationalizing we have
√x+a+ √x+b

x{√x+a− √x+b} x{√x+a− √x+b}

I = ∫ dx = ∫ dx
{√x+a+ √x+b}{√x+a− √x+b} a−b

1 −−−−− −−−−
⇒ I = ∫ {x√x + a − x√x + b}dx
a−b

1 −−−−− −−−−
⇒ I = ∫ {(x + a − a)√x + a − (x + b − b)√x + b}dx
a−b
1 3/2 −−−−− 3/2
−−−−
⇒ I = ∫ {(x + a) − a√x + a − (x + b) + b√x + b} dx
a−b

1 2 5/2 2a 3/2 2 5/2 2b 3/2

⇒ I = { (x + a) − (x + a) − (x + b) + (x + b) } + C
a−b 5 3 5 3

28. Let the given integral be,

−−−
1−x
I = ∫ x√ dx
1+x
−−−−−−−−
(1−x)(1−x)
⇒ I = ∫ x√ dx
(1+x)(1−x)

(1−x)
⇒ I = ∫ x dx
√1−x2

2
x−x
⇒ I = ∫ dx
√1−x2

2
x− x −1+1
⇒ I = ∫ dx
√1−x2

2
− x +1 x−1
⇒ I = ∫ dx + ∫ dx
√1−x2 √1−x2
−−−−− x 1
2
⇒ I = ∫ √1 − x dx + ∫ dx − ∫ dx
√1−x2 √1−x2

x
−−−−− 1
−−−−− x
−−−−−
−1 −1
⇒ I = √1 − x2 + sin (x) + C1
2
− √1 − x + C2 − sin (x) + C3 [∵ ∫
2
dx = − √1 − x + C2 ]
2 2 √1−x2

−−−−− x 1
2 −1
⇒ I = √1 − x ( − 1) − sin (x) + C
2 2
2

29. Let I = ∫ x
dx To solve this we use
√x−1

Substitution. Let, x - 1 = t and dx = dt we get,

2
(t+1)
I = ∫ dx
√t
2
t +1+2t
= ∫ dt
√t

3 −1 −1

= ∫ (t 2 + t 2 + 2t 2 ) dt

5 1 3
2 4
= t 2 + 2t 2 + t 2 + c
5 3
5 1 3

6t 2 +30t 2 +20t 2
= + c
15
1

=
2

15
t 2 (3t2 + 15 + 10t) + c
(3(x - 1)2 + 15 + 10 (x - 1)) + x
2 −−−−−
= √x − 1
15

(3(x2 + 1 - 2x) + 15 + 10x - 10 + c

2 −−−−−
= √x − 1
15

(3x2 + 3 - 6x + 15 + 10x - 10) + c

2 −−−−−
= √x − 1
15

(3x2 + 4x + 8) + c
2 −−−−−
= √x − 1
15

2 2 −−−−−
∴ I = (3x + 4x + 8) √x − 1 + c
15

6 / 12
 sin(x−a)
30. According to the question, I = ∫ sin(x+a)
dx

Put x + a = t ⇒ dx = dt
sin(t−a−a) sin(t−2a)
∴ I = ∫ dt = ∫ dt
sin t sin t
sin t cos 2a−cos t sin 2a
= ∫ dt
sin t

[∴sin(A − B) = sinAcosB − cosAsinB ]

= ∫ cos 2adt − ∫ sin 2a ⋅ cot tdt

= cos2a[t] − sin2a[log|sint|] + C 1

= (x + a)cos2a − sin2alog|sin(x + a)| + C 1

[put t = x + a)
= xcos2a − sin2alog|sin(x + a)| + C 1
31. Let x2 = y. Then,
2 y+1
x +1

2 2
=
(x +2)(2x +1) (y+2)(2y+1)

Using partial fractions,

y+1
= y+2
A
+
2y+1
B
......(i)
(y+2)(2y+1)

⇒ y + 1 = A (2y + 1) + B (y + 2)
Putting y + 2 = 0 i.e. y = - 2 in (ii), we get
-1 = -3A ⇒ A = 1

Putting 2y + 1 = 0 i.e. y = - 1

2
in (ii), we get
1 3 1
= B( ) ⇒ B=
2 2 3

Substituting the values of A and B in (i), we obtain

y+1

(y+2)(2y+1)
= 1

3
⋅
y+2
1
+
1

3
1

(2y+1)

Replacing y by x2, we get

2
x +1

2 2
= 1

3
⋅
1

2
+
1

2
(x +2)(2x +1) x +2 3(2x +1)

2
x +1 1 1 1 1
∴ I=∫ 2 2
dx = 3
∫
2
dx + 3
∫
2
dx
(x +2)(2x +1) x +2 ( √2x ) +1

1 1 x 1 –
⇒ I= 3
× tan
−1
( ) + tan
−1
(√2x) +C
√2 √2 3√2

1 x –
⇒ I= {tan
−1
+ tan
−1
√2x} +C
3√2 √2
2
x
32. Let I = ∫ 4 2
dx
x − x −12
2
x
= ∫ dx
4 2 2
x −4x +3x −12
2
x dx
= ∫ dx
2 2 2
x (x −4)+3(x −4)

2
x dx
= ∫ dx
2 2
(x −4)(x +3)

2
x t
Now, 2 2
=
(t−4)(t+3)
[putting x 2
= t ]
(x −4)(x +3)

Using partial fractions,

t A B
= +
(t−4)(t+3) t−4 t+3

⇒ t = A (t + 3) + B (t − 4)

On comparing the coefficient of t on both sides, we get

A+B=1
On comparing the constant term on both sides, we get
3A − 4B = 0

⇒ 3 (1 − B) − 4B = 0

⇒ 3 − 3B − 4B = 0

⇒ 7B = 3
3
⇒ B=
7

If B = 3

7
then A + 3

7
= 1

3 4
⇒ A= 1 − =
7 7
2
x 4 3
= +
2 2 2 2
(x −4)(x +3) 7(x −4) 7(x +3)

7 / 12
 4 1 3 1
∴ I = ∫ dx + ∫ dx
7 2 2 7 2 2
x − (2) x + ( √3)

4 1 x−2 3 1 −1 x
= . log∣
∣
∣ +
∣ . tan + C
7 2.2 x+2 7 √3 √3

1 x−2 √3 x
−1
= log∣
∣
∣ +
∣ tan + C
7 x+2 7 √3

33. Let the given integral be,

2
x
I=∫ 3
dx
(x−1) (x+1)

Using partial fraction we have,

2
x

3
= x−1
A
+
B

2
+
C

3
+
D

x+1
....(i)
(x−1) (x+1) (x−1) (x−1)

⇒ x2 = A (x - 1)2 (x + 1) + B ( x - 1) ( x + 1) + C ( x + 1) + D (x - 1)3 ........(ii)

Putting x - 1 = 0 i.e. x = 1 in (ii), we get
1 = 2C ⇒ C = 1

Putting x + 1 = 0 i.e. x = - 1 in (ii), we get

1
1 = -8D ⇒ D = - 8

Putting x = 0 in (iii), we get

5
0=A-B+C-D⇒A-B=- 8

Putting x = 2 in (ii), we get

4 = 3A + 3B + 3C + D ⇒ 4 = 3 (A + B + C) + D ⇒ A + B = 7

8
5 7 3
Now, A - B = - 8
and A + B = 8
⇒ A= 1

8
and B = 4
3
Thus, we have A = 1

8
,B= 4
,C= 1

2
,D=- 1

Substituting the values of A, B, C and D in (i), we get

2
x

3
= 1
+
3

2
+ 1

3
−
1

(x−1) (x+1) 8(x−1) 4(x−1) 2(x−1) 8(x+1)

∴ I=∫ x

3
dx
(x−1) (x+1)

1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1
⇒ I= 8
∫
x−1
dx + 4
∫
2
dx + 2
∫
3
dx - 8
∫
x+1
dx
(x−1) (x−1)

⇒ I= 1

8
log |x − 1| - 4(x−1)
3
−
1

2
- 1

8
log |x + 1| +C
4(x−1)

1 x−1 3 1
⇒ I= 8
∣
log∣
x+1
∣
∣ - 4(x−1)
−
2
+C
4(x−1)

34. Let the given integral be

l=∫ dx
13+3 cos x+4 sin x
1

2 x x
1−tan 2 tan( )

Putting cos x = and sin x =

2 2

2 x
1+tan 2 x
1+ tan ( )
2 2

1
∴ I = ∫ dx
2 x x
⎛ 1−tan ⎞ tan( )
2 2
13+3 +4×2
x x
⎝ 1+tan2 ⎠ 1+tan2 ( )
2 2

2 x
(1+ tan )
2
= ∫ dx
2 x 2 x x
13(1+ tan )+3−3 tan +8 tan( )
2 2 2
2 x
sec
2
= ∫ dx
x x x
2 2
13 tan −3 tan +16+8 tan( )
2 2 2
2 x
sec
2
= ∫ dx
2 x x
10 tan ( )+8 tan( )+16
2 2

Let tan ( x

2
) = t then we have
⇒
1

2
sec (
2 x

2
) dx = dt
⇒ sec (
2 x

2
) dx = 2dt
2dt
∴ I = ∫
2
10t +8t+16

dt
= ∫
2
5t +4t+8
1 dt
= ∫
5 2 4 8
t + t+
5 5

1 dt
= ∫
5 2 2 8
2 4 2 2
t + t+ ( ) −( ) +
5 5 5 5

1 dt
= ∫
5 2
2 4 8
(t+ ) − +
5 25 5

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 1 dt
= ∫
5 2 −4+40
2
(t+ ) +
5 25

1 dt
= ∫
5 2 6 2
2
(t+ ) +( )
5 5

2
t+
1 5 −1 5
= × tan ( ) + C
5 6 6

1 −1 5t+2
= tan ( ) + C
6 6
x
5 tan +2
1 −1 2
= tan ( ) + C
6 6

35. The given integral is.

I=∫ dx ..(i)
3
1

5
sin x cos x

Then, I = ∫ sin-3 x cos-5 xdx

Since - 3 - 5 = - 8, which is even integer. So, we divide both numerator and denominator by cos8 x
1

c os8 x
∴ I=∫ dx
sin 3 x c os5 x

c os8 x
8

=∫ sec

3
x
dx
tan x
6

=∫ sec x
sec
2
xdx
tan3 x

2 3
(sec x)
=∫ 3
sec
2
xdx
tan x
2 3
(1+ tan x)
=∫ 3
× sec
2
xdx
tan x
6 4 2 2
(1+ tan x+3 tan x+3 tan x)× sec x

⇒ I = ∫
3
dx ...(ii)
tan x

by using substitution .
Let t = tan x. Then,
d(tan x) = dt
=> sec2 xdx = dt
6 4 2
(1+ t +3t +3t )
∴ I = ∫ dt
3
t

= ∫ (t-3 + t3 + 3t + 3t-1) dt
−2 4
t t 3 2
= − + + t + 3 log t + c
2 4 2
4
1 t 3 2
= − + + t + 3 log t + c
2 4 2
2t

tan2 x + 3 log |tan x| + c

4
1 1 tan x 3
= − × + + x
2 2 4 2
tan x
−1 3 2 1 4
∴ I = + 3 log | tan x| + tan x + x tan x + c
2 2 4
2 tan x

36. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:

The given integral ∫ f (x) dx can be transformed into another form by changing the independent variable x to t by substituting x =
g(t)
Consider I = ∫ f (x)dx
dx
Put x = g(t) so that dt
= g (t)
′

We write dx = g'(t) dt
Thus I = ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (g(t))g (t)dt ′

This change of variable formula is one of the important tools available to us in the name of integration by substitution.
For example: ∫ 2x sin(x + 1)dx 2

Put x2 + 1 = t
2x dx = dt
Thus,
∫ sin(t) dt = - cos(t) + C
= - cos(x2 + 1) + C
−1
(i) ∫ sin(tan
dx
x)

2
1+x

Let tan-1 x = t
Differentiating both sides w.r.t.x

9 / 12
 −1
d(tan x)
1

2
=
dt

dx
(Using dx
=
1

2
)
1+x 1+x
dx

2
= dt
1+x

Now,
Integrating the function
−1
sin(tan x)

∫
2
dx
1+x

Putting tan-1 x = t & dx

2
dt
1+x

= ∫ sin t . dt
= - cos t + C
putting back t = tan-1 x
= - cos(tan-1 x) + C
(ii) ∫ tan xdx = ∫
sin x

cos x
dx

Let cos x = t
Differentiating both sides w.r.t.x
- sin x = dx
dt

sin x dx = - dt
Now,
sin x
∫ dx
cos x

Putting cos x = t & sin x dx = dt

1
=∫ t
. (-dt)
=-∫ dt

= - log |t| + C
Putting back t = cos x
= -log |cos x| + C
= log |cos x|-1 + C
= log +C 1

| cos x|

= log |sec x| + C
(iii)∫ dx
2x

2
1+x

Let 1 + x2 = t
Differentiating both sides w.r.t.x
2x = dt

dx

2x dx = dt
Now,
Integrating the function
2x
∫ dx
2
1+x

Putting 1 + x2 = t & 2xdx = dt

= ∫ . dt 1

= log |t| + C
Putting back t = 1 + x2
= log|1+ x2| + C
(iv)∫ 1
dx = ∫
x+x log x
1
dx
x(1+log x)

Let 1 + log x = t
Differentiate w.r.t.x
0+ =
dt

dx
1

dt 1
0+ dx
=
x

dt.x = dx
Now,
1 1
∫ ⋅ dx = ∫ ⋅ dx
x+x log x x(1+log x)

Putting 1 + log x & dx = x dt

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 =∫ 1
dt . x
x(t)

=∫ 1

t
dt
= log|t| + C
Putting back t = 1 + log x
= log|1 + log x| + C
37. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
p(x) P (x)
Let's say that we want to evaluate ∫ [ ] dx, where is a proper rational fraction. In such cases, it is possible to write the
Q(x) Q(x)

integrand as a sum of simpler rational functions by using partial fraction decomposition. Post this, integration can be carried out
easily. The following image indicates some simple partial fractions which can be associated with various rational functions:
S. No. Form of the rational function Form of the partial fraction
px+q A B
1. (x−a)(x−b)
,a≠ b
x−a
+
x−b

px+q A B

2. (x−a)
2 x−a
+
(x−a)
2

2
px +qx+r C
3. A

x−a
+
B

x−b
+
x−c
(x−a)(x−b)(x−c)

2
px +qx+r A B C
4. 2 x−a
+
(x−a)
2
+
x−b
(x−a) (x−b)

2
px +qx+r A Bx+C
5. 2 x−a
+
2
(x−a)(x +bx+c) x +bx+c

where, x2 + bx + c cannot be factorised further

In the above table, A, B and C are real numbers to be determined suitably.
(i) We have, (20x+35)

2
(x−4)

(20x+35)
⇒
2
= (x+4)
A
+ B

2
(x−4) (x+4)

(20x+35) [A(x+4)+B]
⇒
2
= 2
(x−4) (x+4)

Now, equating the numerators,

20x + 35 = A(x + 4) + B
20x + 35 = Ax + 4A + B
20x + 35 = Ax + (4A + B)
By equating the coefficients,
A = 20
4A + B = 35
4(20) + B = 35
B = 35 - 80 = -45
Therefore,
20x+35
= -2
20 45

2
(x+4) (x+4) (x+4)

(ii) We write,
(x+1)(x+2)
1
= A

x+1
+ B

x+2

where, real number A and B are to be determined suitably. This gives

1 = A(x + 2) + B(x + 1)
Equating the coefficients of x and the constant term, we get
A+B=0
and 2A + B = 1
Solving these equations, we get A = 1 and B = -1
Thus, the integrand is given by
1 1 −1

(x+1)(x+2)
= x+1
+ x+2

(iii)Let ex = t and by differentiating ex = t with respect to x we get

⇒ ex dx = dt or dx
= =dt

e
x
dt

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 ⇒ ∫
e
dx
x
−1
=∫ dt

t(t−1)

Let 1
= A

t
+ B

t−1
t(t−1)

⇒ 1 = A(t - 1) + Bt ...(i)
By putting t = 0 on both the sides of (i) we get A = -1
By putting t = 1 on both sides of (i) we get B = 1
−1
⇒ = 1
+ t t−1
1

t(t−1)

⇒ ∫
dt
=∫ dt

t
+∫ dt

t−1
t(t−1)

As we know that ∫ dx

x
= log |x| + C where C is a constant
t−1
⇒ ∫
dt
= -log |t| + log |t - 1| + C = log| t
| +C
t(t−1)

By substituting ex = t in the above equation we get

x
dx e −1
⇒ ∫
ex −1
= log| e
x | +C
(iv)Let 1
= A
+ B

(x+3)(x−3) (x+3) (x−3)

Equating the coefficients of x and constant term, we obtain

A+B=0
-3A + 3B = 1
On solving we obtain
A = − and B = 1

6
1

6
−1
∴
1
= + 1

(x+3)(x−3) 6(x+3) 6(x−3)

−1
⇒ ∫
1

2
dx =∫ ( +
1
) dx
(x −9) 6(x+3) 6(x−3)

= − log|x + 3| +
1

6
1

6
log|x - 3| + C
(x−3)
= 1

6
log| | +C
(x+3)

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