CHAPTER
TWO
Final
Revision!
Qualitative analysis
Cations
1- First analytical group: (Hg2+, Ag2+, Pb2+)
Reagent: Dil. HCl
We use (HCl) as their chlorides are insoluble in water, so they can
form ppt. that can be detected.
2- Second analytical group: (Cu2+)
Reagent: (H2S + HCl)
We use (H2S + HCl) as their sulphides are insoluble in acidic medium,
so they can form ppt. that can be detected.
The precipitate: CuS black ppt.
3- Third analytical group: 4- Fifth analytical group:
(Fe2+, Fe3+, Al3+)! (Ca2+)!
Reagent: (NaOH or NH4OH) Reagent: (NH4)2CO3
Another reagent: dil. H2SO4 or
flame test.
We use (Hydroxide) as their
We use (NH4)2CO3 as their
hydroxides are insoluble in
carbonates are insoluble in
water,so they can form ppt.
acidic medium,so they can form
that can be detected.
ppt. that can be detected.
The precipitate:
The precipitate:
▪ In case of (Fe2+): Fe(OH)2
▪ In case of (NH4)2CO3: CaCO3
white green ppt. is formed.
white ppt. is formed.
▪ In case of (Fe3+): Fe(OH)3
▪ In case of (dil. H2SO4): CaSO4
Reddish-brown ppt. is formed.
white ppt. is formed.
▪ In case of (Al3+): Al(OH)3
▪ In case of (Flame test): A
white gelatinous ppt. is
brick red color appear.
formed.
Note
The white gel. ppt of Al(OH)3
disappears on adding excess amount
of NaOH.
Conc. H2SO4
Dil. HCl group BaCl2 group
group
1- Carbonate (CO3)2- 1- Chloride (Cl)1- 1- Phosphate (PO4)3-
2- Bicarbonate (HCO3)1- 2- Bromide (Br)1- 2- Sulfate (SO4)2-
3- Sulphite (SO3)2- Iodide (I)1-
4- Sulphide (S)2- 4- Nitrate (NO3)1-
5- Thiosulfate (S2O3)2-
6- Nitrite (NO2)1-
Colors of indicators in different mediums
Acidic Basic Neutral
Indicators
medium medium medium
Bromothymol blue Yellow Blue Pale green
Methyl orange Red Yellow Orange
Phenolphthalein Colorless Red Colorless
Litmus Red Blue Purple
Importance of
chemical analysis
1- Medical field: 2- Agricultural field:
Chemical analysis is used Chemical analysis is used
in medical field to in agricultural field to
estimate the percentage of improve soil & crops. In
sugar, albumin, uremia & order to know the soil
cholesterol & others, which properties concerning to
make it easier for the acidity, basicity, kind &
doctor in diagnoses & percent of elements present
treatment of the diseases, in the soil, therefore it
also estimating the amount can be treated by adding
of effective substances in the suitable fertilizers.
medicine.
4- Environmental field:
Chemical analysis is used
in environmental field to
identify & measure the
3- Industrial field: harmful environmental
Chemical analysis of ores & pollutants content in water
products is used in all & food. In addition, it is
industrial fields, to used to identify the
determine its identity for percentages of carbon
standard specifications. monoxide, sulphur dioxide &
nitrogen oxides gases in
air.
Quantitaive analysis
Molar Mass Av. No. Molar volume
Equal Contains 6.02 x 1023 Occupy
1 mole 2 x 16 = 32 gm 22.4 L
of O2 molecules
X mole Equal Contains Occupy
Y gm Z molecules V L
of O2
By cross multiplication Another important laws!
you can deduce the
following laws!
“Molarity”
(mole/Litre) or (Molar) or (M)
x10-3
Questions
1- In an experiment, 4 mL of 1 M 2- Pollution of drinking water with
iron (III) chloride solution lead is one of the leading causes of
were mixed with 4 mL of 1 M diseases, therefore, water
sodium hydroxide solution. What purification plants remove lead
could be observed at the end of the ions from water. What is the
reaction? substance which can be used to
a) Reddish-brown precipitate was achieve this task?
formed in a colorless solution. a) Sodium bicarbonate.
b) Greenish-white precipitate was b) Magnesium sulfate.
formed. c) Lead (II) acetate.
c) Reddish-brown precipitate was d) Silver nitrate.
formed in a pale yellow solution.
d) Greenish-white precipitate was
formed in a colorless solution.
3- Dilute hydrochloric acid was 4- The cations that hydrogen
added to salt (X), so a gas (forms a sulphide H2S can be used to detect
white precipitate with a solution other than copper (II) are ………
of calcium hydroxide) evolves & a) Pb2+ / K+
when dilute sulfuric acid was b) Ca2+ / Na+
added to the same salt solution, a c) NH4+ / K+
white precipitate was formed, then d) Ag+ / Pb2+
this salt is …………
a) Calcium bicarbonate.
b) Calcium carbonate.
c) Copper (II) sulfate.
d) Calcium sulfate.
5- In the chart:
White
H2O(l) Colorless NaOH(aq) White
Crystals of
solution precipitate
the salt (X)
Ba(NO3)2(aq) Excess of
NaOH(aq)
White
precipitate Colorless
solution
The salt (X) is ……….
a) aluminum chloride.
b) sodium sulfate.
c) zinc chloride.
d) aluminum sulfate.
6- Dilute HCl is used in detecting ………..
a) Ag+, Ca2+ & CO32- ions.
b) Fe2+, Pb2+ & S2- ions.
c) Ag+, Hg+ & SO42- ions.
d) Pb2+, Hg+ & S2O32- ions.
7- On adding concentrated sulfuric 8- The molecular formula of
acid to a salt (KY), a colorless gas hydrated magnesium sulfate if
is evolved which doesn’t oxidized 37.74% remains after strong
by the effect of sulfuric acid & on heating so, it is ………
adding diluted sulfuric acid to a [Mg = 24, S = 32, O = 16, H = 1]
solution (XBr2), a white ppt. is a) MgSO4.10H2O
formed. So, what is the chemical b) MgSO4.11H2O
formula of the salt (XY)? c) MgSO4.7H2O
a) Ca(NO3)2 d) MgSO4.8H2O
b) NaCl
c) CaCl2
d) AlCl3
9- A sample of impure lime stone
10- The chemical formula of
its mass 2.5 g was heated
hydrated salt of unknown metal
strongly until a constant mass of
is [XBr2.6H2O], on heating 4.578 g
1.62g, what is the percentage of
of a sample of that salt, its mass
calcium carbonate in the sample
decreased by 1.515 g so, the metal
(exposing no reaction through
(X) is ………
impurities)?
[Ca = 40, C = 12, O = 16] [Br = 80, O = 16, H = 1]
a) Manganese Mn
CaCO3(s) ∆ CaO(s) + CO2(g) (its molar mass 55 g/mol)
b) Iron Fe
(its molar mass 56 g/mol)
a) 64.8% b) 35.2% c) Copper Cu
c) 80% d) 20% (its molar mass 63.5 g/mol)
d) Cobalt Co
(its molar mass 58.4 g/mol)
11- Three solid salts were subjected
to the following experiments:
Other equal amounts of
A sample of each salt was these salts were dissolved
1st Exp.
placed separately in a test 2nd Exp. in water in the same order
tube & an amount of hot to make solutions of
concentrated sulfuric acid them, to each of which a
was added to it. solution of ammonium
hydroxide was added.
A white gelatinous
Observation Gas evolved in the first &
Observation precipitate formed in the
second tubes & no gas
first tube, no precipitate
evolved in the third.
formed in the second tube
& a reddish-brown
precipitate formed in the
third.
Which of the following possibilities is
correct?
a) The first tube contains aluminum
phosphate.
b) The second tube contains iron (II)
nitrate.
c) The third tube contains iron (III)
sulfate.
d) The second tube contains aluminum
nitrate.
12- In titration if the number of moles of
acid equals half number of moles of
base so, ………..
a) na = nb
b) 2na = nb
c) na = 2nb
d) na = 3nb
13- Iron chloride solution with faint yellow color is added to each of:
Which of the following represents the change which happened?
Choices A B C D
(a) Violet Violet Reddish-brown ppt. Blood red
Reddish-
(b) Faint yellow Violet Blood red
brown ppt.
(c) Violet Colorless Reddish-brown ppt. Blood red
(d) Violet Faint yellow Reddish-brown ppt. Blood red
14- Study the following chart:
CO/250℃ H2SO4(l)
Fe2O3(s) A(s) B KMnO4 C(aq)
H2SO4(l)
All the
products
If you know that (C) is one of the iron salts, which of the following
choices is suitable for identifying the name of the salt (C) in practice?
a) Adding BaCl2(aq) to part of the salt solution & then adding the
ammonia solution to the remaining part.
b) Adding (CH3COO)2Pb(aq) to part of the salt solution & then add
MgSO4(aq) to the remaining part.
c) Adding ammonia to part of the salt solution, then adding MgSO4(aq) to
the remaining part.
d) Adding (CH3COO)2Pb(aq) to part of the salt solution, then add
BaCl2(aq) to the remaining part.
15- Find the mass of magnesium
hydroxide which is dissolved in
22 ml solution & neutralize with
10 ml of 0.2 M hydrochloric acid?
[Mg = 24, H = 1, O = 16]
a) 4.64 g
b) 0.058 g
c) 1.16 g
d) 0.04 g
16- From the following reactions:
So, the anion (X) is ……… white the
gas (Y) is ……………
Na2X + HCl (X)(g) a) SO32- / H2S
b) S2O32- / H2S
Colorless gas with a very irritating smell
c) SO32- / SO2
d) S2O32- / SO3
(Y) + H2SO4 + K2Cr2O7 green solution
17- On adding diluted hydrochloric acid to the produced ppt. from
reacting barium chloride solution with potassium phosphate
solution, which of the following graphs represents the change in
the mass of the formed ppt. by passing time?
(a) (b) (c) (d)
18- 0.1 M solution of the salt [ENO3] reacts with excess sodium sulphide
solution forming a black precipitate. What is metal (E)? What is the
concentration of its ions before & after the formation of the
precipitate?
Concentration of its Concentration of
Choices Metal (E) ions before its ions after
precipitation precipitation
(a) Ag 0.2 M 0
(b) Pb 0.2 M 0.2 M
(c) Ag 0.1 M 0
(d) Pb 0.1 M 0.1 M
19- Excess of sodium hydroxide
20- On adding diluted hydrochloric
solution is added to an
acid to each of the following, the
aqueous mixture containing
acid is considered as cationic
0.01 mol of Al3+ ions & 0.01
indicators, except …………
mol of Fe3+ ions. What will
a) AgNO3
remain on the filter paper
b) K2S
after shaking & filtering this
c) HgHCO3
mixture?
d) Pb(NO3)2
a) 0.01 mol of a white precipitate
& 0.01 mol of a reddish-brown
precipitate.
b) 0.01 mol of a white precipitate.
c) 0.01 mol of a reddish-brown
precipitate.
d) Nothing remains.
21- A sample of hydrated sodium
carbonate (Na2CO3.XH2O) is
neutralized completely with 50 ml
of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid. What is
the number of the moles of
crystallization water in this
sample?
a) 0.025 x mol
b) 0.05 x mol
c) 0.0025 x mol
d) 0.052 x mol
22- In the redox reaction:
MnO4- + C2O42- + H+ Mn2+ + CO2 + H2O
Which of the following coefficients balance the equation?
Choices MnO4- C2O42- H+
(a) 2 5 16
(b) 2 5 12
(c) 5 16 2
(d) 5 16 5
23- Which of the following charts represents the mass of an open
beaker containing a mixture of sodium carbonate with excess
dilute hydrochloric acid over time?
(a) (b) (c) (d)
24- From the following reaction:
XCl3(aq) + 4NaOH(aq) 3NaCl(aq) + NaXO2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
What is that cation (X)?
a) Iron (III) & the compound X(OH)3 is reddish-brown ppt.
b) Iron (III) & the compound X(OH)3 is gelatinous white ppt.
c) Aluminum & the compound X(OH)3 is reddish-brown ppt.
d) Aluminum & the compound X(OH)3 is gelatinous white ppt.
25- Number of H3O+ ions in 1 Ml of pure 26- One of the following precipitates
water equals …………. Ions. doesn’t dissolve in diluted
a) 6.02 x 1016 hydrochloric acid, which is …………
b) 6.02 x 1013 a) Aluminum hydroxide Al(OH)3
c) 6.02 x 1013 b) Magnesium carbonate MgCO3
d) 6.02 x 1012 c) Silver sulphide Ag2S
d) Calcium sulfate CaSO4
27- Through the following reaction:
H2SO4(aq) + 2HBr(g) X(l) + Y(v) + Z(g)
Which of the following for the substance Z(g) is right?
a) Gives white ppt. with silver nitrate solution.
b) Turns wetted paper with starch into yellow.
c) Turns wetted paper with potassium dichromate from orange to green.
d) Turns wetted paper with lead (II) acetate solution into black.
28- A black ppt. is formed in all the 29- A substance (X) was added to ferrous
following reactions, except ………. sulfate solution & when caustic soda
a) Sodium sulphide solution with solution was added to the product, a
lead (II) acetate. reddish-brown ppt. was formed. So,
the substance (X) may be ………..
b) Silver nitrate solution with
a) KMnO4(l)
potassium sulphide solution.
b) H2(g)
c) Heating of silver sulphite.
c) CO(g)
d) Diluted hydrochloric acid with
sodium nitrite. d) C(s)
30- Diluted hydrochloric acid is used in the
detection of ……….. Cation & ………..
a) Pb2+ / PO43-
b) Ca2+ / CO32-
c) Ag+ / NO2-
d) Hg+ / SO42-
31- Silver nitrate salt can be detected by …………..
Choices Anion detector Cation detector
Potassium permanganate
(a) acidified with sulfuric acid
Sodium bicarbonate
Potassium permanganate Dilute hydrochloric
(b) acidified with sulfuric acid acid
(c) Concentrated sulfuric acid Sodium bicarbonate
Sodium chloride
(d) Concentrated sulfuric acid
solution
32- To form a solution without
33- 75 ml of sodium sulphide
any ppt., we must add ………
solution are added to 125 ml of
mole of sodium hydroxide
1.88 M silver nitrate solution.
solution to one mole of
What is the concentration of
aluminum sulfate solution.
nitrate anion in the reaction
mixture after complete reaction?
a) 8 a) 0.588 M
b) 6 b) 1.175 M
c) 4 c) 2.35 M
d) 2 d) 4.5 M
34- Mixing 4 ml of 1M sodium
carbonate solution with 8 ml of 1 M
copper (II) sulfate solution
yields ………
a) a blue solution only.
b) a blue solution & a green
precipitate
c) a colorless solution & a white
precipitate.
d) a colorless solution & a green
precipitate.
35- On mixing 100 ml of 0.25 M calcium 36- Upon adding dilute hydrochloric acid
nitrate with 400 ml of 0.1 M nitric acid. to the salt (X), the solution (Y) & the
What is the final concentration of gas (Z) are formed & when the gas (Z)
nitrate ions? is passed in clear limewater for short
a) 0.18 M time, a white precipitate is formed,
b) 0.13 M while the addition of ammonia
solution to the solution (Y) yields a
c) 0.08 M greenish white precipitate on
d) 0.05 M exposure to air. What is the salt (X)?
a) Iron (II) chloride.
b) Iron (II) carbonate.
c) Calcium carbonate.
d) Calcium chloride.
37- One of the following reactions cannot takes place under normal
conditions?
a) HBr(aq) + Na2CO3(s) 2NaBr(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
b) H2CO3(aq) + NaCl(s) NaHCO3(aq) + HCl(aq)
c) HCl(aq) + KHCO3(s) KCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
d) 2HI(aq) + Na2S(s) 2NaI(aq) + H2S(g)
38- It requires 22.52 ml of 0.015 M KMnO4 solution to calculate [Fe2+]
in 25 ml of FeSO4 solution according to the equation:
MnO4-(aq) + 5Fe2+(aq) + 8H+(aq) Mn2+(aq) + 5Fe3+(aq) + 2H2O(l)
What is the concentration of FeSO4 solution?
a) 0.136 M
b) 0.068 M
c) 1.689 x 10-3 M
d) 3.378 x 10-4 M
39- Two experiments are performed
using 1 mol of citric acid to How many moles of H2O are produced in
which the following are added: these experiments, respectively?
a) 1 mol , 4 mol
b) 1 mol / 3 mol
Excess of the main c) Zero / 3 mol
1st Exp. reagent of S2O32- anion
detection in the presence
d) Zero / 4 mol
of a catalyst.
Excess of the confirmative
2nd Exp. reagent of Al3+ cation
detection.
40- Which nitrogenous gas is produced
when nitrate group is reduced by the
highest number of moles of electrons?
a) The same gas produced from the
reaction of nitric oxide with oxygen.
b) The gas which dissolves in water
forming the reagent of the third
analytical group.
c) The same gas produced from the
decomposition of concentrated nitric
acid.
d) The gas whose color is
reddish-brown.
41- 250 ml of 3 M hydrochloric acid are 42- A solution of sodium hydroxide &
added to 350 ml of 2M hydrochloric calcium hydroxide each of
acid. What is the concentration of the concentration 0.1 M, was titrated
formed solution? using 120 ml of hydrochloric acid
a) 1.45 M with concentration 0.1 M, so what is
the volume of the solution?
b) 2.42 M
a) 30 ml
c) 2.7 M
b) 40 ml
d) 2.9 M
c) 80 ml
d) 120 ml
43- By getting 3 tubes & putting FeCl3 & AlCl3 one in each then,
adding 1 mole NaOH to each. The graph which best represents the
mass of ppt in each tube …………..
(a) (b) (c) (d)
44- On adding H2SO4 to H2CO3 ,
HNO3
& Na2S in a closed container, the
evolved gases is/are …………..
a) CO2 , NO2 , H2S
b) CO2 , H2S
c) H2S
d) NO2 , H2S
Essay
Questions
1- A mixture of solid substance containing
sodium hydroxide & sodium sulfate as
a mass of 17.6 gm, which is titrated by
100 ml of a solution of hydrochloric
acid (1M) then, heated strongly, the
proportion of NaCl in the final mixture
is …………
2- The following scheme shows the products of the decomposition of
the unstable compound (1):
Write the balanced equation which represents the reaction of:
▪ Gas (2) with oxygen.
▪ Concentrated liquid (3) with copper.
3- Deduce from the following scheme the names of the substances
(1) to (4).
4- Calculate the mass of the solid
substance which remains after the
strong heating of 5 g sample of
[Na2B4O7.10H2O] to ensure the
evaporation of all crystallization
water.
[Na2B4O7 = 201.2 g/mol , H2O = 18 g/mol]
5- 50 g mixture of sodium carbonate & sodium chloride salts requires
1L of 0.45 M HCl to be titrated, [NaCl] in the solution equals ………
[NaCl = 58.5 g/mol , Na2CO3 = 106 g/mol]
6- An aqueous solution of NaOH that contains 10 ml of 1 M is
needed to complete the neutralization of 2 M HBr. Determine the
final reading in milliliters if the initial reading of the burette was
6.5 ml to the nearest 1 decimal place.
7- A 0.42 gram sample of acetyl salicylic acid (C9H8O4) is crushed and
dissolved in water. The sample is titrated with 0.160 M sodium
hydroxide. The titration required an average volume of 12.5 ml of
sodium hydroxide to reach the end point. Calculate the purity of the
sample.
[C = 12 , H = 1 , O = 16]
8- Find the volume of water added for dilution of 300 ml of 1 Molar HCl
to be 0.1 Molar.
9- Find the volume of Ca(OH)2 its pH = 13, needed to titrate 20 ml of
0.1 M of HCl.