CHAPTER 4

SIMULATION OF THE AUTOMATIC GENERATION CONTROL (AGC)

MODEL

4.1. Location of Research

This research was conducted at the Paunglaung Underground Hydropower
Plant. Paunglaung underground hydropower station is located on Paunglaung River,
an upstream tributary of Sittaung River and the north east of Pyinmana town and
Capital City Naypyitaw. Dam type is Rock-fill type and 430 feet height. Rated head is
340 feet and vertical Francis Turbine type is used. In this station, there are 4 units
which can be generated 70MW capacity from each. So, total generated power is 280
MW. Annual average generation is 911GWh. Two circuit of 230kV line is in parallel
arranged from Panunglaung hydropower station to Pyinmana substation and the
national grid. Electric Power generated at this plant is sent to the Pynimana 1 and
Pynimana 2 region. Thus, Paunglaung Hydropower Station plays a significant role in
the supply of electric energy in Myanmar.
 39

Figure 4.1 Location of the Paunglaung Underground Hydropower Plant

 40

Table4.1 Paunglaung Hydropower Station Technical Data of Synchronous Generator

Type SF 72.25-22/5800

Rated output power 72.25MW

Rated capacity 85MVA

Rated voltage 11kV

Rated current 4461.3A

Rated frequency 50Hz

Rated power factor 0.85

Rated speed 273rpm

Runway speed 570rpm

Number of phases 3

Efficiency 98.38%

Insulation class (Stator and Rotor) F

Rated field current 1344.9A

Rated field voltage 160.88A

Direction of rotation Clockwise

Flywheel toque 2400 ton-m2

Total load on thrust bearing 5600 ton

Outer diameter of stator core 5800 ton

Length of stator core 1650mm

Air gap 25.5 mm

Stator 125.5 ton

Rotor 198 ton

Total load on thrust bearing 560t

Number of phase 3

No-load excitation current 767A

No-load excitation voltage 63V

Forced excitation multiple 2

Table4.2 Technical Data of Turbine
 41

Technical Parameters Value

Type HLA743-LJ-280

Maximum head 109.5 m

Rated head 103.5 m

Minimum head 80 m

Rated flow 77.77 m3/s

Rated output 73.44 MW

Rated speed 273 rpm

Runaway speed 570 rpm

Maximum output 78.3 MW

Rated efficiency 93.3%

Nominal diameter of runner D1 2.8 m

Elevation of turbine 74 m

Table 4.3 Technical Data of Governor

Technical Parameters Value

Type DJT-80WZ
Diameter of main distributing value 80 mm
Rated oil pressure 4 MPa
Power supplies DC 220V±15% AC 220V±15%
Set values of no-load condition P=3, I=0.05, D=3.5, E=0, K=30
Set values of parallel condition P=3, I=0.05, E=0.4, K=30, bp=6%
Start opening 20 %
No-load opening 20 %
Limited opening 92 %
Proportional coefficient, KP 3
Integral coefficient, KI 0.06
Differential coefficient, KD 3.5
Artificial frequency Dead band, E 0.4
 42

Permanent speed droop coefficient, bp 6

Frequency Setting 50 Hz
Power Setting 99.99%
Unit Frequency 49.91 Hz
No load limited 20%
Network Frequency 49.9
Regulator Output 95
Coupler Output 76.44
Gate Feedback 92.75
Blade Feedback 0
Power 0
Head 84.13 m
Start up limited 20%
Load limited 95%
Speed dead band, ix ≤ 0.04%
Ta 0.02
Tc 0.02 0.2
Ts 0.004
KIR from -0.15 to +0.15
KR from 10 to 1000
TA2 0¿ TA2 ≤TA1
TA4 TA4 ≥TA2
TA1 from 0 to 2
TA3 from 0.01 to 10

4.2. Research Instrument

The instrument used in this study is the hardware and software. Hardware
includes a set of computers that are compatible with the software used, while the
software includes Matlab Simulink. Microsoft Visio is a tool to create a block
diagram or flow chart.
4.3. Model Used
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In this study, power represented by a generator on the Hydropower Plant is

modeled as a resource and equipped with control equipment namely AGC and PID to
get a quick response time within controlling the voltage changes due to changes in
system load.

4.4. Research Design

The block diagram below which represents a two area power system model is
heaving two control areas connected to each other through a line heaving its own
dynamics called its line.

(a)

(b)
Figure 4.2 (a) Block Diagram of Two-Area Interconnected Power System with
Primary LFC Loop
(b) Block Diagram of Two-Area Interconnected Power System
Equipped with Integral Controller in Each Area
4.5. Parameter for AGC Model
 44

A two area system connected by a tie line has the following parameters on a
100 MVA common base.
Area 1 2
Speed regulation R2= 7%
R1= 6 %
Frequency-sensitive D1= 0.6 D2=0.9
load coefficient
Base power 100 MVA 100 MVA
Governor time constant τ g 1 = 0.2 sec τ g 2 =0.3 sec
Turbine time constant τ T 1 =0.5 sec τ T 2 =0.6 sec

Inertia constant H1=5 H2=4

Nominal frequency = 50 Hz
The synchronizing power coefficient , Ps = 2.0 per unit
Load change occurred in area 1 = 187.5 MW
New steady state frequency =?

The change in tie line flow =?

SIMULINK block diagram =?
100
×0 . 06
R1 = 85
= 0.07 pu
100
×0 . 07
R2 = 85
= 0.08 pu
The per unit load change in area 1,
Actual
ΔP L1 = Base

187 . 5
= 100
= 1.875 pu
Steady-state frequency deviation,
 45

−ΔP L

Δω ss = ( D1 +
1
R1)(
+ D2 +
1
R2 )
−1. 875

=
(
0 . 6+
1
0 . 07 )(
+ 0 . 9+
1
0 . 08 )
=−0.0663 pu
Steady-state frequency,
Δω ss ¿ f0

= −0 . 0663×50
=−3 .315 Hz
New frequency, f = f0+ Δf
= 50−3 .315
= 46.685 Hz
Change in mechanical power,
−Δωss
ΔP m 1 = R1

−(−0 . 0663 )
= 0 .07

= 0.9471pu¿ 100
= 94.71 MW
−Δωss
ΔP m 2 = R2

−(−0 . 0663 )
= 0 .08
= 0.8288 pu¿ 100
= 82.88 MW
Area 1 increase generation = 94.71 MW
Area 2 increase generation = 82.88 MW
New frequency = 46.685 Hz
Total change in generation = 94.71+82.88
= 177.59 MW
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9.91 MW less than 187.5 MW (due to frequency drop)

Change in area 1 load =

=−0.0398 pu
=−0. 0398×100
=−3. 98 MW

Change in area 2 load =

=−0.0597 pu
=−0. 0597×100
=−5 . 97 MW
Change in total area load = −3 . 98−5 . 97
=−9 . 95 MW
The tie line power flow,

ΔP 12=Δω
( 1
R2
+ D2
)
=−0. 0663 ( 1
0 . 08 )
+0 . 9

=−0.8884 pu
=−0. 8884×100
=−88. 84 MW
88.84 MW flow from area-2 to area-1.
82.88 MW come from the increased generation in area-2.
5.96 MW come from the reduction in area-2, load due to frequency drop.

4.5.1. Simulink Model and Results of AGC without Controller

A SIMULINK model is constructed as shown in figure4.3. The file is opened
and is run in the SIMULINK window. The simulation results are shown in figure4.4.
The simulation diagram returns the vector DP, containing t, P m1,Pm2 and P12. A plot of
the per unit power response is obtained in MATLAB as shown in figure 4.4.
 47

Figure 4.3 Simulink model of AGC with two area power system

(a)

(b)
Figure 4.4 (a) Frequency Deviation Step Response
(b) Power Deviation Step Response
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4.5.2. Simulink Model and Results of AGC with Integral Controller

=−0. 0663 ( 0 .107 +0 . 6)

=−0.9869 pu
=−0. 9869×100

=−98 .69 MW

98.69 MW flow from area-1 to area-2.

94.71 MW comes from the increased generation in area-1.
3.98 MW come from the reduction in area-1, load due to frequency drop.
n
∑ ΔPij +K i Δω
j=1
ACE =

= ΔP + BΔω
ACE

1
+0 . 6
=
0 .07

= 14.89

1
+0 . 9
=
0 .08
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= 13.4
ΔP 12+ B1 Δω
1 =
ACE

(−0 . 0663 )
=−0 . 8884 +14.89¿

=
−1 .875

ΔP 21+ B 2 Δω
2 =
ACE

−0 . 9869+13 . 4×(−0 . 0663 )

=
−1 .875
=

A SIMULINK model is constructed as shown in figure4.5. The file is opened

and is run in the SIMULINK window. The integrator gain constants are adjusted for a
satisfactory response. The simulation result for K i1=Ki2=0.3 is shown in figure4.6. The
ΔP ΔP m 1 ΔP m 2 ΔP 12
simulation diagram results the vector , containing t, , and . A plot
of the per unit power response is obtained in MATLAB as shown in figure4.6. As we
can see from figure4.6, the frequency deviation returns to zero with a setting time of
approximately 20 seconds. Also, the tie-line power change reduces to zero, and the
ΔP m 1
increase in area-1 load is met by the increase in generation .
 50

Figure 4.5 Simulink Model of AGC System with Integral Controller

(a)

(b)
Figure 4.6 (a) Frequency Deviation Step Response with Integral Controller

(b) Power Deviation Step Response with Integral Controller

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The AGC was simulated without controller and with integral controller.
Figures show the Simulink results of the two area power system. From these results,
AGC with Integral controller shows that the reliability of generating system is
determined by its ability for maintaining voltage and frequency within permissible
limit. It can be concluded that the generating system for AGC with Integral controller
shows satisfactory performance.