RJ

Code:CIPSP Workshop Problems

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 Probability and Statistics Workshop Problems

Table of Contents

Central Tendency and Dispersion page 2

Combinations and Permutations page 4

General Probability page 6

Probability Distributions page 8

Inferential Statistics page 11

Linear Regression page 13

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CENTRAL TENDENCY AND DISPERSION

Exercise 1. Find the mean and the standard deviation of the following sample
data, showing commute times for a sample of 5 co-workers:

data set A: 30, 34, 36, 42, 46,

Exercise 2. In plain English, what do the mean and standard deviation tell you
about the distribution of a data set?

Exercise 3. Without making any calculations, compare the following data set to
data set A from Exercise 1:

data set B: 28, 35, 40, 45, 50

a) Will data set B have a larger or smaller mean? Why?

b) Will data set B have a larger or smaller standard deviation? Why?

Exercise 4. Given data set C: 23, 45,76, 54, 23, 44, 67, 89, 32, 100, 22, 13, 19

determine the
A. B. C. D.
a.) arithmetic mean 51 47 45 43
b.) median 46 46.7 45 44
c.) mode 12 76 23 89
d.) variance 2180 755 5115 2935
e.) standard deviation 33.24 59.07 12.04 27.48
f.) coefficient of variation 0.589 0.544 0.109 0.674

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Exercise 5. What is the weighted arithmetic mean of the following data?

A. B. C. D.
12.98 13.25 14.21 13.58

Exercise 6. Given the following data: 1,2,3,4,5,6,7, find:

A. B. C. D.
a.) the Geometric Mean 3.38 2.54 2.98 3.45
b.) the Root-Mean Square 4.56 4.47 4.33 4.29
c.) the Sample Range, R 8 5 7 6

Page 3 of 13
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COMBINATIONS AND PERMUTATIONS

Exercise 7. An auto dealer offers a particular model with 6 possible options. To

qualify for a special promotion, every customer must select at least one option.
How many combinations of options are possible?

A. B. C. D.
56 83 63 69

Exercise 8. A card player has a total of six cards in her hand. How many
different ways can she put them in order?

A. B. C. D.
698 720 756 774

Exercise 9. A “To Do List” has a total of 13 tasks on it. Assuming each task is
independent of the other tasks, and that because of time constraints, a total of only
7 tasks can be performed, how many different ways can they ordered?

A. B. C. D.
95,580 154,440 225,450 8,648,640

Exercise 10. Gary and Gloria are ordering a pizza. They have a coupon for a
large two-topping pizza, for only $8.99. The options are pepperoni, sausage,
olives, onions, green peppers, pinneaple and anchovies. How many choices do
they have if the order doesn’t matter?

Exercise 11. How many ways can a study group of 5 students be formed from a
class of 25 students?

Exercise 12. Seventeen horses face off in the Kentucky Derby. Alex has decided
to risk his last $100 on a trifecta bet, selecting which three horses will win, place
and show. That is to say, he picks a horse that he believes will win, another horse
that will finish in second, and another horse that he believes will come in third.
How many possible bets are there?

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Exercise 13 Six design engineers are eligible for promotion, but only four spots
are available. How many ways are there to assign the promotions?

(A) 360
(B) 24
(C) 4
(D) 15

Exercise 14. How many 4-digit numbers can be made out of the digits 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6 if no digit can be used twice?

(A) 120
(B) 720
(C) 15
(D) 360

Exercise 15. Three English books and five history books will be placed on an
empty shelf. How many ways are there to arrange the books, if books of the same
subject must be kept together?

(A) 15
(B) 336
(C) 720
(D) 72

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GENERAL PROBABILITY

Exercise 16.

A. B. C. D.
a.) P(2 black from Bag 1)? 0.47 0.54 0.70 0.67
b.) P(3 whites from Bag 2)? 0.45 0.60 0.33 0.26
c.) P(1 blue from Bag 1 and 1 white 0.26 0.666 0.30 0.20
from Bag 2)?
“and” ~ multiply
“or” ~ add
Exercise 17. What is most nearly the probability of picking an orange ball out of a
bag containing 9 orange balls, 5 red balls, and 2 green balls?

(A) 1/90
(B) 2/9
(C) 9/16
(D) 1/7

Exercise 18. A bag contains 100 balls numbered from 1 to 100. An even-
numbered ball is removed and set aside. What is the probability that the next ball
removed is an odd number greater than 20?

Exercise 19. Two dice are rolled. What is the probability that the sum is 8?

Exercise 20. A cloth bag has six cards in it, printed with the numbers 1 through 6.
Two cards are removed from the bag. What is the probability that the sum is 8?

Exercise 21. Five dice are rolled. What is the probability that at least one of them
is a six?
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Exercise 22. One card is drawn at random from a regular deck of 52 cards. What
is the probability that the card selected is an Ace or a Spade?

(A) 17/52
(B) 13/48
(C) 1/4
(D) 4/13

Exercise 23. Two decks are used, a red deck and a blue deck. A card is selected
from the red deck at random, and then a card is selected from the blue deck at
random. What is the probability that both cards are face cards (Jack, Queen or
King)?

(A) 12/52
(B) 9/169
(C) 24/52
(D) 2/13

Exercise 24. Three 6-sided dice are rolled. What is the probability that the sum is
less than 18?
(A) (5/6)^3
(B) 17/18
(C) 16/17
(D) 1 – (1/6)^3

Page 7 of 13
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PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

Exercise 25. If a fair coin is tossed 25 times, what is the probability of the coin
landing on tails exactly 5 times?

Exercise 26. Suppose the lengths of cell phone text messages form a normal
distribution with a mean of 17 words and a standard deviation of 3 words. Find the
probability that a text message selected at random is longer than 25 words. [Extra
credit: interpret your answer. Why is it such a small probability?]

Exercise 27. Suppose that X is a discrete random variable, uniformly distributed

over the sample space of values from 1 to 100. What is P(X < 21)?

Exercise 28. Suppose that X is a continuous random variable, with a sample space
of 0 <= X <= 10, and a density function given by f(x) = (3/1000)*x^2. What is
the probability that X is less than 2?

Exercise 29. Suppose that X is a continuous random variable, normally distributed

with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. [Think IQ scores.] Find the
probabilities of the following outcomes:

a) X > 100

b) X > 115

c) X > 130

d) 82 < X < 106

e) X < 70

extra credit: what is the sample space for a normal distribution?

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Exercise 30. A busy interstate highway has a posted speed of 65 mph. The
following speed frequency distribution was obtained by observing actual vehicle
speeds during a short interval in the peak travel period. The distribution is
assumed to be normal.

Speed Frequen
Group cy
(mph)
56 to 60 47
61 to 65 60
66 to 70 186
71 to 75 60
76 to 80 47
a) What is the approximate mean travel speed of the vehicle population from
which the observations were made?

b) What is the approximate standard deviation of the vehicle population from

which the observations were made?

c) What is the approximate probability that the speed would be less than 65
mph for any given vehicle observed?

A. B. C. D.
a.) mean travel speed 72 68 65 63
b.) standard deviation 5.57 5.46 6.05 6.15
c.) P(speed < 65 mph) 0.2230 0.6915 0.4532 0.3085

Page 9 of 13
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Exercise 31. Based on the speed data presented in the previous exercise, what is
the probability that a vehicle will be observed traveling at a speed greater than or
equal to 78 mph?
A. B. C. D.
P(speed > 78 mph) 0.0649 0.8768 0.0359 0.9641

Exercise 32. The Navy’s a newest fighter jet can accommodate pilots with sitting
heights (from seat to top of head) of up to 37.5 inches. If we assume the sitting
heights of pilots are normally distributed with a mean of 36.0 inches and a standard
deviation of 1.38 inches, what proportion of pilots cannot fit in the new jet?

A. B. C. D.
9.5 10.4 12.3 13.6

Page 10 of 13
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INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

Exercise 33:
A sample of size n = 100 produced the sample mean of x_bar = 16. Assuming the
population standard deviation σ = 3, compute a 95% confidence interval for the
population mean μ.

Exercise 34:
A sample of students from an introductory psychology class were polled regarding
the number of hours they spent studying for the last exam. All students
anonymously submitted the number of hours on a 3 by 5 card. There were 24
individuals in the one section of the course polled. The data was used to make
inferences regarding the other students taking the course. There data are below:

4.5 22 7 14.5 9 9 3.5 8 11 7.5 18 20

7.5 9 10.5 15 19 2.5 5 9 8.5 14 20 8

Compute a 95 percent confidence interval. What does this tell us?

Exercise 35. The life in hours of a light-bulb is known to be normally distributed

with = 25 hrs. Suppose the total width of the two-sided CI on mean life
expectancy needs to be 6 hours at 95% confidence. What sample size should be
use?

A. B. C. D.
196 245 267 302

Exercise 36. Harry’s Chocolate Factory has a daily production rate that is
normally distributed with a mean of 88 pounds per day and a standard deviation of
2.1 pounds per day. The daily output is measured with random samplings on 50
consecutive days, and the mean output is found to be 87.1 pounds per day. With a
95% confidence level, determine if the factory is operating properly.
A. There is at least a 5% probability that the factory is operating properly.
B. There is at least a 95% probability that the factory is operating properly.
C. There is at least a 5% probability that the factory is not operating properly.
D. There is at least a 95% probability that the factory is not operating properly.

Page 11 of 13
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Exercise 37. A sample of engineer salaries is collected, in order to estimate the
mean salary of all engineers working in the United States. The population standard
deviation is known to be 5000. How large will the sample need to be, in order to
achieve a margin of error of $1000, with 95% confidence?

[In other words, to have a 95% probability, that the sample mean is not more than
$1000 away from the population mean.]

Exercise 38. Will the margin of error get larger or smaller if

a) The sample size is increased

b) The confidence level is increased, from 95% to 99%

extra credit: If all engineers in the United States were given a $5000 bonus, how
would this affect sample size and/or margin of error?
Exercise 39.
A wastewater management manual states that the recommended
acceptable amount of waste products per acre-foot of wastewater being
treated at a newly designed wastewater treatment plant is 18 parts/billion
(ppb). A sample of water was obtained during a 24-hour period from 45
randomly selected water filters located inside the wastewater treatment
plant. It revealed that the sample mean amount of waste products in the
water being treated was 14.68 ppb. At the 1 percent significance level,
does the data suggest that the water filters, on average, treat the water
adequately to meet the acceptable standards for waste products? Assume
that the data set’s standard deviation is 4.2 ppb.

Page 12 of 13
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LINEAR REGRESSION

Exercise 40:
Using least square regression find the line of best fit of the following data:

X Y
1.00 1.00
2.00 2.00
3.00 1.30
4.00 3.75
5.00 2.25

Page 13 of 13
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