MATRICES

INTRODUCTORY PURE MATHEMATICS 1 - MATH 161

M. A. BOATENG (Ph.D., MIMA)
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
0

▶ INTRODUCTION

▶ MATRIX OPERATIONS
ADDITION OF MATRICES
SUBTRACTION OF MATRICES
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES

▶ DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX

▶ INVERSE OF MATRICES

▶ SYSTEM OF EQUATION

M. A. BOATENG (Ph.D., MIMA) MATRICES 1/31

 Table of Contents
1 INTRODUCTION

▶ INTRODUCTION

▶ MATRIX OPERATIONS
ADDITION OF MATRICES
SUBTRACTION OF MATRICES
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES

▶ DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX

▶ INVERSE OF MATRICES

▶ SYSTEM OF EQUATION

M. A. BOATENG (Ph.D., MIMA) MATRICES 2/31

 DEFINITIONS
1 INTRODUCTION

• Matrix:: A rectangular array of numbers. The numbers in a matrix are called

elements.

• Order:The order of a matrix is the number of rows by the numberof columns.

 A
1 2 3
2 × 3 matrix has two rows and three columns. For example, A = is 2 × 3
4 5 6
matrix.
• Square matrix:
 A matrix
 which has the same number of rows as columns. For
1 2 3  
1 2
example, 4 5 6 or is a square matrix.
4 5
3 3 7

M. A. BOATENG (Ph.D., MIMA) MATRICES 3/31

 • Null or zero matrix: A null or zero
 matrix isa matrix in which every element is zero.
  0 0 0
0 0
For example Z = , A = 0 0 0

0 0
0 0 0
 
0 0
Y = 0 0
0 0
• The unit or identity matrix:The identity matrix I, is a square matrix in which each
element in the leading diagonal has a value ofone(1) and all other elements have a
1 0
value of zero(0). The 2 × 2 unit matrix is I =
0 1
Any matrix multiplied by the unit matrix gives the same matrix i.e AI = A

M. A. BOATENG (Ph.D., MIMA) MATRICES 4/31

 Table of Contents
2 MATRIX OPERATIONS

▶ INTRODUCTION

▶ MATRIX OPERATIONS
ADDITION OF MATRICES
SUBTRACTION OF MATRICES
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES

▶ DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX

▶ INVERSE OF MATRICES

▶ SYSTEM OF EQUATION

M. A. BOATENG (Ph.D., MIMA) MATRICES 5/31

 ADDITION OF MATRICES
2 MATRIX OPERATIONS

Two
 matrices
  canbe added
 if they are
 of the same dimension. Example
a b e f a+e b+f
+ =
c d g h c+g d+h
Example.    
3 4 10 6
Given the matrices Z = and Y = . Find Z+Y.
9 1 7 5
     
10 6 3 4 10 + 3 4 + 6
Z+Y = + =
7 5 9 1 7+9 1+5
 
13 10
=
16 6

M. A. BOATENG (Ph.D., MIMA) MATRICES 6/31

 SUBTRACTION OF MATRICES
2 MATRIX OPERATIONS

Two
 matrices
  canbe subtracted
 if they
 are of the same dimension. Example
a b e f a−e b−f
− =
c d g h c−g d−h
Example.    
3 4 10 6
Given the matrices A = and B = . Find A-B.
9 1 7 5
     
3 4 10 6 3 − 10 4 − 6
A−B= − =
9 1 7 5 9−7 1−5
 
−7 −2
=
2 −4

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 MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES
2 MATRIX OPERATIONS

Two matrices A and B can only be multiplied if the number of columns in A is the same as
the number of rows in B.
An (m × n) multiplied by (n × p) = (m × p) So the product of two matrices can be done
as shown
  below
   
a b e f ae + bg af + bh
× =
c d g h ce + dg cf + dh
Example.    
3 4 10 6
Given the matrices A = and B = . Find AB.
9 1 7 5
     
3 4 10 6 3(10) + 4(7) 3(6) + 4(5)
AB = × =
9 1 7 5 9(10) + 1(7) 9(6) + 1(5)
 
58 38
=
97 59
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 TRIAL
   
13 5 7 3 8 7
Solve the following given that B =  1 9 8 and C = 0 2 5.
9 12 3 4 6 3
Find
1. 2B+C
ii.C − B
iii. C2

M. A. BOATENG (Ph.D., MIMA) MATRICES 9/31

 Table of Contents
3 DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX

▶ INTRODUCTION

▶ MATRIX OPERATIONS
ADDITION OF MATRICES
SUBTRACTION OF MATRICES
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES

▶ DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX

▶ INVERSE OF MATRICES

▶ SYSTEM OF EQUATION

M. A. BOATENG (Ph.D., MIMA) MATRICES 10/31

 DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX
3 DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX
 
a b
The determinant of a (2 × 2) matrix A = is defined as
c d
a b
det(A) = |A| = = ad − bc
c d
 
a b c
Also the determinant of a (3 × 3) matrix A = d e f  is defined as det
g h i
e f d f d e
A = |A| = a −b +c
h i g i g h

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 EXAMPLES
3 DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX

Find the determinant

 of the following matrices:
9 5
1. T=
10 4
Solution
9 5
det A = |A| =
10 4
= 4(9) − 10(5)
= 36 − 50
= −14
 
3 8 7
2. A = 0 2 5
4 6 3

M. A. BOATENG (Ph.D., MIMA) MATRICES 12/31

Solution
e f d f d e
A = |A| = a −b +c
h i g i g h

2 5 0 5 0 2
A = |A| = 3 −8 +7
6 3 4 3 4 6
= 3[2(3) − 6(5)] − 8[0 − 4(5)] + 7[0 − 4(2)]
= 3(−24) − 8(−20) + 7(−8)
= 32

M. A. BOATENG (Ph.D., MIMA) MATRICES 13/31

Find the determinant
1 of
 the matrices:
5 8 7
1. A =  8 2 − 53 
4 2 3
 
8 7
2. P =
7 −3
5
 
5 7
3. B =
0 3
1 7 
8 8 7
4. A =  8 2 15 
7 2 3

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 Table of Contents
4 INVERSE OF MATRICES

▶ INTRODUCTION

▶ MATRIX OPERATIONS
ADDITION OF MATRICES
SUBTRACTION OF MATRICES
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES

▶ DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX

▶ INVERSE OF MATRICES

▶ SYSTEM OF EQUATION

M. A. BOATENG (Ph.D., MIMA) MATRICES 15/31

 INVERSE OF MATRICES
4 INVERSE OF MATRICES

The inverse of a matrix A, given as A−1 is such that AA−1 = A−1 A = I where I is the
identity matrix. It is only possible to find the inverse of square matrices. If the
determinant of the matrix is zero(0),the matrix is called a Singular matrix.
Teaser
What does it mean to say a matrix is a singular matrix?????

2 × 2 Inverse
   
a b d −b
The inverse of a 2 × 2 matrix A = is given by: A−1 = 1
detA
c d −c a

where det(A) = (ad − bc)

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1 6
Eg. 1. Given the matrix A = , find the inverse of A.
4 5
Solution
det (A) = 5(1) − 4(6) = −19
 
−1 1 d −b
A = detA
−c a
 
1 5 −6
= − 19
−4 1
 5 6

− 19 19
= 4 1
19 − 19

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 Inverse of a 3 × 3 matrix
4 INVERSE OF MATRICES

We follow the following steps to find the inverse of a 3 × 3 matrix

1. Find the determinant of the given matrix.
2. Transpose the matrix.
3. Calculate the determinant of 2 x 2 matrices.
4. Prepare the matrix of cofactors (minors).
5. Divide each term of the adjoint matrix by the determinant.
Example
 
1 2 3
Find the inverse of the (3 × 3) matrix A = 0 1 4
5 6 0

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 solution
4 INVERSE OF MATRICES

1 4 0 4 0 1
det A = 1 −2 +3
6 0 5 0 5 6
= 1(−24) − 2(−20) + 3(5)
= −24 + 40 − 15
=1  
1 0 5
Transpose of A=2 1 6
3 4 0
Now, we will find the determinant of each of the 2 × 2 minor matrices.
For first row elements

1 6
= −24
4 0

M. A. BOATENG (Ph.D., MIMA) MATRICES 19/31

2 6
= −18
3 0
2 1
=5
3 4

For second row elements

0 5
= −20
4 0
1 5
= −15
3 0
1 0
=4
3 4

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For third-row element
0 5
= −5
1 6

1 5
= −4
2 6
1 0
= −5
2 1
Now, the new matrix is
 
−24 −18 5
A = −20 −15 4
−5 −4 1
M. A. BOATENG (Ph.D., MIMA) MATRICES 21/31
Adj (A) = the new matrix is
   
−24 −18 5 + − +
A = −20 −15 4 × − + −
−5 −4 1 + − +
 
−24 18 5
A =  20 −15 −4
−5 4 1

A−1 = 1
detA× Adj(A)
 
−24 18 5
=⇒ A−1 =  20 −15 −4
−5 4 1
M. A. BOATENG (Ph.D., MIMA) MATRICES 22/31
 TRIAL
Find the inverse of the following matrices
 
−4 8 5
• V =  2 5 −4
−5 3 0
 
−2 8 −6
• A =  0 −1 −4
−5 4 1

M. A. BOATENG (Ph.D., MIMA) MATRICES 23/31

 Table of Contents
5 SYSTEM OF EQUATION

▶ INTRODUCTION

▶ MATRIX OPERATIONS
ADDITION OF MATRICES
SUBTRACTION OF MATRICES
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES

▶ DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX

▶ INVERSE OF MATRICES

▶ SYSTEM OF EQUATION

M. A. BOATENG (Ph.D., MIMA) MATRICES 24/31

 SYSTEM OF EQUATION
5 SYSTEM OF EQUATION

Matrices can be used to solve systems of equations(otherwise called simultaneous

equations) . In solving such problems using matrices, we can use the following methods
• Cramer’s Rule
• Gaussian elimination
We would be focusing on the Cramer’s Rule.
CRAMER’S RULE
Cramer’s Rule is a method that uses determinants to solve a system of n linear equations
in n unknowns, i.e.
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + ... + a1n xn = b1
a21 x1 + a22 x2 + ... + a2n xn = b1
........................................
am1 x1 + am2 x2 + ... + amn xn = bn

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The system
 can be written inmatrixform as Ax = b where the mxn coefficient matrix
a11 a12 · · · a1,n x1
 a21 a22 · · · a2n  x2 
A= . .. .. .. , x =  ..  is the vector of unknowns we wish to solve and
   
 .. . . .  .
a a · · · amn xn
 m1  m2
b1
b2 
b =  .  is the vector of known right-hand-side (rhs) values.
 
 .. 
bn
Provided A is invertible, i.e. det(A) ̸= 0, the system has a unique solution and Cramer’s
Rule can be applied to find the components of the solution vector x using,

M. A. BOATENG (Ph.D., MIMA) MATRICES 26/31

 det(ck )
xk = det(A) , for k = 1, 2, ..., n
Here Ck is the matrix obtained from A by replacing the kth column of A by b, the vector of
known rhs values.

EXAMPLE
Solve the system of equations

3x1 + 4x2 = 6
x1 − 2x2 = 3
Solution
     
3 4 x1 6
A= ,x= ,b=
1 −2 x2 3

M. A. BOATENG (Ph.D., MIMA) MATRICES 27/31

 6 4
3 −2
x1 =  = −24 = 12
−10 5


3 4
1 −2

3 6
1 3
x2 =  = 9−6 =− 3
−6−4

10

3 4
1 −2

M. A. BOATENG (Ph.D., MIMA) MATRICES 28/31

 TRIAL
Solve the system of equation using the Cramer’s Rule

x1 + 3x2 − x3 = 1
−2x1 − 6x2 + x3 = −3
3x1 + 3x2 − 2x3 = 4

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 MATRICES
Thank you for listening!
Any questions?

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 End of Lesson
5 SYSTEM OF EQUATION

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