Very Short Answer Questions (1 Mark)

1. Write the name of buffer which is used to maintain pH of 8 to 10 for precipitation of

cations of III A group in qualitative analysis.

o The buffer used is Ammonium chloride-ammonia buffer.

2. Write the solubility product of sparingly soluble salt Bi₂S₃.

o The solubility product (KspK_{sp}Ksp) of Bi₂S₃ is: Ksp=[Bi3+]2[S2−]3K_{sp} = [\

text{Bi}^{3+}]^2 [\text{S}^{2-}]^3Ksp=[Bi3+]2[S2−]3

3. What is the pOH if the hydrogen ion concentration in solution is 1×10−31 \times 10^{-
3}1×10−3 mol dm⁻³?

o Given [H+]=1×10−3[H^+] = 1 \times 10^{-3}[H+]=1×10−3 mol dm⁻³,

pOH=14−pH=14−log⁡(1×10−3)=11pOH = 14 - pH = 14 - \log (1 \times 10^{-3}) =
11pOH=14−pH=14−log(1×10−3)=11

4. Write the relationship between molar solubility (S) and solubility product (Ksp) for PbI₂.

o For PbI₂, the relationship is: Ksp=S3K_{sp} = S^3Ksp=S3

5. Write any one example of salt derived from weak acid and weak base.

o An example is ammonium acetate (NH₄C₂H₃O₂).

6. Write the formula to calculate pH of buffer solution.

o The formula for pH of a buffer solution is given by the Henderson-Hasselbalch

equation: pH=pKa+log⁡([Conjugate base][Weak acid])pH = pK_a + \log \left( \frac{[\
text{Conjugate base}]}{[\text{Weak acid}]} \right)pH=pKa+log([Weak acid]
[Conjugate base])

7. Indicate the one conjugate acid-base pair in the following reaction:

CO₃2−(aq)+H₂O(l)⇌OH−+HCO₃−\text{CO₃}^{2-} (aq) + \text{H₂O} (l) \rightleftharpoons \text{OH}⁻ + \

text{HCO₃}⁻CO₃2−(aq)+H₂O(l)⇌OH−+HCO₃−

o The conjugate acid-base pair is HCO₃⁻ / CO₃²⁻.

8. Calculate the pOH of 10−810^{-8}10−8 M of HCl.

o Given concentration of HCl is [H+]=10−8[H^+] = 10^{-8}[H+]=10−8 mol/dm³, we can

calculate pH as: pH=−log⁡(10−8)=8pH = -\log(10^{-8}) = 8pH=−log(10−8)=8 Now,
calculate pOH: pOH=14−pH=14−8=7.0414pOH = 14 - pH = 14 - 8 =
7.0414pOH=14−pH=14−8=7.0414

Short Answer Questions (Type-I) (2 Marks)

1. Calculate the pH and pOH of 0.0001 M HCl solution.

o Given [H+]=0.0001[H^+] = 0.0001[H+]=0.0001 mol/dm³, pH=−log⁡(0.0001)=4pH = -\

log(0.0001) = 4pH=−log(0.0001)=4 pOH=14−4=10pOH = 14 - 4 = 10pOH=14−4=10
2. The solubility product of BaCl₂ is 4.0×10−84.0 \times 10^{-8}4.0×10−8. What will be its
molar solubility in mol dm⁻³?

o For BaCl₂, dissociating as: BaCl2⇌Ba2++2Cl−\text{BaCl}_2 \rightleftharpoons \

text{Ba}^{2+} + 2\text{Cl}^-BaCl2⇌Ba2++2Cl− Let the solubility be SSS, then:
Ksp=[Ba2+][Cl−]2=S×(2S)2=4S3K_{sp} = [\text{Ba}^{2+}] [\text{Cl}^-]^2 = S \times
(2S)^2 = 4S^3Ksp=[Ba2+][Cl−]2=S×(2S)2=4S3 Given Ksp=4.0×10−8K_{sp} = 4.0 \times
10^{-8}Ksp=4.0×10−8, solving for SSS: S=(4.0×10−8/4)1/3=1×10−2 mol/dm3S = (4.0 \
times 10^{-8} / 4)^{1/3} = 1 \times 10^{-2} \,
\text{mol/dm}^3S=(4.0×10−8/4)1/3=1×10−2mol/dm3

3. Classify the following species into Lewis acids and Lewis bases:

o i) Cl−\text{Cl}^-Cl− – Lewis base

o ii) NH4+\text{NH}_4^+NH4+ – Lewis acid

o iii) BCl3\text{BCl}_3BCl3 – Lewis acid

o iv) NH3\text{NH}_3NH3 – Lewis base

4. Define the following terms:

o i) pH: It is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration, given by:
pH=−log⁡[H+]\text{pH} = -\log [\text{H}^+]pH=−log[H+]

o ii) pOH: It is the negative logarithm of the hydroxide ion concentration, given by:
pOH=−log⁡[OH−]\text{pOH} = -\log [\text{OH}^-]pOH=−log[OH−]

5. Define molar solubility. Write its unit.

o Molar solubility is the number of moles of solute that can dissolve in one liter of
solution to form a saturated solution. Its unit is mol/dm³.

6. Write a solubility product of the following sparingly soluble salts:

o i) BaSO₄: Ksp=[Ba2+][SO₄2−]K_{sp} = [\text{Ba}^{2+}] [\text{SO₄}^{2-}]Ksp=[Ba2+]

[SO₄2−]

o ii) AgCl: Ksp=[Ag+][Cl−]K_{sp} = [\text{Ag}^+] [\text{Cl}^-]Ksp=[Ag+][Cl−]

7. Explain Ostwald’s dilution law for weak acids.

o Ostwald’s dilution law states that the degree of dissociation of a weak acid increases
with dilution. The law is given by: α=KaC\alpha = \sqrt{\frac{K_a}{C}}α=CKa where α\
alphaα is the degree of dissociation, KaK_aKa is the acid dissociation constant, and
CCC is the concentration of the acid.

8. Explain Ostwald’s dilution law for weak bases.

o Ostwald’s dilution law for weak bases is similar to that of weak acids. It states that
the degree of dissociation of a weak base increases with dilution. The law is given
by: α=KbC\alpha = \sqrt{\frac{K_b}{C}}α=CKb where α\alphaα is the degree of
dissociation, KbK_bKb is the base dissociation constant, and CCC is the concentration
of the base.
 9. Write any four applications of buffer solution.

o i) Maintenance of pH in biological systems (e.g., blood).

o ii) Control of pH in chemical reactions.

o iii) Used in swimming pools to maintain pH.

o iv) Used in fermentation processes.

Short Answer Questions (Type-II) (3 Marks)

1. Define buffer solution. Explain its types.

o A buffer solution is a solution that resists changes in its pH when small amounts of
acid or base are added to it. There are two types:

 Acidic buffer: Composed of a weak acid and its conjugate base (e.g., acetic
acid and sodium acetate).

 Basic buffer: Composed of a weak base and its conjugate acid (e.g.,
ammonia and ammonium chloride).

2. Write one application for each of the following buffers:

o i) Citrate buffer: Used in the preparation of buffer solutions for biological research.

o ii) HCO₃⁻ + H₂CO₃ buffer: Maintains pH in human blood.

o iii) NH₄OH + NH₄Cl buffer: Used in the preparation of buffers for analytical
chemistry.

3. Derive the equation which implies that the degree of dissociation of weak acid is inversely
proportional to the square root of its concentration.

o From Ostwald’s dilution law: α=KaC\alpha = \sqrt{\frac{K_a}{C}}α=CKa where α\

alphaα is the degree of dissociation, KaK_aKa is the acid dissociation constant, and
CCC is the concentration. This equation shows that the degree of dissociation is
inversely proportional to the square root of the concentration.

4. A buffer solution contains 0.3 mol dm⁻³ NH₄OH (Kb=1.8×10−5K_b = 1.8 \times 10^{-5}Kb
=1.8×10−5) and 0.4 mol dm⁻³ of NH₄Cl. Calculate pOH of the solution.

o Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation for pOH: pOH=pKb+log⁡([Conjugate acid]

[Base])\text{pOH} = pK_b + \log \left( \frac{[\text{Conjugate acid}]}{[\text{Base}]} \
right)pOH=pKb+log([Base][Conjugate acid]) Given Kb=1.8×10−5K_b = 1.8 \times
10^{-5}Kb=1.8×10−5, pKb=−log⁡(1.8×10−5)=4.746pK_b = -\log (1.8 \times 10^{-5}) =
4.746pKb=−log(1.8×10−5)=4.746, and using concentrations:
pOH=4.746+log⁡(0.40.3)=4.8696\text{pOH} = 4.746 + \log \left( \frac{0.4}{0.3} \right)
= 4.8696pOH=4.746+log(0.30.4)=4.8696

5. The solubility of AgBr in water is 1.20×10−51.20 \times 10^{-5}1.20×10−5 mol dm⁻³.

Calculate the solubility product of AgBr.
 o For AgBr dissociating as: AgBr⇌Ag++Br−\text{AgBr} \rightleftharpoons \text{Ag}^+ +
\text{Br}^-AgBr⇌Ag++Br− The KspK_{sp}Ksp is:
Ksp=(1.20×10−5)2=1.44×10−10K_{sp} = (1.20 \times 10^{-5})^2 = 1.44 \times 10^{-
10}Ksp=(1.20×10−5)2=1.44×10−10

Long Answer Questions (4 Marks)

1. Derive the equation pH + pOH = 14. Distinguish between strong electrolyte and weak
electrolyte.

o pH + pOH = 14: This is derived from the ionization of water, where: [H+]
[OH−]=1×10−14 mol2/dm6[\text{H}^+] [\text{OH}^-] = 1 \times 10^{-14} \, \
text{mol}^2/\text{dm}^6[H+][OH−]=1×10−14mol2/dm6 Therefore: pH+pOH=14pH +
pOH = 14pH+pOH=14

o Strong electrolyte: Completely dissociates into ions in solution (e.g., NaCl).

o Weak electrolyte: Partially dissociates into ions in solution (e.g., acetic acid).

2. If ‘S’ is solubility in mol dm and ksp is the solubility product, then write the relation
between them for CaF₂ and BaSO₄.

o For CaF₂: CaF2⇌Ca2++2F−\text{CaF}_2 \rightleftharpoons \text{Ca}^{2+} + 2\

text{F}^-CaF2⇌Ca2++2F− Ksp=S(2S)2=4S3K_{sp} = S (2S)^2 = 4S^3Ksp=S(2S)2=4S3

o For BaSO₄: BaSO4⇌Ba2++SO42−\text{BaSO}_4 \rightleftharpoons \text{Ba}^{2+} + \

text{SO}_4^{2-}BaSO4⇌Ba2++SO42− Ksp=S2K_{sp} = S^2Ksp=S2

3. Calculate the concentration of H3O+\text{H}_3\text{O}^+H3O+ ion in soft drink whose pH

is 3.5.

o Using pH=3.5pH = 3.5pH=3.5, calculate: [H3O+]=10−pH=10−3.5=3.162×10−4

mol/dm3[\text{H}_3\text{O}^+] = 10^{-pH} = 10^{-3.5} = 3.162 \times 10^{-4} \, \
text{mol/dm}^3[H3O+]=10−pH=10−3.5=3.162×10−4mol/dm3

4. Explain the amphoteric nature of water.

o Water is amphoteric because it can act as both an acid and a base. It can donate a
proton (acting as an acid) or accept a proton (acting as a base).

5. Define:

o a) Solubility product: The equilibrium constant for the dissociation of a sparingly

soluble salt in water.

o b) Hydrolysis of salt: The reaction of a salt with water to form acidic or basic
solutions.