Nvidia

Nvidia Corporation[a] (/ɛnˈvɪdiə/ en-VID-ee-ə) is an

Nvidia Corporation
American multinational corporation and technology
company headquartered in Santa Clara, California, and
incorporated in Delaware.[5] Founded in 1993 by
Jensen Huang (president and CEO), Chris Logo used since 2006
Malachowsky, and Curtis Priem, it is a software
company which designs and supplies graphics
processing units (GPUs), application programming
interfaces (APIs) for data science and high-
performance computing, and system on a chip units
(SoCs) for mobile computing and the automotive
market. Nvidia is also a leading supplier of artificial
intelligence (AI) hardware and software.[6] Nvidia
outsources the manufacturing of the hardware it
Headquarters in Santa Clara, California, in
designs.[7]
2023
Nvidia's professional line of GPUs are used for edge- Trade name NVIDIA
to-cloud computing and in supercomputers and Company Public
workstations for applications in fields such as type
architecture, engineering and construction, media and
Traded as Nasdaq: NVDA ([Link]
entertainment, automotive, scientific research, and
[Link]/market-activity/sto
manufacturing design.[8] Its GeForce line of GPUs are cks/nvda)
aimed at the consumer market and are used in
Nasdaq-100 component
applications such as video editing, 3D rendering, and
DJIA component
PC gaming. With a market share of 80.2% in the
S&P 100 component
second quarter of 2023,[9] Nvidia leads global sales of
S&P 500 component
discrete desktop GPUs by a wide margin. The
company expanded its presence in the gaming industry Industry Semiconductors
with the introduction of the Shield Portable (a Founded April 5, 1993, in Sunnyvale,
handheld game console), Shield Tablet (a gaming California, U.S
tablet), and Shield TV (a digital media player), as well Founders Jensen Huang
as its cloud gaming service GeForce Now.[10] Chris Malachowsky
Curtis Priem
In addition to GPU design and outsourcing
manufacturing, Nvidia provides the CUDA software Headquarters Santa Clara, California, U.S
platform and API that allows the creation of massively Area served Worldwide
parallel programs which utilize GPUs.[11][12] They are Key people Jensen Huang (president and
deployed in supercomputing sites around the CEO)
world.[13][14] In the late 2000s, Nvidia had moved into Bill Dally (chief scientist)
the mobile computing market, where it produced Tegra
Revenue US$60.92 billion (FY 2024)
mobile processors for smartphones and tablets and
vehicle navigation and entertainment Operating US$32.97 billion (FY 2024)
systems. [15][16][17] Its competitors include AMD, income
Intel, [18] Qualcomm,[19] and AI accelerator companies Net income US$29.76 billion (FY 2024)
such as Cerebras and Graphcore. It also makes AI- Total assets US$65.73 billion (FY 2024)
powered software for audio and video processing (e.g.,
Total equity US$42.98 billion (FY 2024)
Nvidia Maxine).[20]
Number of 29,600 (FY 2024)
employees
Nvidia's attempt to acquire Arm from SoftBank in
September 2020 failed to materialize following Subsidiaries Bright Computing
extended regulatory scrutiny, leading to the termination Cumulus Networks
of the deal in February 2022 in what would have been DeepMap
the largest semiconductor acquisition.[21][22] In 2023, Mellanox Technologies
Nvidia became the seventh public U.S. company to be Nvidia Advanced Rendering
valued at over $1 trillion,[23] and the company's Center
valuation has increased rapidly since then amid Website [Link] ([Link]
growing demand for data center chips with AI [Link]/)
capabilities in the midst of the AI boom.[24][25] In June Footnotes / references
2024, for one day, Nvidia overtook Microsoft as the [1][2]

world's most valuable publicly traded company, with a

market capitalization of over $3.3 trillion.[26]

History

Founding
Nvidia was founded on April 5, 1993,[27][28][29] by Jensen Huang
(who, as of 2025, remains CEO), a Taiwanese-American electrical
engineer who was previously the director of CoreWare at LSI
Logic and a microprocessor designer at AMD; Chris
Malachowsky, an engineer who worked at Sun Microsystems; and
Curtis Priem, who was previously a senior staff engineer and
graphics chip designer at IBM and Sun Microsystems.[30][31] The
three men agreed to start the company in a meeting at a Denny's The Denny's roadside diner in San
roadside diner on Berryessa Road in East San Jose.[32][33][34] Jose, California, in 2023, where
Nvidia's three co-founders agreed to
At the time, Malachowsky and Priem were frustrated with Sun's start the company in 1993
management and were looking to leave, but Huang was on "firmer
ground",[35] in that he was already running his own division at
LSI.[33] The three co-founders discussed a vision of the future which was so compelling that Huang
decided to leave LSI[35] and become the chief executive officer of their new startup.[33]

In 1993, the three co-founders envisioned graphics-based processing as the best trajectory for tackling
challenges that had eluded general-purpose computing methods.[35] As Huang later explained: "We also
observed that video games were simultaneously one of the most computationally challenging problems
and would have incredibly high sales volume. Those two conditions don’t happen very often. Video
games was our killer app — a flywheel to reach large markets funding huge R&D to solve massive
computational problems."[35] With $40,000 in the bank, the
company was born.[35] The company subsequently received $20
million of venture capital funding from Sequoia Capital, Sutter
Hill Ventures and others.[36]

During the late 1990s, Nvidia was one of 70 startup companies

pursuing the idea that graphics acceleration for video games was
the path to the future.[32] Only two survived: Nvidia and ATI
Technologies, the latter of which merged into AMD.[32]
Nvidia's former headquarters which
was home to the company through
Nvidia initially had no name and the co-founders named all their
most of its pre-AI period (still in use)
files NV, as in "next version".[35] The need to incorporate the
company prompted the co-founders to review all words with those
two letters.[35] At one point, Malachowsky and Priem wanted to
call the company NVision, but that name was already taken by a
manufacturer of toilet paper.[33] Huang suggested the name
Nvidia,[33] from "invidia", the Latin word for "envy".[35] The
company's original headquarters office was in Sunnyvale,
California.[35]

First graphics accelerator

Nvidia's first graphics accelerator, the NV1, was designed to
process quadrilateral primitives (forward texture mapping), a
feature that set it apart from competitors, who preferred triangle
primitives.[33] However, when Microsoft introduced the DirectX
platform, it chose not to support any other graphics software and Aerial view of Endeavor, the first of
announced that its Direct3D API would exclusively support the two new Nvidia headquarters
triangles.[33][37] As a result, the NV1 failed to gain traction in the buildings, in Santa Clara, California,
market.[38] in 2017. Apple Park is visible in the
distance.
Nvidia had also entered into a partnership with Sega to supply the
graphics chip for the Dreamcast console and worked on the project
for about a year. However, Nvidia's technology was already
lagging behind competitors. This placed the company in a difficult
position: continue working on a chip that was likely doomed to
fail or abandon the project, risking financial collapse.[39]

In a pivotal moment, Sega's president, Shoichiro Irimajiri, visited

Huang in person to inform him that Sega had decided to choose Entrance of Endeavor headquarters
another vendor for the Dreamcast. However, Irimajiri believed in building in 2018
Nvidia's potential and persuaded Sega’s management to invest $5
million into the company. Huang later reflected that this funding
was all that kept Nvidia afloat, and that Irimajiri's "understanding and generosity gave us six months to
live".[39]
In 1996, Huang laid off more than half of Nvidia's employees—thereby reducing headcount from 100 to
40—and focused the company's remaining resources on developing a graphics accelerator product
optimized for processing triangle primitives: the RIVA 128.[33][37] By the time the RIVA 128 was
released in August 1997, Nvidia had only enough money left for one month’s payroll.[33] The sense of
impending failure became so pervasive that it gave rise to Nvidia's unofficial company motto: "Our
company is thirty days from going out of business."[33] Huang began internal presentations to Nvidia staff
with those words for many years.[33]

Nvidia sold about a million RIVA 128 units within four months,[33] and used the revenue to fund
development of its next generation of products.[37] In 1998, the release of the RIVA TNT helped solidify
Nvidia’s reputation as a leader in graphics technology.[40]

Public company
Nvidia went public on January 22, 1999.[41][42][43] Investing in Nvidia after it had already failed to
deliver on its contract turned out to be Irimajiri's best decision as Sega's president. After Irimajiri left
Sega in 2000, Sega sold its Nvidia stock for $15 million.[39]

In late 1999, Nvidia released the GeForce 256 (NV10), its first product expressly marketed as a GPU,
which was most notable for introducing onboard transformation and lighting (T&L) to consumer-level
3D hardware. Running at 120 MHz and featuring four-pixel pipelines, it implemented advanced video
acceleration, motion compensation, and hardware sub-picture alpha blending. The GeForce outperformed
existing products by a wide margin.

Due to the success of its products, Nvidia won the contract to develop the graphics hardware for
Microsoft's Xbox game console, which earned Nvidia a $200 million advance. However, the project took
many of its best engineers away from other projects. In the short term this did not matter, and the
GeForce2 GTS shipped in the summer of 2000. In December 2000, Nvidia reached an agreement to
acquire the intellectual assets of its one-time rival 3dfx, a pioneer in consumer 3D graphics technology
leading the field from the mid-1990s until 2000.[44][45] The acquisition process was finalized in April
2002.[46]

In 2001, Standard & Poor's selected Nvidia to replace the departing Enron in the S&P 500 stock index,
meaning that index funds would need to hold Nvidia shares going forward.[47]

In July 2002, Nvidia acquired Exluna for an undisclosed sum. Exluna made software-rendering tools and
the personnel were merged into the Cg project.[48] In August 2003, Nvidia acquired MediaQ for
approximately US$70 million.[49] It launched GoForce the follow year. On April 22, 2004, Nvidia
acquired iReady, also a provider of high-performance TCP offload engines and iSCSI controllers.[50] In
December 2004, it was announced that Nvidia would assist Sony with the design of the graphics
processor (RSX) for the PlayStation 3 game console. On December 14, 2005, Nvidia acquired ULI
Electronics, which at the time supplied third-party southbridge parts for chipsets to ATI, Nvidia's
competitor.[51] In March 2006, Nvidia acquired Hybrid Graphics.[52] In December 2006, Nvidia, along
with its main rival in the graphics industry AMD (which had acquired ATI), received subpoenas from the
U.S. Department of Justice regarding possible antitrust violations in the graphics card industry.[53]

2007–2014
Forbes named Nvidia its Company of the Year for 2007, citing the accomplishments it made during the
said period as well as during the previous five years.[54] On January 5, 2007, Nvidia announced that it
had completed the acquisition of PortalPlayer, Inc.[55] In February 2008, Nvidia acquired Ageia,
developer of PhysX, a physics engine and physics processing unit. Nvidia announced that it planned to
integrate the PhysX technology into its future GPU products.[56][57]

In July 2008, Nvidia took a write-down of approximately $200 million on its first-quarter revenue, after
reporting that certain mobile chipsets and GPUs produced by the company had "abnormal failure rates"
due to manufacturing defects. Nvidia, however, did not reveal the affected products. In September 2008,
Nvidia became the subject of a class action lawsuit over the defects, claiming that the faulty GPUs had
been incorporated into certain laptop models manufactured by Apple Inc., Dell, and HP. In September
2010, Nvidia reached a settlement, in which it would reimburse owners of the affected laptops for repairs
or, in some cases, replacement.[58][59] On January 10, 2011, Nvidia signed a six-year, $1.5 billion cross-
licensing agreement with Intel, ending all litigation between the two companies.[60]

In November 2011, after initially unveiling it at Mobile World Congress, Nvidia released its ARM-based
system on a chip for mobile devices, Tegra 3. Nvidia claimed that the chip featured the first-ever quad-
core mobile CPU.[61][62] In May 2011, it was announced that Nvidia had agreed to acquire Icera, a
baseband chip making company in the UK, for $367 million.[63] In January 2013, Nvidia unveiled the
Tegra 4, as well as the Nvidia Shield, an Android-based handheld game console powered by the new
system on a chip.[64] On July 29, 2013, Nvidia announced that they acquired PGI from
STMicroelectronics.[65]

In February 2013, Nvidia announced its plans to build a new headquarters in the form of two giant
triangle-shaped buildings on the other side of San Tomas Expressway (to the west of its existing
headquarters complex). The company selected triangles as its design theme. As Huang explained in a
blog post, the triangle is "the fundamental building block of computer graphics".[66]

In 2014, Nvidia ported the Valve games Portal and Half Life 2 to its Nvidia Shield tablet as Lightspeed
Studio.[67][68] Since 2014, Nvidia has diversified its business focusing on three markets: gaming,
automotive electronics, and mobile devices.[69]

That same year, Nvidia also prevailed in litigation brought by the trustee of 3dfx's bankruptcy estate to
challenge its 2000 acquisition of 3dfx's intellectual assets. On November 6, 2014, in an unpublished
memorandum order, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed the "district court's
judgment affirming the bankruptcy court's determination that [Nvidia] did not pay less than fair market
value for assets purchased from 3dfx shortly before 3dfx filed for bankruptcy".[70]

2016–2018
On May 6, 2016, Nvidia unveiled the first GPUs of the GeForce 10 series, the GTX 1080 and 1070,
based on the company's new Pascal microarchitecture. Nvidia claimed that both models outperformed its
Maxwell-based Titan X model; the models incorporate GDDR5X and GDDR5 memory respectively, and
use a 16 nm manufacturing process. The architecture also supports a new hardware feature known as
simultaneous multi-projection (SMP), which is designed to improve the quality of multi-monitor and
virtual reality rendering.[71][72][73] Laptops that include these GPUs and are sufficiently thin – as of late
2017, under 0.8 inches (20 mm) – have been designated as meeting Nvidia's "Max-Q" design
standard.[74]
In July 2016, Nvidia agreed to a settlement for a false advertising lawsuit regarding its GTX 970 model,
as the models were unable to use all of their advertised 4 GB of VRAM due to limitations brought by the
design of its hardware.[75] In May 2017, Nvidia announced a partnership with Toyota which would use
Nvidia's Drive PX-series artificial intelligence platform for its autonomous vehicles.[76] In July 2017,
Nvidia and Chinese search giant Baidu announced a far-reaching AI partnership that includes cloud
computing, autonomous driving, consumer devices, and Baidu's open-source AI framework
PaddlePaddle. Baidu unveiled that Nvidia's Drive PX 2 AI will be the foundation of its autonomous-
vehicle platform.[77]

Nvidia officially released the Titan V on December 7, 2017.[78][79]

Nvidia officially released the Nvidia Quadro GV100 on March 27, 2018.[80] Nvidia officially released the
RTX 2080 GPUs on September 27, 2018. In 2018, Google announced that Nvidia's Tesla P4 graphic
cards would be integrated into Google Cloud service's artificial intelligence.[81]

In May 2018, on the Nvidia user forum, a thread was started[82] asking the company to update users when
they would release web drivers for its cards installed on legacy Mac Pro machines up to mid-2012 5,1
running the macOS Mojave operating system 10.14. Web drivers are required to enable graphics
acceleration and multiple display monitor capabilities of the GPU. On its Mojave update info website,
Apple stated that macOS Mojave would run on legacy machines with 'Metal compatible' graphics
cards[83] and listed Metal compatible GPUs, including some manufactured by Nvidia.[84] However, this
list did not include Metal compatible cards that currently work in macOS High Sierra using Nvidia-
developed web drivers. In September, Nvidia responded, "Apple fully controls drivers for macOS. But if
Apple allows, our engineers are ready and eager to help Apple deliver great drivers for macOS 10.14
(Mojave)."[85] In October, Nvidia followed this up with another public announcement, "Apple fully
controls drivers for macOS. Unfortunately, Nvidia currently cannot release a driver unless it is approved
by Apple,"[86] suggesting a possible rift between the two companies.[87] By January 2019, with still no
sign of the enabling web drivers, Apple Insider weighed into the controversy with a claim that Apple
management "doesn't want Nvidia support in macOS".[88] The following month, Apple Insider followed
this up with another claim that Nvidia support was abandoned because of "relational issues in the
past",[89] and that Apple was developing its own GPU technology.[90] Without Apple-approved Nvidia
web drivers, Apple users are faced with replacing their Nvidia cards with a competing supported brand,
such as AMD Radeon from the list recommended by Apple.[91]

2019 acquisition of Mellanox Technologies

On March 11, 2019, Nvidia announced a deal to buy Mellanox Technologies for $6.9 billion[92] to
substantially expand its footprint in the high-performance computing market. In May 2019, Nvidia
announced new RTX Studio laptops. The creators say that the new laptop is going to be seven times
faster than a top-end MacBook Pro with a Core i9 and AMD's Radeon Pro Vega 20 graphics in apps like
Maya and RedCine-X Pro.[93] In August 2019, Nvidia announced Minecraft RTX, an official Nvidia-
developed patch for the game Minecraft adding real-time DXR ray tracing exclusively to the Windows 10
version of the game. The whole game is, in Nvidia's words, "refit" with path tracing, which dramatically
affects the way light, reflections, and shadows work inside the engine.[94]

2020–2023
In May 2020, Nvidia announced it was acquiring Cumulus
Networks.[95] Post acquisition the company was absorbed into
Nvidia's networking business unit, along with Mellanox.

In May 2020, Nvidia's developed an open-source ventilator to

address the shortage resulting from the global coronavirus
pandemic.[96] On May 14, 2020, Nvidia officially announced their
Ampere GPU microarchitecture and the Nvidia A100 GPU
accelerator.[97][98] In July 2020, it was reported that Nvidia was in
Nvidia Yokneam office (former
talks with SoftBank to buy Arm, a UK-based chip designer, for
Mellanox Technologies) in Yokneam
$32 billion.[99] Illit, Israel, March 2023

On September 1, 2020, Nvidia officially announced the GeForce

30 series based on the company's new Ampere microarchitecture.[100][101]

On September 13, 2020, Nvidia announced that they would buy Arm from SoftBank Group for $40
billion, subject to the usual scrutiny, with the latter retaining a 10% share of Nvidia.[102][103][104][105]

In October 2020, Nvidia announced its plan to build the most

powerful computer in Cambridge, England. The computer, called
Cambridge-1, launched in July 2021 with a $100 million
investment and will employ AI to support healthcare
research.[106][107] According to Jensen Huang, "The Cambridge-1
supercomputer will serve as a hub of innovation for the UK, and
further the groundbreaking work being done by the nation's
Nvidia GeForce RTX 2080 Ti, part of
researchers in critical healthcare and drug discovery."[108] the RTX 20 series, which is the first
generation of Nvidia RTX
Also in October 2020, along with the release of the Nvidia RTX
A6000, Nvidia announced it is retiring its workstation GPU brand
Quadro, shifting its product name to Nvidia RTX for future products and the manufacturing to be Nvidia
Ampere architecture-based.[8]

In August 2021, the proposed takeover of Arm was stalled after the UK's Competition and Markets
Authority raised "significant competition concerns".[109] In October 2021, the European Commission
opened a competition investigation into the takeover. The Commission stated that Nvidia's acquisition
could restrict competitors' access to Arm's products and provide Nvidia with too much internal
information on its competitors due to their deals with Arm. SoftBank (the parent company of Arm) and
Nvidia announced in early February 2022 that they "had agreed not to move forward with the transaction
'because of significant regulatory challenges'".[110] The investigation is set to end on March 15,
2022.[111][112] That same month, Nvidia was reportedly compromised by a cyberattack.[113]

In March 2022, Nvidia's CEO Jensen Huang mentioned that they are open to having Intel manufacture
their chips in the future.[114] This was the first time the company mentioned that they would work
together with Intel's upcoming foundry services.

In April 2022, it was reported that Nvidia planned to open a new research center in Yerevan,
Armenia.[115]
In May 2022, Nvidia opened Voyager, the second of the two giant buildings at its new headquarters
complex to the west of the old one. Unlike its smaller and older sibling Endeavor, the triangle theming is
used more "sparingly" in Voyager.[116][117]

In September 2022, Nvidia announced its next-generation automotive-grade chip, Drive Thor.[118][119]

In September 2022, Nvidia announced a collaboration with the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
related to the entire suite of Nvidia's AI-powered healthcare software suite called Clara, that includes
Parabricks and MONAI.[120]

Following U.S. Department of Commerce regulations which placed an embargo on exports to China of
advanced microchips, which went into effect in October 2022, Nvidia saw its data center chip added to
the export control list. The next month, the company unveiled a new advanced chip in China, called the
A800 GPU, that met the export control rules.[121]

In September 2023, Getty Images announced that it was partnering with Nvidia to launch Generative AI
by Getty Images, a new tool that lets people create images using Getty's library of licensed photos. Getty
will use Nvidia's Edify model, which is available on Nvidia's generative AI model library Picasso.[122]

On September 26, 2023, Denny's CEO Kelli Valade joined Huang in East San Jose to celebrate the
founding of Nvidia at Denny's on Berryessa Road, where a plaque was installed to mark the relevant
corner booth as the birthplace of a $1 trillion company.[33][123] By then, Nvidia's H100 GPUs were in
such demand that even other tech giants were beholden to how Nvidia allocated supply. Larry Ellison of
Oracle Corporation said that month that during a dinner with Huang at Nobu in Palo Alto, he and Elon
Musk of Tesla, Inc. and xAI "were begging" for H100s, "I guess is the best way to describe it. An hour of
sushi and begging".[124]

In October 2023, it was reported that Nvidia had quietly begun designing ARM-based central processing
units (CPUs) for Microsoft's Windows operating system with a target to start selling them in 2025.[125]

2024–2025
In January 2024, Forbes reported that Nvidia has increased its lobbying presence in Washington, D.C. as
American lawmakers consider proposals to regulate artificial intelligence. From 2023 to 2024, the
company reportedly hired at least four government affairs with professional backgrounds at agencies
including the United States Department of State and the Department of the Treasury. It was noted that the
$350,000 spent by the company on lobbying in 2023 was small compared to a number of major tech
companies in the artificial intelligence space.[126]

As of January 2024, Raymond James Financial analysts estimated that Nvidia was selling the H100 GPU
in the price range of $25,000 to $30,000 each, while on eBay, individual H100s cost over $40,000.[127]
Tech giants were purchasing tens or hundreds of thousands of GPUs for their data centers to run
generative artificial intelligence projects; simple arithmetic implied that they were committing to billions
of dollars in capital expenditures.[127]

In February 2024, it was reported that Nvidia was the "hot employer" in Silicon Valley because it was
offering interesting work and good pay at a time when other tech employers were downsizing. Half of
Nvidia employees earned over $228,000 in 2023.[128] By then, Nvidia GPUs had become so valuable that
they needed special security while in transit to data centers. Cisco chief information officer Fletcher
Previn explained at a CIO summit: "Those GPUs arrive by armored car".[129]

On March 1, 2024, Nvidia became the third company in the history of the United States to close with a
market capitalization in excess of $2 trillion.[47] Nvidia needed only 180 days to get to $2 trillion from $1
trillion, while the first two companies, Apple and Microsoft, each took over 500 days.[47] On March 18,
Nvidia announced its new AI chip and microarchitecture Blackwell, named after mathematician David
Blackwell.[130]

In April 2024, Reuters reported that China had allegedly acquired banned Nvidia chips and servers from
Supermicro and Dell via tenders.[131]

In June 2024, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the

Justice Department (DOJ) began antitrust investigations into
Nvidia, Microsoft and OpenAI, focusing on their influence in the
AI industry. The FTC led the investigations into Microsoft and
OpenAI, while the DOJ handled Nvidia. The probes centered on
the companies' conduct rather than mergers. This development
followed an open letter from OpenAI employees expressing
concerns about the rapid AI advancements and lack of
oversight.[132] PNY Nvidia Quadro P1000

The company became the world's most valuable, surpassing

Microsoft and Apple, on June 18, 2024, after its market capitalization exceeded $3.3 trillion.[133][134]

In June 2024, Trend Micro announced a partnership with Nvidia to develop AI-driven security tools,
notably to protect the data centers where AI workloads are processed. This collaboration integrates
Nvidia NIM and Nvidia Morpheus with Trend Vision One and its Sovereign and Private Cloud solutions
to improve data privacy, real-time analysis, and rapid threat mitigation.[135]

Nvidia introduced a family of open-source multimodal large language models in October 2024 called
NVLM 1.0, which features a flagship version with 72 billion parameters, designed to improve text-only
performance after multimodal training.[136][137]

In November 2024, the company was added to the Dow Jones Industrial Average.[138][139]

In November 2024, Morgan Stanley reported that "the entire 2025 production" of all of Nvidia's
Blackwell chips was "already sold out".[140]

Also in November 2024, the company made an investment in Nebius Group.[141][142]

Nvidia was ranked #3 on Forbes' "Best Places to Work" list in 2024.[143]

In January 2025, Nvidia saw the largest one-day loss in market capitalization for a U.S. company in
history at $600 billion. This was due to DeepSeek, a Chinese AI startup that developed an advanced AI
model at a lower cost and computing power. DeepSeek's AI assistant, using the V3 model, surpassed
ChatGPT as the highest-rated free app in the U.S. on Apple's App Store.[144][145]

Fabless manufacturing
Nvidia uses external suppliers for all phases of manufacturing, including wafer fabrication, assembly,
testing, and packaging. Nvidia thus avoids most of the investment and production costs and risks
associated with chip manufacturing, although it does sometimes directly procure some components and
materials used in the production of its products (e.g., memory and substrates). Nvidia focuses its own
resources on product design, quality assurance, marketing, and customer support.[146][147]

Corporate affairs
Sales by business unit (2023)[148]
Leadership Business unit Sales (billion $) Share
Nvidia's key management as of March 2024 consists Compute & networking 47.4 77.8%
of:[149] Graphics 13.5 22.2%

Jensen Huang, founder, president and chief Sales by region (2023)[148]

executive officer
Region Sales (billion $) Share
Chris Malachowsky, founder and Nvidia fellow
Colette Kress, executive vice president and chief United States 27.0 44.3%
financial officer Taiwan 13.4 22.0%
Jay Puri, executive vice president of worldwide field China 10.3 16.9%
operations
Debora Shoquist, executive vice president of Other countries 10.2 16.8%
operations
Tim Teter, executive vice president, general counsel and secretary

Board of directors
As of November 2024, the company's board consisted of the following directors:[150]

Rob Burgess (former chief executive officer of Macromedia Inc.)

Tench Coxe (former managing director of Sutter Hill Ventures)
John Dabiri (engineer and professor at the California Institute of Technology)
Persis Drell (physicist and professor at Stanford University)
Jensen Huang (co-founder, CEO and president of Nvidia)
Dawn Hudson (former Chief Marketing Officer of the National Football League)
Harvey C. Jones (managing partner of Square Wave Ventures)
Melissa B. Lora (former president of Taco Bell International)
Stephen Neal (lead independent director of Nvidia, former CEO and Chairman Emeritus and
Senior Counsel of Cooley LLP)
 Ellen Ochoa (former director of NASA Johnson Space Center)
Brooke Seawell (venture partner at New Enterprise Associates)
Aarti Shah (former Senior Vice President & Chief Information and Digital Officer at Eli Lilly
and Company)
Mark Stevens (managing Partner at S-Cubed Capital)

Finances
For the fiscal year 2020, Nvidia reported earnings of US$2.796
billion, with an annual revenue of US$10.918 billion, a decline
of 6.8% over the previous fiscal cycle. Nvidia's shares traded at
over $531 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at
over US$328.7 billion in January 2021. As of late Q3 2024,
Nvidia's market cap is around US$2.98 trillion. [151][152]
Nvidia stock price (1999–2023)
For the Q2 of 2020, Nvidia reported sales of $3.87 billion, which
was a 50% rise from the same period in 2019. The surge
10-year financials (2014–2023)
in sales and people's higher demand for computer
Revenue Net income
technology. According to the financial chief of the Year (mil. US$) (mil. US$) Employees
company, Colette Kress, the effects of the pandemic will
2014 4,682 631 6,384
"likely reflect this evolution in enterprise workforce
trends with a greater focus on technologies, such as 2015 5,010 614 9,227
Nvidia laptops and virtual workstations, that enable 2016 6,910 1,666 10,299
remote work and virtual collaboration." [153] In May 2017 9,714 3,047 11,528
2023, Nvidia crossed $1 trillion in market valuation
2018 11,716 4,141 13,277
during trading hours,[154] and grew to $1.2 trillion by the
following November.[155] For its strength, size and 2019 10,918 2,796 13,775
market capitalization, Nvidia has been selected to be one 2020 16,675 4,332 18,975
of Bloomberg's "Magnificent Seven", the seven biggest 2021 26,914 9,752 22,473
companies on the stock market in these regards.
2022 26,974 4,368 26,000

2023 60,922 29,760 29,600

Ownership
The 10 largest shareholders of Nvidia in early 2024 were:[148]

The Vanguard Group (8.280%)

BlackRock (5.623%)
Fidelity Investments (5.161%)
State Street Corporation (3.711%)
Jensen Huang (3.507%)
Geode Capital Management (2.024%)
T. Rowe Price (2.013%)
JPMorgan Chase (1.417%)
BlackRock Life (1.409%)
 Eaton Vance (1.337%)

GPU Technology Conference

Nvidia's GPU Technology Conference (GTC) is a series of technical conferences held around the
world.[156] It originated in 2009 in San Jose, California, with an initial focus on the potential for solving
computing challenges through GPUs.[157] In recent years, the conference's focus has shifted to various
applications of artificial intelligence and deep learning; including self-driving cars, healthcare, high-
performance computing, and Nvidia Deep Learning Institute (DLI) training.[158] GTC 2018 attracted over
8400 attendees.[156] GTC 2020 was converted to a digital event and drew roughly 59,000 registrants.[159]
After several years of remote-only events, GTC in March 2024 returned to an in-person format in San
Jose, California.[160]

Product families
Nvidia's product families include graphics processing units,
wireless communication devices, and automotive hardware and
software, such as:

GeForce, consumer-oriented graphics processing

products
RTX, professional visual computing graphics processing
products (replacing GTX and Quadro)
NVS, a multi-display business graphics processor A Shield Tablet with its
Tegra, a system on a chip series for mobile devices accompanying input pen (left) and
gamepad
Tesla, line of dedicated general-purpose GPUs for high-
end image generation applications in professional and
scientific fields
nForce, a motherboard chipset created by Nvidia for Intel (Celeron, Pentium and Core 2)
and AMD (Athlon and Duron) microprocessors
GRID, a set of hardware and services by Nvidia for graphics virtualization
Shield, a range of gaming hardware including the Shield Portable, Shield Tablet and Shield
TV
Drive, a range of hardware and software products for designers and manufacturers of
autonomous vehicles. The Drive PX-series is a high-performance computer platform aimed
at autonomous driving through deep learning,[161] while Driveworks is an operating system
for driverless cars.[162]
BlueField, a range of data processing units, initially inherited from their acquisition of
Mellanox Technologies[163][164]
Datacenter/server class CPU, codenamed Grace, released in 2023[165][166]
DGX, an enterprise platform designed for deep learning applications
Maxine, a platform providing developers a suite of AI-based conferencing software[167]

Open-source software support

Until September 23, 2013, Nvidia had not published any documentation for its advanced hardware,[168]
meaning that programmers could not write free and open-source device driver for its products without
resorting to reverse engineering.

Instead, Nvidia provides its own binary GeForce graphics drivers for [Link] and an open-source library
that interfaces with the Linux, FreeBSD or Solaris kernels and the proprietary graphics software. Nvidia
also provided but stopped supporting an obfuscated open-source driver that only supports two-
dimensional hardware acceleration and ships with the [Link] distribution.[169]

The proprietary nature of Nvidia's drivers has generated dissatisfaction within free-software communities.
In a 2012 talk, Linus Torvalds, in criticism of Nvidia's approach towards Linux, raised the finger and
stated "Nvidia, fuck you."[170][171] Some Linux and BSD users insist on using only open-source drivers
and regard Nvidia's insistence on providing nothing more than a binary-only driver as inadequate, given
that competing manufacturers such as Intel offer support and documentation for open-source developers
and that others (like AMD) release partial documentation and provide some active development.[172][173]

Nvidia only provides x86/x64 and ARMv7-A versions of their proprietary driver; as a result, features like
CUDA are unavailable on other platforms.[174] Some users claim that Nvidia's Linux drivers impose
artificial restrictions, like limiting the number of monitors that can be used at the same time, but the
company has not commented on these accusations.[175]

In 2014, with Maxwell GPUs, Nvidia started to require firmware by them to unlock all features of its
graphics cards.[176][177][178]

On May 12, 2022, Nvidia announced that they are opensourcing their GPU kernel modules.[179][180][181]
Support for Nvidia's firmware was implemented in nouveau in 2023, which allows proper power
management and GPU reclocking for Turing and newer graphics card generations.[182][183]

Deep learning
Nvidia GPUs are used in deep learning, and accelerated analytics due to Nvidia's CUDA software
platform and API which allows programmers to utilize the higher number of cores present in GPUs to
parallelize BLAS operations which are extensively used in machine learning algorithms.[12] They were
included in many Tesla, Inc. vehicles before Musk announced at Tesla Autonomy Day in 2019 that the
company developed its own SoC and full self-driving computer now and would stop using Nvidia
hardware for their vehicles.[184][185] These GPUs are used by researchers, laboratories, tech companies
and enterprise companies.[186] In 2009, Nvidia was involved in what was called the "big bang" of deep
learning, "as deep-learning neural networks were combined with Nvidia graphics processing units
(GPUs)".[187] That year, the Google Brain team used Nvidia GPUs to create deep neural networks
capable of machine learning, where Andrew Ng determined that GPUs could increase the speed of deep
learning systems by about 100 times.[188]

DGX
DGX is a line of supercomputers by Nvidia.
In April 2016, Nvidia produced the DGX-1 based on an 8 GPU cluster, to improve the ability of users to
use deep learning by combining GPUs with integrated deep learning software.[189] Nvidia gifted its first
DGX-1 to OpenAI in August 2016 to help it train larger and more complex AI models with the capability
of reducing processing time from six days to two hours.[190][191] It also developed Nvidia Tesla K80 and
P100 GPU-based virtual machines, which are available through Google Cloud, which Google installed in
November 2016.[192] Microsoft added GPU servers in a preview offering of its N series based on Nvidia's
Tesla K80s, each containing 4992 processing cores. Later that year, AWS's P2 instance was produced
using up to 16 Nvidia Tesla K80 GPUs. That month Nvidia also partnered with IBM to create a software
kit that boosts the AI capabilities of Watson,[193] called IBM PowerAI.[194][195] Nvidia also offers its own
Nvidia Deep Learning software development kit.[196] In 2017, the GPUs were also brought online at the
Riken Center for Advanced Intelligence Project for Fujitsu.[197] The company's deep learning technology
led to a boost in its 2017 earnings.[198]

In May 2018, researchers at the artificial intelligence department of Nvidia realized the possibility that a
robot can learn to perform a job simply by observing the person doing the same job. They have created a
system that, after a short revision and testing, can already be used to control the universal robots of the
next generation. In addition to GPU manufacturing, Nvidia provides parallel processing capabilities to
researchers and scientists that allow them to efficiently run high-performance applications.[199]

Robotics
In 2020, Nvidia unveiled "Omniverse", a virtual environment designed for engineers.[200] Nvidia also
open-sourced Isaac Sim, which makes use of this Omniverse to train robots through simulations that
mimic the physics of the robots and the real world.[201][202]

In 2024, Huang oriented Nvidia's focus towards humanoid robots and self-driving cars, which he expects
to gain widespread adoption.[203][204]

Inception Program
Nvidia's Inception Program was created to support startups making exceptional advances in the fields of
artificial intelligence and data science. Award winners are announced at Nvidia's GTC Conference. In
May 2017, the program had 1,300 companies.[205] As of March 2018, there were 2,800 startups in the
Inception Program.[206] As of August 2021, the program has surpassed 8,500 members in 90 countries,
with cumulative funding of US$60 billion.[207]

Controversies

Maxwell advertising dispute

GTX 970 hardware specifications

Issues with the GeForce GTX 970's specifications were first brought up by users when they found out
that the cards, while featuring 4 GB of memory, rarely accessed memory over the 3.5 GB boundary.
Further testing and investigation eventually led to Nvidia issuing a statement that the card's initially
announced specifications had been altered without notice before the card was made commercially
available, and that the card took a performance hit once memory over the 3.5 GB limit were put into
use.[208][209][210]

The card's back-end hardware specifications, initially announced as being identical to those of the
GeForce GTX 980, differed in the amount of L2 cache (1.75 MB versus 2 MB in the GeForce GTX 980)
and the number of ROPs (56 versus 64 in the 980). Additionally, it was revealed that the card was
designed to access its memory as a 3.5 GB section, plus a 0.5 GB one, access to the latter being 7 times
slower than the first one.[211] The company then went on to promise a specific driver modification to
alleviate the performance issues produced by the cutbacks suffered by the card.[212] However, Nvidia
later clarified that the promise had been a miscommunication and there would be no specific driver
update for the GTX 970.[213] Nvidia claimed that it would assist customers who wanted refunds in
obtaining them.[214] On February 26, 2015, Nvidia CEO Jen-Hsun Huang went on record in Nvidia's
official blog to apologize for the incident.[215] In February 2015 a class-action lawsuit alleging false
advertising was filed against Nvidia and Gigabyte Technology in the U.S. District Court for Northern
California.[216][217]

Nvidia revealed that it is able to disable individual units, each containing 256 KB of L2 cache and 8
ROPs, without disabling whole memory controllers.[218] This comes at the cost of dividing the memory
bus into high speed and low speed segments that cannot be accessed at the same time unless one segment
is reading while the other segment is writing because the L2/ROP unit managing both of the GDDR5
controllers shares the read return channel and the write data bus between the two GDDR5 controllers and
itself.[218] This is used in the GeForce GTX 970, which therefore can be described as having 3.5 GB in its
high speed segment on a 224-bit bus and 0.5 GB in a low speed segment on a 32-bit bus.[218]

On July 27, 2016, Nvidia agreed to a preliminary settlement of the U.S. class action lawsuit,[216] offering
a $30 refund on GTX 970 purchases. The agreed upon refund represents the portion of the cost of the
storage and performance capabilities the consumers assumed they were obtaining when they purchased
the card.[219]

GeForce Partner Program

The Nvidia GeForce Partner Program was a marketing program designed to provide partnering
companies with benefits such as public relations support, video game bundling, and marketing
development funds.[220] The program proved to be controversial, with complaints about it possibly being
an anti-competitive practice.[221]

First announced in a blog post on March 1, 2018,[222] it was canceled on May 4, 2018.[223]

Hardware Unboxed
On December 10, 2020, Nvidia told YouTube tech reviewer Steven Walton of Hardware Unboxed that it
would no longer supply him with GeForce Founders Edition graphics card review units.[224][225] In a
Twitter message, Hardware Unboxed said, "Nvidia have officially decided to ban us from receiving
GeForce Founders Edition GPU review samples. Their reasoning is that we are focusing on rasterization
instead of ray tracing. They have said they will revisit this 'should your editorial direction change.'"[226]

In emails that were disclosed by Walton from Nvidia Senior PR Manager Bryan Del Rizzo, Nvidia had
said:

...your GPU reviews and recommendations have continued to focus singularly on

rasterization performance, and you have largely discounted all of the other technologies we
offer gamers. It is very clear from your community commentary that you do not see things
the same way that we, gamers, and the rest of the industry do.[227]

TechSpot, partner site of Hardware Unboxed, said, "this and other related incidents raise serious
questions around journalistic independence and what they are expecting of reviewers when they are sent
products for an unbiased opinion."[227]

A number of technology reviewers came out strongly against Nvidia's move.[228][229] Linus Sebastian, of
Linus Tech Tips, titled the episode of his weekly WAN Show, "NVIDIA might ACTUALLY be
EVIL..."[230] and was highly critical of the company's move to dictate specific outcomes of technology
reviews.[231] The review site Gamers Nexus said it was, "Nvidia's latest decision to shoot both its feet:
They've now made it so that any reviewers covering RT will become subject to scrutiny from untrusting
viewers who will suspect subversion by the company. Shortsighted self-own from NVIDIA."[232]

Two days later, Nvidia reversed their stance.[233][234] Hardware Unboxed sent out a Twitter message, "I
just received an email from Nvidia apologizing for the previous email & they've now walked everything
back."[235][228] On December 14, Hardware Unboxed released a video explaining the controversy from
their viewpoint.[236] Via Twitter, they also shared a second apology sent by Nvidia's Del Rizzo that said
"to withhold samples because I didn't agree with your commentary is simply inexcusable and crossed the
line."[237][238]

Improper disclosures about cryptomining

In 2018, Nvidia's chips became popular for cryptomining, the process of obtaining crypto rewards in
exchange for verifying transactions on distributed ledgers, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
(SEC) said. However, the company failed to disclose that it was a "significant element" of its revenue
growth from sales of chips designed for gaming, the SEC further added in a statement and charging order.
Those omissions misled investors and analysts who were interested in understanding the impact of
cryptomining on Nvidia's business, the SEC emphasized. Nvidia, which did not admit or deny the
findings, has agreed to pay $5.5 million to settle civil charges, according to a statement made by the SEC
in May 2022.[239]

See also
San Francisco Bay
Area portal
Companies portal
 Electronics portal

Technology portal

Fast approximate anti-aliasing

General-purpose computing on graphics processing units
Huang's law
Molecular modeling on GPUs
GPU workstations
Groq

Notes

a. Officially written as NVIDIA and stylized in its logo as nVIDIA with the lowercase "n" the
same height as the uppercase "VIDIA"; formerly stylized as nVIDIA with a large italicized
lowercase "n" on products from the mid 1990s to early-mid 2000s.[3] The unofficial
capitalization nVidia may be found within enthusiast communities and publications.[4]

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External links
Official website ([Link]
Nvidia Developer website ([Link]
Nvidia ([Link] on OpenSecrets, a
website that tracks and publishes data on campaign finance and lobbying
Business data for Nvidia: Google ([Link] ·
Reuters ([Link] · SEC filings ([Link]
[Link]/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=1045810) · Yahoo! ([Link]
[Link]/quote/NVDA)

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