Electromagnetics 1

Tutorial 1
March 15, 2020

Example 1 (Vector and unit vector).

Two points P1 (2, −4, 1), P2 (2, 0, −2). Find the vector that points from P1 to P2 , and the
unit vector.
Answer:

P⃗12 = P⃗2 − P⃗1 = (2x̂ − 2ẑ) − (2x̂ − 4ŷ + ẑ)

= 4ŷ − 3ẑ

To find the unit vector pointing from P1 to P2 , we divide the vector P⃗12 by it magnitude.
Now the magnitude of P⃗12 is
√
P⃗12 = 42 + (−3)2 = 5

P⃗12 4ŷ − 3ẑ

∴ p̂12 = = = 0.8ŷ − 0.6ẑ
P⃗12 5

To double check that the unit vector has magnitude equals to one
√ √ √
|p̂12 | = 0.82 + (−0.6)2 = 0.64 + 0.36 = 1 = 1.

Example 2 (Gauss’s law).

Three charges Q1 = 50nC, Q2 = 10nC, Q3 = 15nC. Q1 and Q3 are enclosed by surface S,
while Q2 is outside the surface S. Find the net flux that crosses S.
Answer:
Gauss’s law states that the net flux crossing a closed surface equals the net charge inside the
surface.
∑
ϕ= Qenclosed = Q1 + Q3
= 50 + 15
= 65nC

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Example 3 (Volume charge density in rectangular coordinate system).
Find the charge in the volume defined by 0 ≤ x ≤ 1m, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1m, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1m, if
ρv = 5xyz 2 µC/m3 .
Answer: ∫∫∫
Q= ρv dv

The problem is in the rectangular coordinate system so dv = dxdydz

∫ 1 ∫ 1 ∫ 1
Q= 5xyz 2 dxdydz
z=0 y=0 x=0

x,y,z are independent of each other, so the integral becomes

∫ 1 ∫ 1 ∫ 1
2
Q=5 z dz ydy xdx
z=0 y=0 x=0
3 1 2 1 2 1
z y x
=5
3 0 2 0 2 0
1 1 1
=5× × ×
3 2 2
5
= µC
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Example 4 (Gauss’s law).
If ρv = 5xyz 2 µC/m3 , find the net flux that passes through the cube defined by 0 ≤ x ≤ 1m,
0 ≤ y ≤ 1m, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1m.
Answer:
Since the surface of the cube is a closed surface, we can use Gauss’s law ϕnet = Qenclosed .
From the previous example, we evaluated the total charge inside the cube. Hence ϕnet =
5
Qenclosed = 12 µC.

Example 5 (Line charge density in rectangular coordinate system).

Find the charge in the line defined by 0 ≤ x ≤ 5m, if ρℓ = 12x2 mC/m.
Answer:
The shape defined by the limits is a straight line extending from x = 0 to x = 5.
∫
Q = ρℓ dℓ

The problem is in the rectangular coordinate system so dℓ = dx

∫ 5
Q= 12x2 dx
x=0
3 5
12x 5
Q= = 4x3 x=0
= 4 × 53 = 500mC = 0.5C
3 x=0

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Example 6 (Surface charge density in cylindrical coordinate system).
Find the charge on the surface defined by r = 3m, 0 ≤ z ≤ 4m, if ρs = rz 2 nC/m2 .
Answer:
The shape defined by the limits is the side face of a cylinder with radius of 3m and extends
from z = 0 to z = 4. ∫∫
Q= ρs ds

The problem is in the cylindrical coordinate system so ds = rdθdz.

Substitute r = 3 in ρs and ds

ρs = 3z 2
ds = 3dθdz

∫ 2π ∫ 4
Q= 3z 2 × 3dθdz
θ=0 z=0
4
z3
=9× ×θ|2π
θ=0
3 z=0
3
4
= 9 × 2π ×
3
= 3 × 2π × 64 = 1206nC = 1.206µC

Example 7 (Volume charge density in spherical coordinate system).

Find the charge in the volume defined by 0 ≤ r ≤ 4m, if ρv = r sin
10
ϕ
C/m3 .
Answer:
The shape defined by the limits is a sphere with radius 4m.
∫∫∫
Q= ρv dv

The problem is in the spherical coordinate system so dv = r2 sin ϕdrdθdϕ

∫ 4 ∫ 2π ∫ π
10
2 
Q= r sinϕdrdϕdθ
r=0 θ=0 ϕ=0 r
 ϕ 
sin
∫ 4 ∫ 2π ∫ π
= 10 rdrdϕdθ
r=0 θ=0 ϕ=0
2 4
r
= 10 × × ϕ|πϕ=0 × θ|2π
θ=0
2 r=0
= 10 × 8 × π × 2π = 1579C

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Example 8 (Electric flux in rectangular coordinates).
⃗ = (2y 2 + z)x̂ + 4xy ŷ + xẑC/m2 , find the flux through the cube defined by 0 ≤ x ≤ 1,
If D
0 ≤ y ≤ 1, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1.
Answer:
The cube has six faces as shown in the figure.

Front face x = 1.

ds = dydz x̂
⃗
Substitute x = 1 in D
⃗ = (2y 2 + z)x̂ + 4y ŷ + ẑ
D
∫∫
ϕf ront = ⃗ ·−
D
→
ds
∫ ∫ 1 ( ) (
1 )
= (2y 2 + z)x̂ + 4y ŷ + ẑ · dydz x̂
z=0 y=0
∫1 ∫ 1
= (2y 2 + z)dydz
z=0 y=0
∫ 1 1
y3
= (2 + zy) dz
z=0 3 y=0

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 ∫ 1
2
= ( + z)dz
z=0 3
1
2 z2
= z+
3 2 z=0
2 1 7
= + = C
3 2 6

Rear face x = 0.

ds = −dydz x̂
⃗
Substitute x = 0 in D
⃗ = (2y 2 + z)x̂
D
∫∫
ϕrear = ⃗ ·−
D
→
ds
∫ ∫ 1 ( ) (
1 )
= (2y + z)x̂ · −dydz x̂
2
z=0 y=0
∫ 1 ∫ 1
=− (2y 2 + z)dydz
z=0 y=0
∫ 1 1
y3
=− (2 + zy) dz
z=0 3 y=0
∫ 1
2
=− ( + z)dz
z=0 3
1
2 z2
= − z−
3 2 z=0
2 1 7
=− − =− C
3 2 6

Right face y = 1.

ds = dxdz ŷ
⃗
Substitute y = 1 in D
⃗ = (2 + z)x̂ + 4xŷ + xẑ
D

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 ∫∫
ϕright = ⃗ ·−
D
→
ds
∫ ∫ 1
1 ( ) ( )
= (2 + z)x̂ + 4xŷ + xẑ · dxdz ŷ
∫z=0 x=0
1 ∫ 1
= 4xdxdz
z=0 x=0
∫ 1 2 1
4x
= 2 dz
z=0 2 x=0
∫ 1
= 2dz
z=0
= 2z|1z=0
= 2C

Left face y = 0.

ds = −dxdz ŷ
⃗
Substitute y = 0 in D
⃗ = z x̂ + xẑ
D
∫∫
ϕlef t = ⃗ ·−
D
→
ds
∫ 1 ∫ 1
= (z x̂ + xẑ) · (−dxdz ŷ)
z=0 x=0
= 0C

Top face z = 1.

ds = dxdyẑ
⃗
Substitute z = 1 in D
⃗ = (2y 2 + 1)x̂ + 4xy ŷ + xẑ
D
∫∫
ϕtop = ⃗ ·−
D
→
ds
∫ ∫ 1
1 ( ) ( )
= (2y 2 + 1)x̂ + 4xy ŷ + xẑ · dxdyẑ
y=0 x=0
∫ 1 ∫ 1
= xdxdy
y=0 x=0

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 ∫ 1 1
x2
= dy
y=0 2 x=0
∫ 1
1
= dy
y=0 2
1
= C
2

Bottom face z = 0.

ds = −dxdyẑ
⃗
Substitute z = 0 in D
⃗ = (2y 2 + 1)x̂ + 4xy ŷ + xẑ
D
∫∫
ϕbottom = ⃗ ·−
D
→
ds
∫ ∫ 1
1 ( ) ( )
= 2y 2 x̂ + 4xy ŷ + xẑ · −dxdyẑ
y=0 x=0
∫ 1 ∫ 1
=− xdxdy
y=0 x=0
∫ 1 2 1
x
=− dy
y=0 2 x=0
∫ 1
1
=− dy
y=0 2
1
=− C
2

ϕnet = ϕf ront + ϕrear + ϕright + ϕlef t + ϕtop + ϕbottom

7 7 1 1
= − +2+0+ −
6 6 2 2
= 2C

Example 9 (Gauss’s law).

In the previous example, find the total charge enclosed by the cube.
Answer:
Gauss’s law states that the net flux crossing a closed surface equals the net charge inside the
surface.
Qenclosed = ϕnet = 2C

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Example 10 (Electric flux in cylindrical coordinates).
⃗ = 2rz 2 r̂ + r cos2 θẑC/m2 , find the flux over the region defined by 0 ≤ r ≤ 5, −1 ≤ z ≤
If D
1, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π.
Answer:
The shape defined is a cylinder that has three faces as shown in the figure

Top face z = 1.

ds = rdrdθẑ
⃗
Substitute z = 1 in D
⃗ = 2rr̂ + r cos2 θẑ
D
∫∫
ϕtop = ⃗ ·−
D
→
ds
∫ ∫ 2π
5 ( )
= 2rr̂ + r cos2 θẑ · (rdrdθẑ)
∫r=0 θ=0
5 ∫ 2π
= r2 cos2 θdrdθ
r=0 θ=0

We will not evaluate the integral at the moment. Instead, we will find the flux through the
bottom face

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 Bottom face z = −1.

ds = −rdrdθẑ
Substitute z = −1 in D
⃗
⃗ = 2rr̂ + r cos2 θẑ
D
∫∫
ϕbottom = ⃗ ·−
D
→
ds
∫ ∫ 2π
5 ( )
= 2rr̂ + r cos2 θẑ · (−rdrdθẑ)
r=0 θ=0
∫ 5 ∫ 2π
=− r2 cos2 θdrdθ
r=0 θ=0

Note that ϕtop = −ϕbottom , so they will cancel each other when we evaluate the net flux.
Hence finding their numerical value is not important.
Side face r = 5.

ds = rdθdzr̂ = 5dθdzr̂
⃗
Substitute r = 5 in D
⃗ = 2 × 5 × z 2 r̂ + 5 × cos2 θẑ = 10z 2 r̂ + 5 cos2 θẑ
D

∫∫
ϕside = ⃗ ·−
D
→
ds
∫ ∫ 2π
1 ( )
= 10z 2 r̂ + 5 cos2 θẑ · (5dθdzr̂)
z=−1 θ=0
∫ 1 ∫ 2π
= 50z 2 dθdz
z=−1 θ=0
∫ 1 ∫ 2π
2
= 50 z dz dθ
z=−1 θ=0
3 1
z
= 50 θ|2π
θ=0
3
( z=−1 )
1 −1
= 50 − × 2π
3 3
200π
= C
3

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 ϕnet = ϕtop + ϕbottom + ϕside
∫ 5 ∫ 2π  ∫ ∫ 
  5 2π 
2 2 200π
= 
r cos θdrdθ −
2 2
r cos θdrdθ + 

r=0 θ=0 
r=0 θ=0 3
200π
= C
3
Example 11 (Gauss’s law).
In the previous example, find the total charge enclosed by the cylinder.
Answer:
Gauss’s law states that the net flux crossing a closed surface equals the net charge inside the
surface.
200π
Qenclosed = ϕnet = C
3
Example 12 (Work done by electric field).
If the electric field in a certain region is given by
⃗ = (z + 1) sin θ r̂ + (z + 1) cos θ θ̂ + r sin θ ẑ N/C
E
Determine the work done by the electric field to move a 4nC charge from A(1m, 0◦ , 0m) to
D(4m, 30◦ , −2m).

Answer:
∫
⃗ ·−
→
D
WAD = Q E dℓ
A
The electric field is conservative, so the line integral does not depend on the path; only on
the starting point and ending point. To simplify the line integral we take the path A → B →
C → D where B(4m, 0◦ , 0m) and C(4m, 30◦ , 0m).
Note that by choosing this path we are moving along one direction only in each step which
simplifies the line integral.
1. Moving from A(1m, 0◦ , 0m) → B(4m, 0◦ , 0m): we are moving along r̂ direction so
−
→
dℓ = drr̂.
2. Moving from B(4m, 0◦ , 0m) → C(4m, 30◦ , 0m): we are moving along θ̂ direction so
−
→
dℓ = rdθθ̂.
3. Moving from C(4m, 30◦ , 0m) → D(4m, 30◦ , −2m): we are moving along ẑ direction so
−
→
dℓ = dz ẑ.
∫D
⃗ ·−
So the line integral A E
→
dℓ is decomposed into three line integrals such that:
WAD = WAB + WBC + WCD
∫ B ∫ C ∫
−
→ →
− D
⃗ ·−
→
=Q E · dℓ + Q
⃗ E · dℓ + Q
⃗ E dℓ
A B C

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A → B : Substitute θ = 0 and z = 0 in E
⃗

⃗ = cos θθ̂
E
∫ B ( )
WAB = Q cos θθ̂ · (drr̂) = 0
A

⃗ and −
B → C : Substitute r = 4 and z = 0 in E
→
dℓ

E⃗ = sin θr̂ + cos θθ̂ + 4 sin θẑ

−
→
dℓ = 4dθθ̂

∫ C ( ) ( )
WBC = Q sin θr̂ + cos θθ̂ + 4 sin θẑ · 4dθθ̂
B
∫ 30◦
=Q 4 cos θdθ
θ=0
◦
= 4Q × sin θ|30
θ=0
1
= 4Q [sin(30◦ ) − sin(0)] = 4Q × = 2Q = 8nJ
2

C → D : Substitute r = 4 and θ = 30◦ in E

⃗

⃗ = (z + 1) sin 30◦ r̂ + (z + 1) cos 30◦ θ̂ + 4 sin 30◦ ẑ

E
√
(z + 1) 3(z + 1)
= r̂ + θ̂ + 2ẑ
2 2

∫ ( √ )
D
(z + 1) 3(z + 1)
WCD = Q r̂ + θ̂ + 2ẑ · (dz ẑ)
C 2 2
∫ −2
=Q 2dz
z=0
= 2Q × −2
= −4Q = −16nJ

∴ WAD = 0 + 8 − 16 = −8nJ

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Example 13 (Polarization).
Find the relative permittivity ϵr for the dielectric in the following figure. Assume each plus
or minus sign represent 1nC/m2 .

Answer:
There are 5 charge signs adjacent to the dielectric on each side of the plates of the capacitor.
So the free surface charge density on the surface of capacitor plate ρf ree = 5nC/m2 .
There are 2 charge signs on each side of the dielectric. So the bound surface charge density
on the surface of the dielectric between the plates of capacitor ρbound = 2nC/m2 .
( )
1
ρbound = ρf ree 1 −
ϵ
( )r
1
2=5 1−
ϵr
2 1
=1−
5 ϵr
1 2
=1−
ϵr 5
1 3
=
ϵr 5
5
∴ ϵr =
3

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Example 14 (Polarization).
A dielectric with relative permittivity ϵr = 5 is placed in a uniform field with flux density
D = 1C/m2 . Calculate:

1. The polarization in dielectric

2. Flux density in dielectric

3. field intensity in air

4. field intensity in dielectric

5. induced field intensity

6. electric susceptibility

Answer:

1.
ϵr − 1 5−1
P = D= × 1 = 0.8C/m2
ϵr 5
2.
Ddielectric = Dair = 1C/m2

3.
D 1
E◦ = = = 1.13 × 1011 V /m
ϵ◦ 8.85 × 10−12
4.
D D 1
E= = = = 2.26 × 1010 V /m
ϵ ϵr ϵ◦ 5 × 8.85 × 10−12

5.
Ei = (ϵr − 1)E = (5 − 1) × 2.26 × 1010 = 9.04 × 1010 V /m

6.
χ = ϵr − 1 = 5 − 1 = 4

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