CHAPTER –7 are consistent with the geometry imposed by the

supports. As a key step in the flexibility method,

Analysis of Indeterminate Structures the analysis of an indeterminate structure is
by the Flexibility Method replaced by the analysis of a stable determinate
structure. This structure—called the released or
Introduction 7.1 The flexibility method, also base structure—is established from the original
called the method of consistent deformations or indeterminate structure by imagining that
the method of superposition, is a procedure for certain restraints (supports, for example) are
analyzing linear elastic indeterminate structures. temporarily removed. Concept of a Redundant
Although the method can be applied to almost 9.2 We have seen in Section 3.7 that a minimum
any type of structure (beams, trusses, frames, of three restraints, which are not equivalent to
shells, and so forth), the computational effort either a parallel or a concurrent force system,
increases exponentially with the degree of are required to produce a stable structure, that
indeterminancy. Therefore, the method is most is, to prevent rigid-body displacement under any
attractive when applied to structures with a low condition of load. For example, in Figure 9.1a the
degree of indeterminancy. All methods of horizontal and vertical reactions of the pin at A
indeterminate analysis require that the solution and the vertical reaction of the roller at C
satisfy equilibrium and compatibility prevent both translation and rotation of the
requirements. By compatibility we mean that beam regardless of the type of force system
the structure must fit together—no gaps can applied. Since three equations of equilibrium are
exist—and the deflected shape must be available to determine the three reactions, the
consistent with the constraints imposed by the structure is statically determinate. If a third
supports. In the flexibility method, we will satisfy support is constructed at B (Figure 9.1b), an
the equilibrium requirement by using the additional reaction RB is available to support the
equations of CHAPTER Chapter Objectives ● beam. Since the reaction at B is not absolutely
Show that the equations of static equilibrium essential for the stability of the structure, it is
alone are not enough to analyze indeterminate termed a redundant. In many structures the
structures; additional equations are needed. ● designation of a particular reaction as a
Learn in the flexibility method to establish redundant is arbitrary. For example, the reaction
additional equations (i.e., compatibility at C in Figure 9.1b could just as logically be
equations) by using extra unknown reactions or considered a redundant because the pin at A and
internal forces as the redundants. ● Iden fy the roller at B also provide sufficient restraints to
redundants and then use any method learned in produce a stable determinate structure.
Chapter 7 or 8 to compute the deflections Although the addition of the roller at B produces
produced by both external loads and redundants a structure that is indeterminate to the first
on a released structure to establish the degree (four reactions exist but only three
compatibility equations. lee98004_ch09_376- equations of statics are available), the roller also
[Link] 377 23/12/16 4:43 pm 378 Chapter 9 ■ imposes the geometric requirement that the
Analysis of Indeterminate Structures by the vertical displacement at B be zero. This
Flexibility Method static equilibrium in each step geometric condition permits us to write an
of the analysis. The compatibility requirement additional equation that can be used together
will be satisfied by writing one or more equations with the equations of statics to determine the
(i.e., compatibility equations) which state either magnitude of all reactions. In Section 9.3 we
that no gaps exist internally or that deflections outline the main features of the flexibility
method and illustrate its use by analyzing a compatibility equations equal in number to the
variety of indeterminate structures. Figure 9.1: redundants. Once we determine the values of
(a) Determinate beam; (b) indeterminate beam the redundants, the balance of the structure can
with RB considered as the redundant; (c) the be analyzed with the equations of statics. We
released structure for the beam in (b) with the begin the study of the flexibility method by
reaction at B applied as an external force. RAY RB considering structures that are indeterminate to
RC RAX ΔB = 0 (b) (a) P RAY RB RC RAX ΔB = 0 (c) the first degree. Section 9.7 covers
P RAY RC RAX P A C B lee98004_ch09_376- indeterminate structures of higher order. To
[Link] 378 23/12/16 4:43 pm 9.3 ■ illustrate the foregoing procedure, we will
Fundamentals of the Flexibility Method 379 In consider the analysis of the uniformly loaded
the flexibility method, one imagines that beam in Figure 9.2a. Since only three equations
sufficient redundants (supports, for example) of statics are available to solve for the four
are removed from an indeterminate structure to restraints supplied by the fixed support and
produce a stable, determinate released roller, the structure is indeterminate to the first
structure. The number of restraints removed degree. To determine the reactions, one
equals the degree of indeterminancy. The design additional equation is needed to supplement the
loads, which are specified, and the redundants, three equations of statics. To establish this
whose magnitude are unknown at this state, are equation, we arbitrarily select as the redundant
then applied to the released structure. For the reaction RB exerted by the roller at the right
example, Figure 9.1c shows the determinate end. In Figure 9.2b the free-body diagram of the
released structure for the beam in Figure 9.1b beam in Figure 9.2a is redrawn showing the
when the reaction at B is taken as the redundant. reaction RB exerted by the roller at support B but
Since the released structure in Figure 9.1c is not the roller. By imagining that the roller has
loaded exactly like the original structure, the Fundamentals of the Flexibility Method 9.3
internal forces and deformations of the released Figure 9.2: Analysis by the flexibility method: (a)
structure are identical to those of the original beam indeterminate to the first degree;
indeterminate structure. We next analyze the (b) released structure loaded with load w and
determinate released structure for the applied redundant RB; (c) forces and displacements
loads and redundants. In this step the analysis is produced by load w in the released structure; (d)
divided into separate cases for (1) the applied forces and displacements of released structure
loads and (2) for each unknown redundant. For produced by redundant XB; (e) forces and
each case, deflections are computed at each displacements in released structure produced by
point where a redundant acts. Since the a unit value of the redundant. RA MA AX RB (a) A
structure is assumed to behave elastically, these B w L ΔB = 0 RA MA AX RB = XB (b) w ΔB = 0 RA0
individual analyses can be combined— = wL (c) w MA0 = wL2 2 ΔB0 = wL4 8EI MAB =XBL
superimposed—to produce an analysis that XB RAB = XB (d) ΔBB= XBL3 3EI M = 1·L 1 kip [XB]
includes the effect of all forces and redundants. 1 kip (e) BB= 1(L) 3 3EI δ + lee98004_ch09_376-
To solve for the redundants, the deflections are [Link] 379 23/12/16 4:43 pm 380 Chapter 9 ■
summed at each point where a redundant acts Analysis of Indeterminate Structures by the
and set equal to the known value of deflection. Flexibility Method been removed, we can treat
For example, if a redundant is supplied by a the indeterminate beam as a simple determinate
roller, the deflection will be zero in the direction cantilever beam carrying a uniformly distributed
normal to the plane along which the roller load w and an unknown force RB at its free end.
moves. This procedure produces a set of By adopting this point of view, we have produced
a determinate structure that can be analyzed by have chosen the correct direction, the solution
statics. Since the beams in Figure 9.2a and b will produce a positive value of the redundant.
carry exactly the same loads, their shear and On the other hand, if the solution results in a
moment curves are identical and they both negative value for the redundant, its magnitude
deform in the same manner. In particular, the is correct, but its direction is opposite to that
vertical deflection ΔB at support B equals zero. initially assumed. Expressing the deflections in
To call attention to the fact that the reaction terms of the applied loads and the properties of
supplied by the roller is the redundant, we now the members, we can write Equation 9.2 as −wL4
denote RB by the symbol XB (Figure 9.2b). We ___ 8EI + XB L3 ____ 3EI = 0 Solving for XB gives
next divide the analysis of the cantilever beam XB = ____ 3wL 8 (9.3) lee98004_ch09_376-
into the two parts shown in Figure 9.2c and d. [Link] 380 23/12/16 4:43 pm After XB is
Figure 9.2c shows the reactions and the computed, it can be applied to the structure in
deflections at B, ΔB0, produced by the uniform Figure 9.2a and the reactions at A determined by
load whose magnitude is specified. Deflections statics; or as an alternative procedure, the
of the released structure produced by the reactions may be computed by summing the
applied loads will be denoted by two subscripts. corresponding reaction components in Figure
The first will indicate the location of the 9.2c and d. For example, the vertical reaction at
deflection; the second subscript will be a zero, to support A equals RA = wL − XB = wL − ___ 3wL 8
distinguish the released structure from the = ___ 5wL 8 Similarly, the moment at A equals
actual structure. Figure 9.2d shows the reactions MA = wL2 ___ 2 − XB L = wL2 ___ 2 − 3wL(L)
and the deflection at B, ΔBB, produced by the _____ 8 = wL2 ___ 8 Once the reactions are
redundant XB whose magnitude is unknown. computed, the shear and the moment curves can
Assuming that the structure behaves elastically, be constructed using the sign conventions
we can add (superimpose) the two cases in established in Section 5.3 (Figure 9.4). 9.3 ■
Figure 9.2c and d to give the original case shown Fundamentals of the Flexibility Method 381 (a) L
in Figure 9.2b or a. Since the roller in the real L Δ Δ M w (b) P P Δ Δ = wL4 8EI (c) L 2 L A B A A L
structure establishes the geometric requirement 2 L 2 L 2 L 2 w = wL3 24EI Δ = 5wL4 384EI Δ = PL3
that the vertical displacement at B equal zero, 3EI B (e) = ML 3EI B= ML 6EI Δ (d) L = PL2 16EI Δ
the algebraic sum of the vertical displacements = PL3 48EI P P L 3 Δ ( f ) L 3 = PL2 9EI Δ = 23PL3
at B in Figure 9.2c and d must equal zero. This 648EI θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ Figure 9.3:
condition of geometry or compatibility can be Displacements of prismatic beams.
expressed as ΔB = 0 (9.1) Superimposing the lee98004_ch09_376-[Link] 381 23/12/16
deflections at point B produced by the applied 4:43 pm 382 Chapter 9 ■ Analysis of
load in Figure 9.2c and the redundant in Figure Indeterminate Structures by the Flexibility
9.2d, we can write Equation 9.1 as ΔB0 + ΔBB = 0 Method In the preceding analysis, Equation 9.2,
(9.2) The deflections ΔB0 and ΔBB can be the compatibility equation, was expressed in
evaluated by the moment-area method or by terms of two deflections ΔB0 and ΔBB. In setting
virtual work, or from tabulated values shown in up the compatibility equations for structures
Figure 9.3a and b. Also see Table A.3 in the that are indeterminate to more than one degree,
Appendix for more cases. As a sign convention, it is desirable to display the redundants as
we will assume that displacements are positive unknowns. To write a compatibility equation in
when they are in the direction of the redundant. this form, we can apply a unit value of the
In this procedure you are free to assume the redundant (1 kip in this case) at point B (Figure
direction in which the redundant acts. If you 9.2e) and then multiply this case by XB, the
actual magnitude of the redundant. To indicate structure. Our first step is to apply the uniformly
that the unit load (as well as all forces and distributed load w = 2 kips/ft to the released
displacements it produces) is multiplied by the structure (Figure 9.5c) and compute ΔB0, which
redundant, we show the redundant in brackets represents the 7.96-in. gap between the original
next to the unit load on the sketch of the position of the support and the tip of the
member (Figure 9.2e). The deflection 𝛿BB cantilever (for clarity, the support is shown
produced by the unit value of the redundant is shifted horizontally to the right). To indicate that
called a flexibility coefficient. In other words, the the support has not moved, we show the
units of a flexibility coefficient are in distance per horizontal distance between the end of the
unit load, for example, in./kip or mm/kN. Since beam and the roller equal to zero inches. We
the beams in Figure 9.2d and e are equivalent, it now apply a 1-kip load upward at B and compute
follows that ΔBB = XB δBB (9.4) Substituting the vertical deflection of the tip 𝛿BB = 0.442 in.
Equation 9.4 into Equation 9.2 gives ΔB0 + XB (Figure 9.5d). Deflection 𝛿BB represents the
δBB = 0 (9.5) Solving Equation 9.5 to the beam in amount the gap closed by a unit value of the
Figure 9.2, we compute XB as XB = −___ ΔB0 δBB redundant. Since behavior is elastic, the
= −−wL4 /(8EI) ________ L3 /(3EI) = ___ 3wL 8 displacement is directly proportional to the load.
After XB is determined, the reactions or internal If we had applied 10 kips instead of 1 kip, the gap
forces at any point in the original beam can be would have closed 4.42 in. (that is, 10 times as
determined by combining the corresponding much). If we consider that the redundant XB
forces in Figure 9.2c with those in Figure 9.2e represents the factor with which we must
multiplied by XB. For example, MA, the moment multiply the 1-kip case to close the gap ΔB0, that
at the fixed support, equals MA = wL2 ___ 2 − is, ΔB = 0 9.4 ■ Alternative View of the Flexibility
(1L)XB = wL2 ___ 2 − L___ 3wL 8 = wL2 ___ 8 Method (Closing a Gap) 383 MA RA RB = XB 1 kip
Alternative View of the Flexibility Method [XB] B = 0Δ B0 = 7.96 Δ BB = 0.442 (a) (b) (c) (e)
(Closing a Gap) 9.4 In certain types of (d) w = 2 kips/ft A B L = 24′ I = 600 in.4 E = 30,000
problems—particularly those in which we make kips/in.2 w = 2 kips/ft 0 0 B0 = 5.96 7.96 Δ′ w
internal releases to establish the released = 2 kips/ft 0 2 B′ B (f ) B0 = 4.96 7.96 A Δ w
structure—it may be easier for the student to set = 2 kips/ft 0 1 1 2 δ Figure 9.5: (a) Properties
up the compatibility equation (or equations of beam; (b) released structure; (c) gap ΔB0
when several redundants are involved) by produced by load w; (d) closing of gap by a unit
considering that the redundant represents the value of redundant; (e) support settlement at B
force needed to close a gap. As an example, in reduces gap by 2 in.; ( f ) effect of support
Figure 9.5a we again consider a uniformly loaded movement at both A and B. lee98004_ch09_376-
beam whose right end is supported on an [Link] 383 23/12/16 4:43 pm 384 Chapter 9 ■
unyielding roller. Since the beam rests on the Analysis of Indeterminate Structures by the
roller, the gap between the beam and the roller Flexibility Method where ΔB represents the gap
is zero. As in the previous L3 8 wL2 8 L3 4 9wL2 between the beam and the roller, we can
128 wL2 8 5wL 8 3wL 8 5wL 8 3wL 8 (a) (b) – – (c) express this requirement as ΔB0 + δBB XB = 0
shear moment w L Figure 9.4: Shear and moment (9.6) where ΔB0 = gap produced by applied loads
curves for beam in Figure 9.2a. or in more general case by load and other effects
lee98004_ch09_376-[Link] 382 23/12/16 (support movements, for example) 𝛿BB =
4:43 pm case, we select the reaction at B as the amount the gap is closed by a unit value of
redundant and consider the determinate redundant XB = number by which unit load case
cantilever beam in Figure 9.5b as the released must be multiplied to close the gap, or
equivalently the value of redundant As a sign 2 kips/ft Δs = 2 A B L = 24′ 17.258′ 6.742′ Figure
convention, we will assume that any 9.6: Influence of support settlements on shear
displacement that causes the gap to open is a and moment: (a) no settlement; (b) support B
negative displacement and any displacement settles 2 in. lee98004_ch09_376-[Link] 384
that closes the gap is positive. Based on this 23/12/16 4:43 pm 9.4 ■ Alternative View of the
criterion, 𝛿BB is always positive. Equation 9.6 is, Flexibility Method (Closing a Gap) 385 Using the
of course, identical to Equation 9.5. Using Figure moment MA at the fixed support as the
9.3 to compute ΔB0 and 𝛿BB, we substitute them redundant, analyze the beam in Figure 9.7a by
into Equation 9.6 and solve for XB, yielding ΔB0 the flexibility method. Solution EXAMPLE 9 . 1
+ δBB XB = 0 −7.96 + 0.442XB = 0 XB = 18.0 kips Figure 9.7: Analysis by the flexibility method
If we are told that support B settles 2 in. using MA as the redundant: (a) beam
downward to B′ when the load is applied (Figure indeterminate to the first degree; (b) released
9.5e), the size of the gap Δ′B0 will decrease by 2 structure with uniform load and redundant MA
in. to 5.96 in. To compute the new value for the applied as external loads; (c) released structure
redundant X′ B now required to close the gap, we with actual load; (d) released structure with
again substitute into Equation 9.6 and find Δ′ B0 reactions produced by unit value of redundant.
+ δBB X′ B = 0 −5.96 + 0.442X′ B = 0 X′ B = 13.484 RA MA RB (a) A B A B A B A B w L A = 0 XA = MA
kips As a final example, if the fixed support at A 1 kip ft [XA] RA RB (b) A = 0 w wL 2 (c) w (d) A0
were accidentally constructed 1 in. above its AA 1 L 1 L wL 2 휃 휃 휃 α + = RA MA RB (a) A B
intended position at point A′, and if a 2-in.
A B A B A B w L A = 0 XA = MA 1 kip ft [XA] RA RB
settlement also occurred at B when the beam
was loaded, the gap Δ B0 between the support (b) A = 0 w wL 2 (c) w (d) A0 AA 1 L 1 L wL 2 휃 휃
and the tip of the loaded beam would equal 4.96 휃 α + = RA MA RB (a) A B A B A B A B w L A = 0
in, as shown in Figure 9.5f. To compute the value XA = MA 1 kip ft [XA] RA RB (b) A = 0 w wL 2 (c)
of the redundant X B required to close the gap,
w (d) A0 AA 1 L 1 L wL 2 휃 휃 휃 α + = The fixed
we substitute into Equation 9.6 and compute Δ
B0 + δBB X B = 0 −4.96 + 0.442X B = 0 X B = support at A prevents the left end of the beam
11.22 kips As you can see from this example, the from rotating. Removing the rotational restraint
settlement of a support of an indeterminate while retaining the horizontal and vertical
structure or a construction error can produce a restraints is equivalent to replacing the fixed
significant change in the reactions (see Figure 9.6 support by a pin support. The released structure
for a comparison between the shear and loaded by the redundant and the actual load is
moment curves for the case of no settlement shown in Figure 9.7b. We now analyze the
versus a 2-in. settlement at B). Although an released structure for the actual load in Figure
indeterminate beam or structure may often be 9.7c and the redundant in Figure 9.7d. Since 𝜃A
overstressed locally by moments created by = 0, the rotation 𝜃A0 produced by the uniform
unexpected support settlements, a ductile load and the rotation αAAXA produced by the
structure usually possesses a reserve of strength redundant must add to zero. From this
that permits it to deform without collapsing. – geometric requirement we write the
144 kip ft (a) 18 kips –18 kips shear moment 30 compatibility equation as θA0 + αAA XA = 0 (1)
kips 30 kips w = 2 kips/ft A B L = 24′ 6′ 9′ MA = where 𝜃A0 = rotation at A produced by uniform
144 kip ft 81 kip ft MA = 252.38 kip ft 45.45 kip ft load αAA = rotation at A produced by a unit value
–252.38 kip ft (b) RA = 13.484 kips RA = 34.516 of redundant (1 kip ·ft) XA = redundant (moment
kips –13.484 kips shear moment 34.516 kips w = at A) Substituting into Equation 1 the values of
𝜃A0 and αAA given by the equations in Figure
9.3, we find that − wL3 ____ 24EI + ___L 3EI XA = produced by a unit value of the redundant.
0 XA = MA = wL2 ____ 8 Ans. (2) Since MA is (Displacements and forces directed upward are
positive, the assumed direction positive.) Evaluate ΔC0 and 𝛿CC by virtual work
(counterclockwise) of the redundant was using Equation 8.24. To compute ΔC0 (Figure
correct. The value of MA verifies the previous 9.8b), use loading in Figure 9.8c as the Q-system.
solution shown in Figure 9.4. ∑QδP = ∑FQ FP L ___ AE 1 kip(ΔC0) = ( __5 3)
lee98004_ch09_376-[Link] 385 23/12/16 −7.5(25 × 12) __________ AE (2) ΔC0 = − _____
4:43 pm 386 Chapter 9 ■ Analysis of 3750 AE ↓ To compute 𝛿CC produced by the 1-
Indeterminate Structures by the Flexibility kip load at C (Figure 9.8c), we also use the
Method EXAMPLE 9.2 Determine the bar forces loading in Figure 9.8c as a Q-system. 1 kip(δCC) =
and reactions in the truss shown in Figure 9.8a. ∑ FQ 2 L ____ AE (3) δCC = (−__4 3) 2 ______ 20
First, assume that AE is constant for all bars. × 12 AE (2) + ( __5 3) 2 ______ 25 × 12 AE (2) =
Then, recompute assuming 2AE for bars AD, AE, ____ 2520 AE ↑ Subs tu ng ΔC0 and 𝛿CC into
and ED. RA RC = XC CV = 0Δ ΔC0 (a) A B C D E 20′ Equation 1 yields −____ 3750 AE + ____ 2520 AE
30′ 9 kips 20′ (b) –4.5 –9 0 0 +7.5 0 –7.5 A B C D XC = 0 (4) XC = 1.49 Ans. The final reactions and
E 9 kips 9 kips 6 kips 6 kips CC (c) [X 1 kip C] A B C bar forces shown in Figure 9.8d are computed by
D E 4 3 (d) –4.5 – 4 3 – 5 3 + 5 3 + –9 0 0 0 –1.99 superimposing those in Figure 9.8b with 1.49
–1.99 +2.48 –5.02 +7.5 A B C D E 9 kips 7.51 kips times those produced by the unit load in Figure
4.01 kips 4.01 kips 1.49 kips 1 kip (e) –4.5 –9 –1.2 9.8c. For example, RA = 6 − __4 3 (1.49) = 4.01
–1.2 +1.5 –6.0 +7.5 A B C D E 9 kips 8.1 kips 4.8 kips FED = −7.5 + __5 3 (1.49) = −5.02 kips From
kips 4.8 kips 0.9 kips 4 3 kips 4 3 kips δ Figure 9.8: Equations (2) and (3), assuming bars AD, AE, and
(a) Truss indeterminate to first degree; (b) ED have 2AE, Equation (4) yields XC = 0.89. The
released structure with actual loads; (c) released reactions and internal bar forces are then found
structure loaded by unit value of redundant; (d) and are shown in Figure 9.8e. Notice for
final values of bar forces and reactions by indeterminate structures the cross sections of
superimposing case (b) and XC times case (c); (e) the members affect the distribution of internal
final values of bar forces and reactions when all forces and reactions since the compatibility
EA values are not equal. All bar forces are in kips. equation is required. This is not the case for
Solution Since the truss is externally statically determinate structures.
indeterminate to the first degree (reactions lee98004_ch09_376-[Link] 387 23/12/16
supply four restraints), one compatibility 4:43 pm 388 Chapter 9 ■ Analysis of
equation is required. Arbitrarily select as the Indeterminate Structures by the Flexibility
redundant the roller reaction at C. We now load Method EXAMPLE 9.3 Determine the reactions
the released structure with the actual loading and draw the moment curves for the frame
(Figure 9.8b) and the redundant (Figure 9.8c). members in Figure 9.9a. EI is constant. Solution
lee98004_ch09_376-[Link] 386 23/12/16 To produce a stable determinate released
4:43 pm 9.4 ■ Alternative View of the Flexibility structure, we arbitrarily select the horizontal
Method (Closing a Gap) 387 Since the roller reaction RCX as the redundant. Removing the
prevents vertical displacement (i.e., ΔCV = 0), horizontal restraint exerted by the pin at C while
superposition of the deflections at C gives the retaining its capacity to transmit vertical load is
following compatibility equation: ΔC0 + XC 𝛿CC = equivalent to introducing a roller. The
0 (1) where ΔC0 is the deflection in the released deformations and reactions in the released
structure produced by the actual load and 𝛿CC is structure produced by the applied load are
the deflection in the released structure shown in Figure 9.9b. The action of the
redundant on the released structure is shown in of the continuous beam in Figure 9.10a by the
Figure 9.9c. Since the horizontal displacement flexibility method. Given: EI is constant. Solution
ΔCH in the real structure at joint C is zero, the The beam is indeterminate to the first degree
compatibility equation is ΔC0 + 𝛿CC XC = 0 (1) (i.e., four reactions and three equations of
Compute ΔC0 using moment-area principles (see statics). We arbitrarily select the reaction at B as
the deflected shape in Figure 9.9b). From Figure the redundant. The released structure is a simple
9.3d we can evaluate the slope at the right end beam spanning from A to C. The released
of the girder as θB0 = PL2 ____ 16EI = 10(12)2 structure loaded by the specified loads and the
______ 16EI = __90 EI Since joint B is rigid, the redundant XB is shown in Figure 9.10b. Since the
rotation of the top of column BC also equals 𝜃B0. roller prevents vertical deflection at B, the
Because the column carries no moment, it geometric equation stating this fact is L w A C B
remains straight and ΔC0 = 6θB0 = ___ 540 EI RA RB = XB RC RA RC (a) B = 0Δ L w A C B XB (b) B
Compute 𝛿CC by virtual work (Figure 9.9c). Use = 0Δ wL wL w A C B (c) ΔB0 A C B (d) 1 kip [XB] BB
the loading in Figure 9.9c as both the Q-system 1 2 kip 1 2 kip δ + = Figure 9.10: Analysis by
and the P-system (i.e., the P- and Q-systems are consistent deformations: (a) continuous beam
identical). To evaluate MQ and MP, we select indeterminate to the first degree, and reaction
coordinate systems with origins at A in the girder at B taken as redundant; (b) released structure
and C in the column. 1 kip (𝛿CC) = ∫ MQMP dx loaded by external load and redundant; (c)
___ EI = ∫0 12 x __ 2 ( x __ 2) dx ___ EI + ∫0 6 x(x) released structure with external load; (d)
dx ___ EI (8.31) Integrating and substituting the released structure loaded by redundant; (e)
limits give 𝛿CC = ___ 216 EI Substituting ΔC0 and shear and moment curves. lee98004_ch09_376-
𝛿CC into Equation 1 gives −___ 540 EI + ___ 216 [Link] 390 23/12/16 4:43 pm 9.4 ■ Alternative
EI (XC) = 0 XC = 2.5 Ans. lee98004_ch09_376- View of the Flexibility Method (Closing a Gap)
[Link] 388 23/12/16 4:43 pm 9.4 ■ Alternative 391 ΔB = 0 (1) To determine the redundant, we
View of the Flexibility Method (Closing a Gap) superimpose the deflections at B produced by (1)
389 A B C C P = 10 kips RCX = XC RCY (a) 6′ 6′ 6′ the external load (Figure 9.10c) and (2) a unit
CH = 0Δ A B C A B P = 10 kips 5 kips 5 kips (b) ΔC0 value of the redundant multiplied by the
B0 B0 3.75 kips 22.5 kip ft 15 kip ft 2.5 kips 15 kip magnitude of the redundant XB (Figure 9.10d).
ft 6.25 kips 2.5 kips (d) A B C 1 kip 1 kip [XC] x x Expressing Equation 1 in terms of these
(c) CC 1 2 kip 1 2 kip 휃 휃 δ + Figure 9.9: (a) displacements yields ΔB0 + δBB XB = 0 (2) Using
Figure 9.3c and d, we compute the
Frame indeterminate to first degree, RCX
displacements at B. ΔB0 = −5w(2L)4 ______
selected as redundant; (b) load applied to
384EI 𝛿BB = (1 kip)(2L)3 ________ 48EI
released structure; (c) reactions and
Substituting ΔB0 and 𝛿BB into Equation 2 and
deformations in released structure due to unit
solving for XB give RB = XB = 1.25wL Ans. We
value of redundant; (d) final forces by
compute the balance of the reactions by adding,
superposition of values in (b) plus XC times
at the corresponding points, the forces in Figure
values in (c). Moment curves (in kip ·ft) also
9.10c to those in Figure 9.10d multiplied by XB.
shown. The final reactions (Figure 9.9d) are
RA = wL −__1 2 (1.25wL) = __3 8 wL Ans. RC = wL
established by superimposing the forces in
−__1 2 (1.25wL) = __3 8 wL Ans. The shear and
Figure 9.9b and those in Figure 9.9c multiplied by
moment curves are plotted in Figure 9.10e. w wL
XC = 2.5. lee98004_ch09_376-[Link] 389
(e) 3 8 L 3 8 wL 5 4 – wL – 5 8 wL 9 2 128 wL 9 2
23/12/16 4:43 pm 390 Chapter 9 ■ Analysis of
128 wL2 8 – wL 3 8 wL 3 8 wL 5 8 wL 3 8 shear
Indeterminate Structures by the Flexibility
moment lee98004_ch09_376-[Link] 391
Method EXAMPLE 9.4 Determine the reactions
23/12/16 4:43 pm 392 Chapter 9 ■ Analysis of of the beam and the unloaded link. Figure 9.11d
Indeterminate Structures by the Flexibility shows the action of the internal redundant T in
Method In previous examples of indeterminate closing the gap. The unit values of the redundant
structures analyzed by the flexibility method, elongate the bar an amount 𝛿1 and displace
support reactions were selected as the the tip of the cantilever upward an amount 𝛿2.
redundants. If the supports do not settle, the To account for the actual value of the redundant,
compatibility equations express the geometric the forces and displacements produced by the
condition that the displacement in the direction unit loads are multiplied by T—the magnitude of
of the redundant is zero. We will now extend the the redundant. Analysis Using Internal Releases
flexibility method to a group of structures in 9.5 0 A ΔB0 B C (c) 6 kips 6 kips T = 0 72 kip ft A
which the released structure is established by B C RA (a) L = 12′ I = 864 in.4 E = 30,000 kips/in.2
removing an internal restraint. For this A = 0.5 in.2 E = 24,000 kips/in.2 L = 20′ M 6 kips
condition, redundants are taken as pairs of A T A T T ΔB ΔB,rel = 0 T B B′ C RA (b) 6 kips 0
internal forces, and the compatibility equation is MA (d) 0 A 1 2 B C 1 kip [T] 1 kip 1 kip 1 kip 12
based on the geometric condition that no kip ft δ δ Figure 9.11: (a) Cantilever supported by
relative displacement (i.e., no gap) occurs an elastic link, link force T taken as the
between the ends of the section on which the redundant; (b) released structure loaded by 6-
redundants act. We begin our study by kip load and the redundant T; (c) 6-kip load
considering the analysis of a cantilever beam applied to released structure; (d) unit values of
whose free end is supported by an elastic link redundant applied to released structure to
(Figure 9.11a). Since the fixed end and the link establish flexibility coefficient 𝛿BB = 𝛿1 + 𝛿2.
apply a total of four restraints to the beam, but Note: Beam shown in deflected position
only three equations of equilibrium are available produced by 6-kip load. Under the unit loads, the
for a planar structure, the structure is beam deflects upward 𝛿2 and the link CB
indeterminate to the first degree. To analyze this downward 𝛿1, partially closing the gap 𝛿1 + 𝛿2.
structure, we select as the redundant the lee98004_ch09_376-[Link] 392 23/12/16
tension force T in bar BC. The released structure 4:43 pm 9.5 ■ Analysis Using Internal Releases
with both the actual load of 6 kips and the 393 The compatibility equation required to solve
redundant applied as an external load is shown for the redundant is based on the observation
in Figure 9.11b. As we have noted previously, that the right end of the beam and the link BC
you are free to assume the direction in which the both deflect the same amount ΔB because they
redundant acts. If the solution of the are connected by a pin. Alternatively, we can
compatibility equation produces a positive value state that the relative displacement ΔB,Rel
of the redundant, the assumed direction is between the top of the beam and the link is zero
correct. A negative value indicates that the (Figure 9.11b). This latter approach is adopted in
direction of the redundant must be reversed. this section. Superimposing the deflections at B
Since the redundant T is assumed to act up on in Figure 9.11c and d, we can write the
the beam and down on the link, upward compatibility equation as ΔB,Rel = 0 (9.7) ΔB0 +
displacements of the beam are positive and δBB(T) = 0 where ΔB0 is the downward
downward displacements are negative. For the displacement of the beam (i.e., the opening of
link a downward displacement at B is positive the gap in the released structure by the 6-kip
and an upward displacement negative. In Figure load) and 𝛿BB is the distance the gap is closed by
9.11c the design load is applied to the released the unit values of the redundant (i.e., 𝛿BB = 𝛿1 +
structure, producing a gap ΔB0 between the end 𝛿2; see Figure 9.11d). In Figure 9.11c, ΔB0 may
be evaluated from Figure 9.3b as ΔB0 = −PL3 ___ joint B. The pointers, which are spaced zero
3EI = − 6(12 × 12)3 __________ 3(30,000)864 = inches apart, are perpendicular to the
−0.2304 in. And 𝛿BB = 𝛿1 + 𝛿2, where 𝛿1 = longitudinal axis of the beam. When the
FL/(AE) and 𝛿2 is given by Figure 9.3b. δ1 = ___ concentrated load is applied to span AB, joint B
FL AE = 1 kip(20 × 12) __________ 0.5(24,000) = rotates counterclockwise, and both the
0.02 in. δ2 = PL3 ___ 3EI = 1 kip(12)3 (1728) longitudinal axis of the beam and the pointers
____________ 3 × 30,000 × 864 = 0.0384. δBB = move through the angle 𝜃B, as shown in Figure
δ1 + δ2 = 0.02 + 0.0384 = 0.0584 in. Substituting 9.12a and b. Since the pointers are located at the
ΔB0 and 𝛿BB into Equation 9.7, we compute the same point, they remain parallel (i.e., the angle
redundant T as −0.2304 + 0.0584 T = 0 T = 3.945 between them is zero). We now imagine that a
kips The actual deflection at B (Figure 9.11b) may hinge, which can transmit axial load and shear
be computed either by evaluating the change in but not moment, is introduced into the
length of the link ΔB = ___ FL AE = 3.945(20 × 12) continuous beam at support B, producing a
___________ 0.5(24,000) = 0.0789 in. or by released structure that consists of two simply
adding the deflections at the tip of the beam in supported beams (Figure 9.12c). At the same
Figure 9.11c and d, ΔB = ΔB0 − Tδ2 = 0.2304 − time that the hinge is introduced, we imagine
3.945(0.0384) = 0.0789 in. After the redundant is that the actual value of internal moment MB in
established, the reactions and internal forces can the original beam is applied as an external load
be computed by superimposition of forces in to the ends of the beam on either side of the
Figure 9.11c and d. For example, RA = 6 − 1(T) = hinge at B (Figure 9.12c and d). Since each
6 − 3.945 = 2.055 kips Ans. MA = 72 − 12(T) = 72 member of the released structure is supported
− 12(3.945) = 24.66 kip ⋅ ft lee98004_ch09_376- and loaded in the same manner as in the original
[Link] 393 23/12/16 4:43 pm 394 Chapter 9 ■ continuous beam, the internal forces in the
Analysis of Indeterminate Structures by the released structure are identical to those in the
Flexibility Method EXAMPLE 9.5 Analyze the original structure. lee98004_ch09_376-[Link]
continuous beam in Figure 9.12a by selecting the 394 23/12/16 4:43 pm 9.5 ■ Analysis Using
internal moment at B as the redundant. The Internal Releases 395 To complete the solution,
beam is indeterminate to the first degree. EI is we analyze the released structure separately for
constant. Figure 9.12: (a) Continuous beam (1) the actual loading (Figure 9.12e) and (2) the
indeterminate to the first degree; (b) detail of redundant (Figure 9.12f ), and we superimpose
joint B showing rotation 𝜃B of longitudinal axis; the two cases. The compatibility equation is
(c) released structure loaded by actual load P and based on the geometric requirement that no
the redundant moment MB; (d) detail of joint B angular gaps exist between the ends of the
in (c); (e) released structure with actual load; ( f continuous beam at support B; or equivalently
) released structure loaded by redundant; forces that the angle between the pointers is zero. Thus
shown are produced by a unit value of the we can write the compatibility equation as
redundant MB. B 0 pointers (b) B B 휃 휃 B (d) θB,Rel = 0 θB0 + 2αMB = 0 (9.8) Evaluate 𝜃B0
using Figure 9.3e. θB0 = PL2 ____ 16EI Evaluate
MB MB 휃 L A P B C RA RB RC (a) B B L 휃 휃 P RA α using Figure 9.3f. α = ___ 1L 3EI Substituting
A C B RB MB MB RC (c) B0 A B C P P 2 (e) P 2 휃 = 𝜃B0 and α into Equation 9.8 and solving for the
A C B [MB] (f ) 1 kip ft 1 kip ft 1 L 1 L 1 L 1 L α α + redundant give PL2 ____ 16EI + 2___L 3EI MB =
Solution To clarify the angular deformations 0 MB = −__3 32 (PL) Ans. Superimposing forces
involved in the solution, we will imagine that two in Figure 9.12e and f, we compute RA = __ P 2 +
pointers are welded to the beam on each side of __1 L MB = __ P 2 + __1 L(−__3 32 PL) = __13 32
P ↑ RC = 0 + __1 L(−__3 32 PL) = − __3 32 P ↓ bar. On each side of the cut, the redundant X is
Similarly, 𝜃B can be evaluated by summing applied to the ends of the bar as an external load
rotations at the right end of AB to give 𝜃B = 𝜃B0 (Figure 9.13b). A detail at the cut is shown in
+ αMB = PL2 __ 16EI + __L 3EI(−__3 32 PL) = PL2 Figure 9.13c. To show the action of the internal
____ 32EI or by summing rotations of the left forces on each side of the cut, the bars have been
end of BC. 𝜃B = 0 + αMB = __L 3EI(−__3 32 PL) = offset. The zero dimension between the
− PL2 ____ 32EI (minus sign indicates that longitudinal axis of the bars indicates that the
assumed direction up is wrong) bars are actually collinear. To show that no gap
lee98004_ch09_376-[Link] 395 23/12/16 exists between the ends of the bars, we have
4:43 pm 396 Chapter 9 ■ Analysis of noted on the sketch that the relative
Indeterminate Structures by the Flexibility displacement between the ends of the bars ΔRel
Method EXAMPLE 9 . 6 Determine the forces in equals zero. ΔRel = 0 (9.9) The requirement that
all members of the truss in Figure 9.13. AE is no gap exists between the ends of the bars in the
constant for all bars. A B D FAC = X P = 40 kips C actual structure forms the basis of the
40 kips 30 kips 30 kips (a) A = 2 in.2 E = 30,000 compatibility equation. As in previous examples,
kips/in.2 1 1 1 1 16′ 12′ A B FAC = X FAC = X D X X we next divide the analysis into two parts. In
C 40 kips 40 kips 30 kips 0 0 0 rel Δ = 0 rel Δ = Figure 9.13d the released structure is analyzed
0 30 kips (b) (c) A B D C 40 kips 40 kips 30 kips 30 for the applied load of 40 kips. As the stressed
kips (d) 0 0 0 +40 –50 +1 –0.8 –0.8 –0.6 –20.06 bars of the released structure deform, a gap Δ0
+25.09 +14.96 –15.04 –24.93 +19.95 –0.6 –0.8 – opens between the ends of the bars at section 1-
0.8 +30 –0.6 –0.6 +1 +1 A B D C 1 kip 1 kip (e) A B 1. The Q-system required to compute Δ0 is
= + 1 kip 1 kip [X] D C (f ) A B D C 40 kips 40 kips shown in Figure 9.13e. In Figure 9.13f, the
30 kips 30 kips (g) Δ0 1 2 00 1 2 δδ δ δ δ Figure released structure is analyzed for the action of
9.13: (a) Details of truss; (b) released structure the redundant. The relative displacement 𝛿00 of
loaded with redundant X and 40-kip load; (c) the ends of the bar produced by the unit value of
detail showing redundant; (d) 40-kip load the redundant equals the sum of the
applied to released structure; (e) Q-system for displacements 𝛿1 and 𝛿2. To compute 𝛿00, we
Δ0; ( f ) unit value of redundant applied to again use the force system shown in Figure 9.13e
released structure; (g) final results. as the Q-system. In this case the Q-system and
lee98004_ch09_376-[Link] 396 23/12/16 the P-system are identical. Expressing the
4:43 pm 9.5 ■ Analysis Using Internal Releases geometric condition given by Equation 9.9 in
397 Solution The truss in Figure 9.13a is terms of the displacements produced by the
internally indeterminate to the first degree. The applied loads and the redundant, we can write
unknown forces—bars and reactions—total Δ0 + Xδ00 = 0 (9.10) Substituting numerical
nine, but only 2n = 8 equations are available for values of Δ0 and 𝛿00 into Equation 9.10 and
their solution. From a physical point of view, an solving for X give −0.346 + 0.0138X = 0 X = 25.07
extra diagonal member that is not required for kips [continues on next page]
stability has been added to transmit lateral load lee98004_ch09_376-[Link] 397 23/12/16
into support A. Application of the 40-kip 4:43 pm 398 Chapter 9 ■ Analysis of
horizontal force at D produces forces in all bars Indeterminate Structures by the Flexibility
of the truss. We will select the axial force FAC in Method The computations for Δ0 and 𝛿00 using
bar AC as the redundant and represent it by the virtual work are given below. Δ0: Use the P-
symbol X. We now imagine that bar AC is cut by system in Figure 9.13d and Q-system in Figure
passing an imaginary section 1-1 through the 9.13e: WQ = ∑ FQ FP L _____ AE 1 kip(Δ0) =
1(−50)(20 × 12) bar DB ___________ AE + columns. If problems arise after construction is
−0.8(40)(16 × 12) bar AB _____________ AE + complete and the client is inconvenienced or is
−0.6(30)(12 × 12) bar AD _____________ AE Δ0 not able to use the structure, lawsuits often
= −20,736 _____ AE = − 20,736 _______ follow. On the other hand, most building codes
2(30,000) = −0.346 in. 𝛿00: P-system in Figure require that engineers consider the forces
9.13f and Q-system in Figure 9.13e (note: P- and created by differential settlement of structures
Q-systems are the same; therefore, FQ = FP): WQ constructed on compressible soils (soft clays and
= ∑ FQ 2 L ___ AE 1 kip(δ1) + 1 kip(δ2) = (−0.6)2 loose sands), and the AASHTO specifications
(12 × 12) ____________ AE (2) + (−0.8)2 (16 × 12) require that bridge designers evaluate the forces
____________ AE (2) + 12 (20 × 12) ________ AE created by temperature change, shrinkage, and
(2) Since 𝛿1 + 𝛿2 = 𝛿00, δ00 = ______ 829.44 AE so forth. The effects of support settlements,
= _______ 829.44 2(30,000) = 0.0138 in. Bar fabrication errors, and so forth can easily be
forces are established by superposition of the included in the flexibility method by modifying
forces in Figure 9.13d and f. For example, the certain terms of the compatibility equations. We
forces in bars DC, AB, and DB are FDC = 0 + (−0.8) begin our discussion by considering support
(25.07) = −20.06 kips FAB = 40 + (−0.8) (25.07) = settlements. Once you understand how to
19.95 kips Ans. FDB = −50 + 1(25.07) = −24.93 incorporate these effects into the compatibility
kips Final results are summarized in Figure 9.13g. equation, other effects can easily be included.
Example 9.6 continues . . . lee98004_ch09_376- Case 1. A Support Movement Corresponds to a
[Link] 398 23/12/16 4:43 pm RB = XB B Δ = – Redundant If a predetermined support
1 A w B L Figure 9.14: Support se lement at movement occurs that corresponds to a
location of the redundant. 9.6 ■ Support redundant, the compatibility equation (normally
Settlements, Temperature Change, and set equal to zero for the case of no support
Fabrication Errors 399 Support settlements, settlements) is simply set equal to the value of
fabrication errors, temperature changes, creep, the support movement. For example, if support
shrinkage, and so forth create forces in B of the cantilever beam in Figure 9.14 settles 1
indeterminate structures. To ensure that such in. when the member is loaded, we write the
structures are safely designed and do not deflect compatibility equation as ΔB = −1 in.
excessively, the designer should investigate the Superimposing displacements at B yields ΔB0 +
influence of these effects—particularly when the δBB XB = −1 where ΔB0, the deflection at B in the
structure is unconventional or when the released structure produced by the applied load,
designer is unfamiliar with the behavior of a and 𝛿BB, the deflection at B in the released
structure. Since it is standard practice for structure produced by a unit value of the
designers to assume that members will be redundant, are shown in Figure 9.2. Support
fabricated to the exact length and that supports Settlements, Temperature Change, and
will be constructed at the precise location and Fabrication Errors 9.6 lee98004_ch09_376-
elevation specified on the construction [Link] 399 23/12/16 4:43 pm 400 Chapter 9 ■
drawings, few engineers consider the effects of Analysis of Indeterminate Structures by the
fabrication or construction errors when Flexibility Method Following the convention
designing routine structures. If problems do established previously, the support settlement
arise during construction, they are typically ΔB is considered negative because it is opposite
handled by the field crew. For example, if in sense to the assumed direction of the
supports are constructed too low, steel plates— redundant. Case 2. The Support Settlement Does
shims—can be inserted under the base plates of Not Correspond to a Redundant If a support
movement occurs that does not correspond to a support C in its displaced position. Because the
redundant, its effect can be included as part of released structure is determinate, it is not
the analysis of the released structure for the stressed by the settlement of support C and
applied loads. In this step you evaluate the remains straight. Since the displacement of the
displacement that corresponds to the redundant beam’s axis varies linearly from A, ΔBS = −0.24 in.
produced by the movement of the other The forces and displacements produced by a unit
support. When the geometry of the structure is value of the redundant are shown in Figure
simple, a sketch of the released structure in 9.16c. Using Figure 9.3d to evaluate 𝛿BB gives
which the support movements are shown will δBB = PL3 ____ 48EI = 1(32)3 (1728)
often suffice to establish the displacement that ____________ 48(29,000)(288) = 0.141 in. Since
corresponds to the redundant. If the geometry support B settles 0.72 in., the compatibility
of the structure is complex, you can use virtual equation is ΔB = −0.72 in. (1) The displacement is
work to compute the displacement. As an negative because the positive direction for
example, we will set up the compatibility displacements is established by the direction
equation for the cantilever beam in Figure 9.14, assumed for the redundant. Superimposing the
assuming that support A settles 0.5 in. and displacements at B in Figure 9.16b and c, we
rotates clockwise 0.01 rad and support B settles write Equation 1 as (ΔB0 + ΔBS) + δBB X = −0.72
1 in. Figure 9.15a shows the deflection at B, where ΔB0 is the displacement at B due to the
denoted by ΔBS, due to the −0.5-in. settlement applied load. But ΔB0 equals zero because no
and the 0.01-rad rotation of support A. Figure external load acts on the structure in this
9.15b shows the deflection at B due to the example. The second term, ΔBS (=−0.24 in.), is
applied load. We can then write the the displacement at B produced by the support
compatibility equation required to solve for the movement at location C; this support movement
redundant X as ΔB = −1 (ΔB0 + ΔBS) + δBB XB = does not correspond to the direction of the
−1 (b) (a) original position 0.5 0.5 L = 0.01L L B redundant. Substituting the numerical values of
= 0.01 rad ΔB0 A w B Δ = BS 0.5 + 0.01L A′ A 휃 ΔB0 and 𝛿BB, we compute X as (0 − 0.24) +
0.141X = −0.72 X = −3.4 kips ↓ Ans. The final
휃 Figure 9.15: (a) Deflection at B produced by reactions, which can be computed by statics or
settlement and rotation at support A; (b) by superposition of forces in Figure 9.6b and c,
deflection at B produced by applied load. are shown in Figure 9.16d. Figure 9.16: (a)
lee98004_ch09_376-[Link] 400 23/12/16 Continuous beam with specified support
4:43 pm 9.6 ■ Support Settlements, settlements; (b) released structure with support
Temperature Change, and Fabrication Errors 401 C in displaced position (no reactions or forces in
Determine the reactions induced in the the member develop); (c) unit value of
continuous beam shown in Figure 9.16a if redundant applied; (d) final reactions computed
support B settles 0.72 in. and support C settles by superposition of (b) and [X] times (c). RA RB =
0.48 in. Given: EI is constant, E = 29,000 kips/in.2 X RC (a) (b) (c) (d) 16′ 0.72 0.48 0.48 1 kip [X]
, and I = 288 in.4 . Solution This example 3.4 kips 1.7 kips 1.7 kips B′ C′ C′ A A B C C BS Δ =
illustrates the analysis procedure when support –0.24 BB 16′ 1 2 kip 1 2 kip δ EXAMPLE 9.7
movement occurs at more than one locations, lee98004_ch09_376-[Link] 401 23/12/16
including one that does not correspond to the 4:43 pm 402 Chapter 9 ■ Analysis of
direction of the redundant. Arbitrarily select the Indeterminate Structures by the Flexibility
reaction at support B as the redundant. Method EXAMPLE 9.8 Compute the reaction at
Figure 9.16b shows the released structure with support C of the truss in Figure 9.17a if the
temperature of bar AB increases 50°F, member force system in Figure 9.17d as the Q-system.
ED is fabricated 0.3 in. too short, support A is Compute ΔLtemp of bar AB using Equation 8.25.
constructed 0.48 in. to the right of its intended ΔLtemp = α(ΔT)L = (6 × 10−6)50(20 × 12) = 0.072
position, and support C is constructed 0.24 in. in. ∑QδP = ∑FQ ΔLP (8.23) where ΔLP is given by
too high. For all bars A = 2 in.2 , E = 30,000 Equation 8.26 1 kip(ΔC0) = __5 3 (−0.3) + (−__4
kips/in.2 , and the coefficient of temperature 3)(0.072) ΔC0 = −0.596 in. ↓ In Example 9.2, 𝛿CC
expansion α = 6 × 10−6 (in./in.)/°F. Solu on We was evaluated as δCC = ____ 2520 AE = _______
arbitrarily select the reaction at support C as the 2520 2(30,000) = 0.042 in. To compute ΔCS, refer
redundant. Since the released structure is to Figure 9.17c. A horizontal shift of support A by
determinate, no forces are created in the bars or 0.48 in. produces a rigid-body rotation about
at the reactions due to the displacement of support E of the released structure. This motion
support A or the small changes in length of the produces a downward movement at C: ∆CS =
bars due to temperature change and fabrication −0.48( __40 30) = −0.64 in. Subs tu ng ΔCS and
error; however, joint C displaces vertically and 𝛿CC into Equation 2 and solving for X give
this vertical displacement is composed of two (−0.596 − 0.64) + 0.042X = 0.24 X = 35.14 kips
components. The first component is produced Ans. Final bar forces and reactions from all
by the lengthening of bar AB and the shortening effects, established by superimposing the forces
of bar ED (Figure 9.17b). The second component (all equal to zero) in Figure 9.17b and those in
is A B C D E A B C D E RC = X (a) 20′ 30′ ΔC = 0.24 Figure 9.17c multiplied by the redundant X, are
ΔCO A Δ = 0.48 20′ (d) CC 0 0 4 3 – 5 3 + 5 3 shown in Figure 9.17d. lee98004_ch09_376-
+58.57 +58.57 –46.85 –46.85 + 4 3 1 kip 46.85 [Link] 403 23/12/16 4:44 pm 404 Chapter 9 ■
kips 46.85 kips 35.14 kips 35.14 kips [X] 1 kip – 0 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures by the
0 0 0 A B C D E (b) ΔCS A B C D E (c) 0.48 A B C D Flexibility Method The analysis of a structure
E (e) 4 3 kips 4 3 kips δ Figure 9.17: (a) Details of that is indeterminate to more than one degree
indeterminate truss; (b) deflected shape of follows the same format as that for a structure
released structure due to temperature change with a single degree of indeterminacy. The
and fabrication error; (c) deflected shape of designer establishes a determinate released
released structure due to horizontal shift of structure by selecting certain reactions or
support A; (d) forces and reactions in released internal forces as redundants. The unknown
structure due to a unit value of redundant; (e) redundants are applied to the released structure
final results of analysis. lee98004_ch09_376- as loads together with the actual loads. The
[Link] 402 23/12/16 4:44 pm 9.6 ■ Support structure is then analyzed separately for each
Settlements, Temperature Change, and redundant as well as for the actual load. Finally,
Fabrication Errors 403 produced by the compatibility equations equal in number to the
horizontal shift of support A (Figure 9.17c); the redundants are written in terms of the
direction of this movement does not correspond displacements that correspond to the
to that of the redundant. Since support C is redundants. The solution of these equations
constructed 0.24 in. above its intended position permits us to evaluate the redundants. Once the
and the direction of this displacement is in the redundants are known, the balance of the
same direction as the redundant, the analysis can be completed by using the
compatibility equation is ΔC = 0.24 in. (1) equations of static equilibrium or by
Superimposing the deflections at C in Figure superposition. To illustrate the method, we
9.17b and c, we can write (ΔC0 + ΔCS) + δCC X = consider the analysis of the two-span continuous
0.24 (2) To compute ΔC0 (Figure 9.17b), use the beam in Figure 9.18a. Since the reactions exert
five restraints on the beam and only three and RC selected as redundants; (b) deflections
equations of statics are available, the beam is in released structure due to actual load; (c)
indeterminate to the second degree. To produce deflection of released structure due to a unit
a released structure (in this case a determinate value of the redundant at B; (d) deflection of
cantilever fixed at A), we will select the reactions released structure due to a unit value of the
at supports B and C as the redundants. Since the redundant at C. w ΔC0 RA MA RB = XB RC = XC (a)
supports do not move, the vertical deflection at L C A B L w MA0 = 2wL2 2wL (b) ΔB0 CB BB MAB
both B and C must equal zero. Next, we divide = L 1 kip 1 kip (c) [XC] [XB] CC BC MAC = 2L 1 kip
the analysis of the beam into three cases, which 1 kip (d) δ δ δ δ lee98004_ch09_376-[Link]
will be superimposed. First, the released 404 23/12/16 4:44 pm 9.7 ■ Analysis of
structure is analyzed for the applied loads Structures with Several Degrees of
(Figure 9.18b). Then, separate analyses are Indeterminacy 405 Analyze the two-span
carried out for each redundant (Figure 9.18c and continuous beam in Figure 9.19a, using the
d). The effect of each redundant is determined moments at supports A and B as the redundants;
by applying a unit value of the redundant to the EI is constant. Loads on the beam act at midspan.
released structure and then multiplying all forces Solution The released structure—two simply
and deflections it produces by the magnitude of supported beams—is formed by inserting a
the redundant. To indicate that the unit load is hinge in the beam at B and replacing the fixed
multiplied by the redundant, we show the support at A by a pin. Two pointers,
redundant in brackets next to the sketch of the perpendicular to the beam’s longitudinal axis,
loaded member. To evaluate the redundants, we are attached to the beam at B. This device is used
next write compatibility equations at supports B to clarify the rotation of the ends of the beam
and C. These equations state that the sum of the connecting to the hinge. The released structure,
deflections at points B and C from the cases loaded with the applied loads and redundants, is
shown in Figure 9.18b to d must total zero. This shown in Figure 9.19c. The compatibility
requirement leads to the following compatibility equations are based on the following conditions
equations: ΔB = 0 = ΔB0 + XB δBB + XC δBC ΔC = of geometry: (a) The slope is zero at the fixed
0 = ΔC0 + XB δCB + XC δCC (9.11) Once the support at A. θA = 0 (1) (b) The slope of the beam
numerical values of the six deflections are is the same on either side of the center support
evaluated and substituted into Equations 9.11, (Figure 9.19b). Equivalently, we can say that the
the redundants can be determined. A small relative rotation between the ends is zero (i.e.,
saving in computational effort can be realized by the pointers are parallel). θB,Rel = 0 (2) The
using the Maxwell-Betti law (Section 8.9), which released structure is analyzed for the applied
requires that 𝛿CB = 𝛿BC. As you can see, the loads in Figure 9.19d, a unit value of the
magnitude of the computations increases rapidly redundant at A in Figure 9.19e, and a unit value
as the degree of indeterminacy increases. For a of the EXAMPLE 9.9 Figure 9.19: (a) Beam
structure that was indeterminate to the third indeterminate to second degree; (b) detail of
degree, you would have to write three joint B showing the difference between the
compatibility equations and evaluate 12 rotation of B and the relative rotation of the ends
deflections (use of the MaxwellBetti law would of members; (c) released structure with actual
reduce the number of unknown deflections to loads and redundants applied as external forces.
nine). Analysis of Structures with Several = 0 L A P P B C RA MA RB RC (a) A B,Rel = 0 B L δ
Degrees of Indeterminacy 9.7 Figure 9.18: (a) 휃 휃 (b) B B,Rel = 0 B B B δ 휃 휃 휃 P P A C B
Beam indeterminate to second degree with RB
MA B A= 0 B,Rel = 0 B RA RB M MB B RC (c) B B
MB MB δ 휃 휃 휃 휃 [continues on next page] redundants. EXAMPLE 9.10 A B D FAC = X1 Bx =
X2 X2 X1 X1 Ay By Ay By Ax Ax C 60 kips (a) A = 2
lee98004_ch09_376-[Link] 405 23/12/16
in.2 (all other bars) E = 30,000 kips/in.2 ABD = 4
4:44 pm 406 Chapter 9 ■ Analysis of
in.2 20′ 15′ A B D C 60 kips (b) A B D C 60 kips 60
Indeterminate Structures by the Flexibility
kips 45 kips + + 45 kips (c) +60 0 0 +60 –75 +1 +1
Method redundant at B in Figure 9.19f.
+29.9 +37.62 +22.43 –22.57 –37.38 0 –0.8 –0.8
Superimposing the angular deformations in
+45 –0.6 –0.6 A B D C 1k 1k (d) [X1] (f ) A B D C 60
accordance with the compatibility Equations 1
kips 30.1 kips 29.9 kips 45 kips 45 kips Δ20 Δ10
and 2, we can write θA = 0 = θA0 + αAAMA +
11 21 –1 0 0 0 0 0 A B D [X2] C (e) 1 kip 1 kip 12
αABMB (3) θB,Rel = 0 = θB0 + αBAMA + αBBMB
22 0 1 1 ΔBX = 0 δ δ δ δ Figure 9.21: (a) Details
(4) Using Figure 9.3d and e, evaluate the angular
of truss; (b) released structure loaded by
deformations. θA0 = PL2 ____ 16EI θB0 = 2( PL2
redundants X1 and X2 and 60-kip load;
____ 16EI) αAA = ___L 3EI αBA = ___L 6EI αAB =
(c) released structure with actual load; (d)
___L 6EI αBB = 2( ___L 3EI) Substituting the
released structure, forces and displacements
angular displacements into Equations 3 and 4
due to a unit value of redundant X1; (e) released
and solving for the redundants give MA = −____
structure–forces and displacements due to a unit
3PL 28 MB = −____ 9PL 56 Ans. The minus signs
value of redundant X2; ( f ) final forces and
indicate that the actual directions of the
reactions = (c) + X1(d) + X2(e). [continues on next
redundants are opposite in sense to those
page] lee98004_ch09_376-[Link] 407
initially assumed in Figure 9.19c. Figure 9.20
23/12/16 4:44 pm 408 Chapter 9 ■ Analysis of
shows the free-body diagrams of the beams used
Indeterminate Structures by the Flexibility
to evaluate the end shears and also the final
Method The released structure with the
shear and moment curves. Figure 9.19: (d) Actual
redundants applied as loads is shown in Figure
loads applied to released structure; (e) unit value
9.21b. The compatibility equations are based on
of redundant at A applied to released structure;
(1) no horizontal displacement at B ΔBX = 0 (1)
( f ) unit value of redundant at B applied to
and (2) no relative displacement of the ends of
released structure. A C B B0 A0 P P P (d) P 2 P 2
bars at section 1-1 Δ1,Rel = 0 (2) Superimposing
휃 휃 A C B AA BA 1 L (e) [MA] 1 kip ft 1 L α α BB deflections at section 1-1 and support B in the
AB A C [MB] (f ) 1 kip ft 1 kip ft 1 L 2 L 1 L α α A B released structure (Figure 9.21c to e), we can
P 25P 56 MA = B 25P 56 31P 56 31P 56 – – – 3PL write the compatibility equations as Δ1,Rel = 0:
28 3PL 28 –9PL 56 9PL 56 31P 56 37P 56 13PL 112 Δ10 + X1 δ11 + X2 δ12 = 0 (3) ΔBX = 0: Δ20 + X1
19PL 112 17P 14 B C P 37P 56 37P 56 shear δ21 + X2 δ22 = 0 (4) To complete the solution,
moment 9PL 56 19P 56 19P 56 Figure 9.20: Free- we must compute the six deflections Δ10, Δ20,
body diagrams of beams used to evaluate shears 𝛿11, 𝛿12, 𝛿21, and 𝛿22 in Equations 3 and 4 by
as well as the shear and moment diagrams. virtual work. Δ10: Use the force system in Figure
Example 9.9 continues . . . lee98004_ch09_376- 9.21d as the Q-system. ∑δPQ = ∑FQ FP L ___ AE
[Link] 406 23/12/16 4:44 pm 9.7 ■ Analysis of (8.24) 1 kip(Δ10) = (−0.8) 60(20 × 12) _________
Structures with Several Degrees of 2(30,000) (2) + (−0.6) 45(15 × 12) _________
Indeterminacy 407 Determine the bar forces and 2(30,000) + (1) −75(25 × 12) _________
reactions that develop in the indeterminate truss 4(30,000) Δ10 = −0.6525 in. (gap opens) Δ20: Use
shown in Figure 9.21a. Solution Since b + r = 10 the force system in Figure 9.21e as the Q-system
and 2n = 8, the truss is indeterminate to the for the P-system shown in Figure 9.21c. 1
second degree. Select the force FAC at section 1- kip(Δ20) = (−1) 60(20 × 12) _________ 2(30,000)
1 and the horizontal reaction Bx as the Δ20 = −0.24 in. → Example 9.10 con nues . . .
lee98004_ch09_376-[Link] 408 23/12/16 Ans. Δ2 = 0 = Δ20 + δ21X1 + δ22X2 where 1
4:44 pm 9.7 ■ Analysis of Structures with Several denotes the vertical and 2 the horizontal
Degrees of Indeterminacy 409 𝛿11: The force directions at C. (b) Modify the compatibility
system in Figure 9.21d serves as both the P- and equations for support movements. See Figure
Q-systems. Since FQ = FP, UQ = F2 Q L/(AE), 1 9.22c. Δ1 = 0.5 = Δ10 + (−0.48) + δ11X1 + δ12X2
kip(δ11) = (−0.8)2 (20 × 12) ____________ Ans. Δ2 = 0 = Δ20 + (−0.36) + δ21X1 + δ22X2
2(30,000) (2) + (−0.6)2 (15 × 12) ____________ Figure 9.22: (a) Frame indeterminate to second
2(30,000) (2) + 12 (25 × 12) _________ 2(30,000) degree. Cx and Cy are redundants; (b)
+ 12 (25 × 12) __________ 4(30,000) δ11 = + superposition of released structures; (c)
0.0148 in. (gap closes) 𝛿12: Use the force system Displacements produced by clockwise rotation
in Figure 9.21d as the Q-system for the P-system of support A
in Figure 9.21e. 1 kip(δ12) = (−0.8) −1(20 × 12)
_________ 2(30,000) δ12 = 0.0032 in. 𝛿21: Use
the force system in Figure 9.21e as the Q-system Prepared by:
for the P-system in Figure 9.21d. 1 kip(δ21) = (−1)
−0.8(20 × 12) __________ 2(30,000) δ21 =
ENGR. MARK JOJIT M. BALLESTEROS
0.0032 in. (Alternately, use the Maxwell-Betti
law, which gives 𝛿21 = 𝛿12 = 0.0032 in.) 𝛿22: The
force system in Figure 9.21e serves as both the
P- and Q-systems. 1 kip(δ22) = (−1) (−1)(20 × 12)
__________ 2(30,000) δ22 = 0.004 in.
Substituting the displacements above into
Equations 3 and 4 and solving for X1 and X2 give
X1 = 37.62 kips X2 = 29.9 kips Ans. The final
forces and reactions are shown in Figure 9.21f.
lee98004_ch09_376-[Link] 409 23/12/16
4:44 pm 410 Chapter 9 ■ Analysis of
Indeterminate Structures by the Flexibility
Method EXAMPLE 9.11 (a) Choose the horizontal
and vertical reactions at C in Figure 9.22a as
redundants. Draw all the released structures,
and clearly label all displacements needed to
write the equations of compatibility. Write the
equations of compatibility in terms of
displacements, but you do not need to calculate
the values of displacement. (b) Modify the
equations in part (a) to account for the following
support movements: 0.5-in. vertically upward
displacement of C and 0.002-rad clockwise
rotation of A. Solution (a) As a sign convention,
displacements in the direction of redundants in
Figure 9.22(a) are positive. See Figure 9.22b;
note that sign is contained within the symbol for
displacements. Δ1 = 0 = Δ10 + δ11X1 + δ12X2