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Solution

The document discusses solutions, including types of solutions, solubility, and the effects of temperature and pressure on solubility. It explains concepts such as saturated solutions, dynamic equilibrium, and Raoult's law regarding vapor pressure. Additionally, it covers colligative properties like boiling point elevation and freezing point depression in relation to solute concentration.

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16 views30 pages

Solution

The document discusses solutions, including types of solutions, solubility, and the effects of temperature and pressure on solubility. It explains concepts such as saturated solutions, dynamic equilibrium, and Raoult's law regarding vapor pressure. Additionally, it covers colligative properties like boiling point elevation and freezing point depression in relation to solute concentration.

Uploaded by

user-247466
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
Woy Nas 5 ee ee solwions Selun Recall - minh C Combinabon of dpe oy mare Substine) 5 Homegeneous aT . =I ‘mixing of Component ) . Cuni form Hererogencors Cnonuniform mixing of Comgonen Selunon- a Homogenenn mixture of to. purx sub stances. ‘Tt__consisk | of a solvent. & one _oy more__solube - z Eee eee A_substonce_inwhich- “othes materials olissolve to firma. Sohuticna Schemt Scluse ) substance -that_can be “dissolve_into _a_ -Solusian_by_¢ salvent— Tapes of Suluions ng. _sheteof solure sate. ample 4 : Sup ar HOUT, Seaway, henreica © Solid Yau sue esas @ sohd | Golid _[MeebaUlovs sueh w bross. brome a atid Gos odine 19 aby Z 7. ie thanol mM waer, Gasoli @.. Gliquid Ugquid © lees = | Amalgam of Nec iehmetal © Gauid Gold a erory im aise © quid Gor chloroftam in nitrogen d Cas aud Carbonoxed warey C(O) In Water) Gas Sold Ha ln pecllecl um G Gor Gos Die (02,N2, A714 Sther al goose) | = ®) tore Copaciy of saluuicn— te cissolve. sclucte © Suppose thas o solwe ry added to a solvent. Tr dissolves crea cb ly at tirse 9 then clissotwsion slow. down. ©. DF _ One point dissolwsen of solure stop. This point —is known as saturated solusicd. dynomic equilibrium -—_con reach when ne. oF ——_Solure “melecwleas dissolve is oqual ho = : mp ol moleude reburniag from —solution 4 _ bo 4he. Crysho). - —____olisscluieo ___Sghuusayy — os Solure + solvent Gaygelaaben Sonate solu lus an conan mox_amomr_ th Sith ob can Sar a a 5 _ Super seuniroted selutiory - ty Conte _—geaatae tan —— equuilibyiura__amount of solute.” 2x js_unsiable = Precipitanion of excess 6 oluwe_torm g 655 swurated solution _ — —— =. ———— (Solute! Sedubiliay = The abilay of o substance” to form _solws on wich another Sulsstance: Csolvent) Pe Ag_oapress 19 no) Faun offeuing colabiliey— © Nanswe of sole & solvert > = The sub. having —similay _intermdeculay Pores Gre _Ukely to. be soluble-in each cthew | ass je potay soles clissolve _in9_potor solvents. Yr SO.Nacl_cssolve_in_H20:_ sheng ep ion-clipole- _inierneson of No® 4 CP kow wait toate, __@ Cholestewol_dissolve in benrene Chuth ane, non Poko) - os Sugar _clissdlve_in wosew_C [Link] bending) © - naphthalene iio _benrene aye _Swonger shorn sole: Solu cr So\vent- solvent intero.u%) Shows hejakve dean WN. v.08 Lowery than pure compone : +09. SO of phendl 4 amin, chioveform 4. arerone- Gllig Cuive _propertyes of pon-ele chrolyhe: soluson — The Phys col popertes of Solus cm that depencls on the number of _ Solute particles in solutions & nat on thery nahuxe_are called oligadwe peppertis J. Vapour pressure _fotvering 2. Boiling pom clevatery oe %. Freezing point deprasin —— _— 4. Osmoit pressure 7 A. Vapour Pressure Lowering - —— z hen nonvolatile » nonioniralale soli ed ds dissolved 10 a \Liquiel sclvent .the vepeuy pressure of “the se)utert) is Lower than tharpe pur € Solvent - Te Pe ts [Link] pure selvent 4 P, is VP of. selvem above the soluiien then Pp v0: of spre sniven ee by ig mole Protben of so) Pek. = Ber bina sol? NLP & selyent Meo wale feos ont Sens Senet Relative lowesing of vapour pressuye =+— Ratio of VP lyweeing of solvent cividel by the vapour pressure of pure Solvent cated tor velosive lowasing of YP Seat iPeigee Jowering,| io quel mole Tr Gti ov of solute in solion Ribak VP IS cof Ligadve ——_____Propeny gece see eee ~ Maloy mass of solute trem. unpous pare. Sune Boe a uedeiags 4 pers 94 _we_studisd aie £ epouy presse a —h_equed_to the mole trounion x2 of soltue = {aU solutoy > aa [Link] ore — maalexbeaeh‘on of —sdvent $ $ ake sreapetcyelsy. ah seeeees pee Ln dilure sol™ P2290 § DAM een, eee My = Bi duper eee PLPwe yeaa q@ selete “fi of\ Bote Gypooe we prepare Weg af solute iW) 7 . st hrepctewres annie Fin melo ctor Se shar ee = ma, 9 \ — solvent g gsolue Tespeaively nea BP Wal, | S , where Migr, are mofor masses of __BP = “the #20, at tobi ch = yp-V-R—@p els Hh L ______@ppalitel _pyassune —_Copen container _U-P=atm 80. of solvent: je. elevated by. dis calving non-volatile solure into je mavise SalD ¢ of monvetabile: solube boi) at higher — =e jomp. thon _8-F of pure solvent. —— i re Te Beak acpurce solvent & ___ Tb. -thaot of 0 Solio at tas vey Tia Th® eee “The —clifferene benoeen: so lunen so thos of pure solvent Or. aryl given Const P., cosLocl boiling point elevator). DTb talthe Tha “Teup TE _——hence- fomporuibe frreoreby wer 18 Te [Link] ef dolutc tp 1 kg of solvent , ; « afigga Ro (4B no col molen of Sclure in 1 lit oigot he (ge mie: Balog pk _elaahen as consequence of Cap oy Pressure Lotoeteing [Link] soluion with | non S| -vohiAle solure +[Link] “aL pure_sclvent. But hence |. ts-_Tn_8-P. [Link] sof? nowt | be quel to ahaPoternel& —Mihece “T= boiling point of So\P+ __ ©. of Pure sdvenk elevason 1D BPs a B20 _CTD ok. so? ie hyper thar..puse solves (7% se Railing. pant _devation.¢ Cont. of solube— Beclevotion e clvect. propomdenal te modo, ATh TO Ath > Kir Kb Porpoveionliny Comat 1 boiling ptelevaree Gnse oY Modal eleva. Comsk ov ebulbo scopic Comal pth = ky “| cna Ke BR He = Nai i me) ary Melo mass of Solute from boiling point elevate Alb: Kp 8 Suppose we prpar sol” ef by dissolving - Ade of solure “fn wh g of solvents ok solvents 2 tae a - — Massof Solvent 2 Mp “Too a molaliny s _ moles of solute oe asset 29) | mass of solvent inky — Mor _ - _ _ hb hieoo — - _ ~ 1906 We eg ey Pur e292 OD imiegh 1D _ — - ATS ke molarity . temp clependent TO roolebity ~ hb “Tnclepenclent- bence ute molabiry , CP sep yer? alike 4 Waele — > enaaal ag vat of Ug nen volute Lower > 9 on i Depression in-Freezing point - Beezing pant of o liquid Js tomp af which quid solid ave in en & hod phase have some. y. p Freering » poiar of solvent. 1 lower, by dissolving @ noriolosile solve vf > Te The cbifterente betacers is 27 ATs = Wy Te Freeaing paint clepressico 3 0 Consequenle 6f Vapour pressure Aowerig @ TE Lidowor than 4has of pure solvent pe O.A®-s. cp interesectarl \e-freezing point Solve G ot pe E intersechon off ie. Freezing pt of sol? Temp —>, - as Freezing point wp of sold state and ve of Liquid stede. are at equilibrium. ~ Onasdkd? of nonvolatile solute vp: of -tiquad- solunon loWersy. 6 - Solid & Soluwnon Teaches eq™ at lower temp. feee2ing pl depression g._ cont of sole fox a. dulsol™ : “ AT, oU MD. Cmolal ty) acca AMpakemwosl. a Xp s_ proportionality ‘nat | freering pe oe _+____dLepressiom Cun sh apie Leora ATP = ke. - As 7d Unis dei ke. bTe _Maloy_onoss_¢ aliases teres drscing pant depreson 22 aswe know 229 co yee ANG 2KEO in 4 ieseatacesai m= ooo Wz Mad) aoe 1000 4 Ws eeeees 9.0 eine cA The Serr Rae sinotasT i ae 1000 ken “Osmotic Pressure = 7 __ Gemspermeable “membrane = Be (savent 2 membrone thos voil | allow certain molecules or jms to Poss — through it by —clitfusien Csmogiy_- Csmobc presi - When a selwion 5 pure Sselvent oy ‘hoo soltioms. of different conc are seperated by a Semipesmeable membrane The golvent molecules pass Ahyorth 2 membrane Seriparmeodhe Jorn) earthy ere ease Been sahenh sot? ; Sol: som of a 4h eee ee = Conc of _schwiea decreases __fpneregon path et 7 a== |e semi Osmotic_Pressure 7 ale, 7 minimum presse sold ch_nezols fp be_applied toa sol? to prevent the _imvocard_ Flow of its prnce_Solvent across a. __Sernipertreahle membrane ® Hyp enctonh.¢_— more. Cont. se! having highev - Cs. P.15 Sac) to be__bypertonicea! _ Hyperonn¢ — move, oli) “sel ex biting lowey Ose e Ps — hypotonic — gel Osmotic pressureg Conc of solution. TT zypNe R iv vv LV.= Volume.0£ sol? in-dm>_ Lo Mao meles of nonvelahle solure. ann _W=0smotic_Pressume jn aleng Rew gosstansk.. 2.0,02206 dro® arr ki mel") iel T= miolasing igre TO = TEs MRT C measure at consi Tl). ‘piolox mass of solute from:.osmoti pressure -____ Ma Moker mess = WRT \ fe] _Pevesse: Osmosigns\. 0 beng onc, | Theclirecisern of Osmosis con be reverse by applying a pressure targey ao he osmoh¢ pressure uve Schen? Flow Por soluticn 4s pure solvent Three semipermeable membrane. This phertomenen “is called Reverse osmasis , ® Coligatve properties. of nelecimhte ® aive prperbu of Selunens—eLelecrohic oY? clo not obey the avlations_o ft Cryvly cs = @ obligevs ve properses of electmh te sol” ore gxeakey than _expeched. Ror Soluwon of nonelecnvytes of same cént- a S The motley meas of electrolyre— determine. by Colligitve properties ore Rounel——__ Considerable lower tna mule. Marg ReGraons tn vinae —_ran-n — — elect bie solure when olissolve fn —__Solvenk jr Form _ho0-.07 re fom so Durem tnerease tn gon Ap of ¢ poebcles 10 _setution _inereasxe which shaos- An crease Lin_ColLigaubs ye properties, eg 0.4 Bowker -eAtimecikre Nati g cir — iu $- shows peice eolligative properties — = twice zAhat of 01m sucrone Var Hoff Factor Cin 19 Ms - ot 4) The rato of ~calligati ye property of a gohuien of eletrolyie to tye CaLligatwe property of non-elecha)y te -SolutZory tk seme. ceone ds Jott __4 fu, -Colligahve property of elecroly te go)? . Ghigatve Property of. nonele crv hy pe. 50)" of same cone. - Lot), @B2_, (apa cele nay (ATI, AR), Car), > t = Nonglecnd Tey (reno) ee : “Cobierned_ actual moles of Soluion atier dissoclohon moles of formula Unis dissilved in sol? : Ctheorete =_Nobsesve Ntheorebead == = “Nalid 0 only “By die “50D. An cone sal™. _ of strong’ ‘eletiroyte YP valtien: “smaller than —_OKPR eof —_ became oppostre charge J Seay 7 = tel Smee atatias of jum puiyes This swt jo decmame jane: of panicles —_Gtyaine papain ; CUigasive propemsiont_ — ee ae oe Eke m = i 1060 Ky Wa 2 ote ak ms iat a - Maw, @ n= met me T MRT 3 WORT MY Van’t Hoft Patry depends on degree of olissociation.. strong ele cholyte dissociate completely bur weak ele tholye dissociate — Small extn. weak elechoiyre involve concepk of degree_of_olissocianon SX )---—- Relanen benveen (ee Li) — Consicler an electro! fm_ag-seyP Ss = — An By === a pl® ©) Bee — Tninol 34 |mele_ io — OF eg =x) males Ce). Where X= degree of disso diabed KX = Molesof copeo _ateg™ + cs YAR = k= 0) _ ot eg Total. Moles __atrer olissocia non SKF R$ Yor Where, m= sry = Leave jons. s obvain from. _cissociet © of) | mole of cletne Her _chissocial” j attual moles of so!” ¢ moles of Pormute uniys clissolve 3 nD Soyo = 1X On-D \ Eamulae @ Hemy's law Skye S = Solubility 14 /t P- Pressure of the ges. als tu Hensy 5 const © Roots law -_ ash iPre Bie wes 1s p= ho Bowie iil — —f & PB, = Partial wr. ob, op lomponent Ig279, oa Pg pe. Beste) VP. © 6 Consponent. 1.4 2_resp. = 284, = mole Fracion oé_component} Py Tesh. © Post, _peessure in Vapour phame a do ovis Prey,P Posuse ax.) ay = mole Proction of 4 toe: ____ Components in the Vapour = 7 Z O_ Relative. Jowaidtig. of WP 0. no. = —wo—~4 a PPR 2 Or - : Pe yh Gi) Oy = © Wevatoo of beiln pt _ ae — D1b> Th T’h = kbm = 1000 kkIvy_ (2% Ve = 1-86 water P= 9.08205dm Paden io melts _ © Depression of Freezing point - ~- : = Kho = 1ooo Kies. OTe = T= Te += —— a @ Vani Hofl eguanen siete at T=MR1s (RI ceucprp of elecroyie Sell 7 oF nen ele chralyke so? ofsame Con actual mpl of porticle in sol” aber olissees - eOesued mpl) Sd. ns ena — Moles of formula units _clisolves isa? _ ——. PA Theereticop ——=— Tlebserve @ Medibed 29? for -aligative 9 prop “hyde oh = vant Hoff Facto 1 ete | O- “AP =i Pay = Ya bt, ps _ _ MY, @ AT ktm. j 1000 be We Taw, Qo we imep si beet Pov. GO Degree of Association Cm). sf : oth ae) Fish generally needs Oo Gnd. in water at leash 3.8 mgt L for survival. what partia) pressure of On above the water is neecleol for th gurvivalot Gli Given the —solubiiny of Orin water a0" C— J lorm pamela presermtisa Axle 20 fl oky : oe Given. Or cone inwoew 3.8 mg} = 38x10) - a [Link] for Bsh_ | eo diot 5: Sohuhitiry 2.2.0 107? mol JL — PB: Pressure |= Bat ee To Find @Ky_=2 _ a © cme. ity mol [Lt 2 Ds sO Fovtial pressure: of: 0, above -the loarer=2 _ —@ Daunte. 8M? 1.19 x10! mello aa “Asry Nom required_preasunx lig x 107 = = Le 0.5409 Kol ony ; =0.05409 x |,013 50.0548 bar. on ® pA‘ The vapour pressure of water ct 20°C WS Lom Hg. Whos if the vepouy press Lore ot soluben contcunin.g 2-8 9 lreatn 50g ot poater-Q Gven >) PP = I7mmHg War 28g C60) gist" - _ Wi + 80g Cig gro) 4) ToFind = Pi eR yd ai beengee Molar mass Nyko tina ner igre - of ures aii é0gmol _ Molar mass — a _of waser Uta) _ By ising Fonda = 7-P, | 2 Bxlg 4 1 “six€o ne > Doge Po spa - 0.2856 2 16a _ A SY aqueous solusen Chy massa oh cane Shgay (melar mass _3429lmelL. has treezin 4 point of 29) kK, Calcdare treeding -point_ot a7 Co glucope Solution. Given.” 4 mass of cane su - ous of glucose sol” 2 Freesing point of Sugary Solusien Tai _ a okay Mass of Cone suger 2 Bar gral ‘Tp Eind “Freeaing_ point of glucose sclusen. Formulai M,. looo x kexWe | — _ ATe Wi - Moke moss of glucose CetHiaO¢ = 18Q_ For aqueow sol” of cone sugat - _ pay Solvent is _woters _ hence_water treeeatk 21. eo rc _ £5856 _ bt Tee 2B - 27 .__ITloo | [om = eoear'g | Fer Ict_ Ke = BITONAIC > [re = 13.3101 ky mort] {uss ons (ooox KR x Whe! nA sclunen cf citic acid Cos 07 in 5bq — of acetic _acid hes a borling--pt elevanion ok in6k.. 3h Ke for acetic cad tr 4.07 ae what it molality of solidend 176 hk Boiling pe elevation r ike ef arcebic atid: 3.071K kg ro |-1— - 7 Hass of acohcaud 0g —aKexbe) L Molaliny of the solution ———_______ Atak shin —erganic (2 Pom aqueous . —Compeund__has_o_density—_of 1.963. gm1-), an j —Csmotic_pressure_of 12-16 @in0__ap 252c-§ a —— tf Tveezing point of -).03°c. what jg the meclax moss_of the compoimd 4 __ Freezing pt of cols Tes = Losec. —| aIo find.» Molar mass_of .c\ compound —|- Formulae iO Ates ktm. @ mstet @ Tec =. wn ss ofSe 4 on — ea 2 =_densityx) : Soy silv ce | AT s TET BC). 1.038°Cs 105k |- Ke woadiea 2 a) BTL 2 ker QEI2G os Oygzmaldm? : SrO805 AGW OOF Oca gq ey 2.99715 = 39 79, == @_massof Salven: (063 gml% looom = 1063 & © moss of Solute = -lo6a- 997 166g. m+) 1000 Wa. oly im 1o00W2 . Moo xe Maw) vo \Aly _ 05 SUX B97 (oc DIGINs benzene § Yoluens cf toluene. A 30°C, vapour pure toluene. is 36.) mmHg hat cf pure _benzene_is 18.2 mm Wg - suming thar the foo ligt: dl For m_ideat 11, Calculakeodhe tptgel. prescuncig poral preseures of each censinmien t Above the ‘salwihyn 2 'dé gate gah Given + Moss ‘Lol tle: 30%: W Ad 2 os foto v-p-_ ob Lig: Poluene CP) = 36:7. mmHg \.2. of Gig cbenione CRS) 21782. mmHg -— : Gnd |. partial prexsurt of emeh Cun... Topod Pressure soli Ennoulag WP. Pac 4 Be Poa Chi wos tS eRe i pg ‘places’. of foluene Ge eee HexD) aiew fom “[Link] —_____- 3 0g ‘trluene sp _ 004 sete, 2 a [Link] ben “Pn clue) oN +O Nn i herazta We Total sel meles: 0.5261087] |. 1g2x07934,_ On + 11223 mos; 2186.7" Dre Kecoluney =e = 0,2666 3 ES F=Fafe = G78 67 z s 96S mm H 5 NH cBenzene Een \- 0.266 sol “: 0.7334 P= 96-5 mmHg M. Al asec a 01 mofal_soluten iy 1357 cdisscciate in an sol? Glease Areezing point 4 -€ of the solutic ASSUINING Mobo DY _ ide ntiecabae! : Given, Matting (mr yay 2 mel kgeh SE 13 a ———______! 3 2 OIBS el ss ae) temp = 25°C = 254273192 2G8.16 Kk —— Mofaris ON pester Da TE Tafinds i Freesing pt “of so Gy Osmotic pressure'stsel? Eom: me dit) ATp si ke rm Un Te 1MeT =) Te AMAT = 10195 xO. yo Og ges X VIR TR 348] kel freeze A ym aqueers sohuien. cl a Slo“ ¢ Calculate 1 & comeh C Pressure aw on Assume volume of Schwi om —equcl to that ef —1watey. . Noe OS MD mn? Given, Molaliry of sol= tm = 0.15 tm Vzld Freezing point of sol = Tr = -O510% Be temp. = 2O°CS27T3K | - 7 To Gad. i The value of vane Holt focror G2 a ii. Osmotic pressure, of So)? i Wi ATe = ae iy i ote) hte. 0.510 ee | CI, 70.275 My.= MET. | _____t. > 02 PT oe & Vv Ten ~ 0:15,% 008205 *273 - Vdm> Te = 336'artD Te Jat =) & 3%3-36 [i= etsorm |

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