5.
LIFE PROCESSESS
IMPORTANT LIFE PROCESSES
NUTRITION TRANSPORTATION EXCRETION
NUTRITION
Macronutrients(Carbohydrates, proteins and
NUTRIENTS fats)
micronutrients (Minerals and vitamins)
HOW DO LIVING THINGS GET THEIR FOOD?
AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION
The mode of nutrition in which an organism prepares its own food is called autotrophic nutrition.
Green plants and blue-green algae make their food by a process called photosynthesis.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
The process by which plants in the presence of pigment, sunlight, water, and carbon diox to
form food and release oxygen is known as photosynthesis.
The overall reaction occurring in photosynthesis is as follows:
PHOTOSYNTHESIS – Raw Material and Events
Chloroplast
It contains the main photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll and accessory pigments xanthophyll
and carotenoids.
Stomata
Gaseous exchange and transpiration (loss of water as water vapors) take place through ma inute
aperture on the surface of leaves called stomata. Stomata has a pore (stomata pore) guarded bybean
shape guard cells (regulate the opening and closing of stomata.
HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION
In this type of nutrition, organisms obtain their nutrient from other living organisms (parasites)
[Link] or dead and decaying objects (saprophytes e.g. Fungi like bread molds, yeast and
mushrooms.
HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ORGANS AND THEIR ROLES-
RESPIRATION
Keywords
Cytoplasm Fluid part within the cell
Mitochondria Site of energy production (the powerhouse of the cell)
Pyruvate The intermediate product of respiration
Ethanol A type of alcohol (C2H5OH)
ATP Adenosine triphosphate, an energy-rich compound
The process of Breaking complex organic material into a simpler form with the help ofenzymes is called
reparation.
Types of respiration and site
Type Definition Site
Aerobic respiration It occurs in the presence of oxygen Cytoplasm and Mitochondria
Anaerobic respiration It occurs in the absence of oxygen. Cytoplasm
Fermentation It is a type of anaerobic respiration Cytoplasm
occurs in a few microorganisms
PROCESS OF RESPIRATION
Glucose is broken down into pyruvate in the cytoplasm of a the cell.
In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate enters into mitochondria and completely oxidized
there to produce C2 and energy (ATP).
In the absence of oxygen pyruvate partially decompose and form. Eg- Ethanol in yeast
(fermentation), b- Lactic acid in muscle cells
HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
(consists of the nostril, nasal passage, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles,
alveoli,diaphragm, and ribcage.)
TRANSPORTATION IN HUMAN BEINGS
Blood Connective tissue consists of RBC, WBC, Platelets and plasma.
Plasma The fluid portion of the blood
Systole Contraction of heart chambers
Diastole Relaxation of heart chambers
Double circulation Blood goes through the heart twice
Arteries Thick-walled. elastic, Carry blood away from heart to various organs
Veins Thin-walled, carry blood from different organs to the heart
Platelets Helps in blood clotting during an injury
Lymph / Tissue Fluid in intercellular space in the tissues. They carry digested and
fluid
Sphygmomanomet Measure blood pressure
er
HEART
TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS
Stomata Gaseous exchange, Transportation (loss of water in form of vapor)
Xylem Water conduction channels composed of xylem tissue, vessels and tracheid
Transport water and mineral from root to aerial part (unidirectional)
Phloem Transport food from the leaves to other part (multidirectional).
EXCRETION
Excretion Removal of harmful metabolic wastes from
the body
Kidney Excretory organ of human
Nephron Structural and functional unit of kidney
Urinary bladder Store urine
Ureter Connect urinary bladder with kidney
Hemodialysis Artificial kidney, a device to remove
nitrogenous waste products (urea, uric acid)
from the blood.
EXCRETION IN HUMAN BEINGS
Basic filtration units in kidneys are clusters ofthin-walledd capillaries. These
are associated with cup-like structure which collects the filtered urine.
There is reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, salts, and water in tubules of nephrons.
The concentrated urine enters into urinary bladder via the ureter and finally
passes outsidethe body through the urethra.
EXCRETION IN PLANTS
Stomata play an important role as is the site for gaseous exchange and transpiration.
Some waste products are released in form of resin, gums.
Falling of leaves also helps in the removal of waste products.
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
1. Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of multicellular organisms like humans?
A: Multi-cellular organism’s like humans have very big body and require a lot of oxygen to diffuse into body
quickly in order to meet the oxygen requirement. Diffusion is a slow process which will take a lot of time to
circulate oxygen to all the body cells. Because of its slow nature diffusion is insufficient to meet the oxygen
requirements of multicellular organisms like humans.
2. What criteria do we use to decide whether something is alive?
A: Walking, breathing, growth and other visible changes can be used to determine whether something is alive or
dead. However some living things will have changes that are not visible to our eye; Hence, presence of life
process is a fundamental criteria to decide whether something is alive.
3. What are outside raw materials used for by an organism?
A: Outside raw material is used by organism for food and oxygen. Raw materials requirement varies on the
complexity of the organism and the environment it is living.
4. What processes would you consider essential for maintaining life?
A: Life processes such as respiration, digestion, excretion, circulation and transportation are essential for
maintain life.
5. What are the differences between autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition?
A:
Autotrophic Nutrition Heterotrophic Nutrition
1. Organism prepare its own food and is not 1. Organism does not prepare its own food and
dependent on any other organism. dependent on other organism for food.
2. Food is prepared from CO2, water, sunlight. 2. Food cannot be prepared from CO2, water,
sunlight.
3. Chlorophyll is required for food preparation 3. Chlorophyll is not required for food
preparation
4. Green plants and certain bacteria have 4. All the animals and fungi, most bacteria have
autotrophic mode of nutrition. heterotrophic mode of nutrition
6. Where do plants get each of the raw materials required for photosynthesis?
A. Plants required the following raw material for photosynthesis
1. CO2 is obtained from atmosphere through stomata
2. Water is absorbed by plant roots from the soil.
3. Sunlight is an essential raw material for photosynthesis
4. Nutrients are obtained by soil by plant roots.
7. What is the role of the acid in our stomach?
A: HCl present in the stomach dissolves food particles and creates an acidic medium. In acidic environment
protein digesting enzymes pepsinogen is converted into pepsin. HCl in the stomach also acts as protective barrier
against many disease causing pathogens.
8. What is the function of digestive enzymes?
A: Digestive enzymes break the complex food molecules into simpler ones. This will make the food absorption
process easy and effective. Absorbed food is transported to all parts of the body by blood.
9. How is the small intestine designed to absorb digested food?
A: Small intestine has small projections called as micro villus which increases the surface volume which make
absorption more effective. Within the villi there are numerous blood vessels that absorb digested food and carry
it to blood stream. Blood transports food to each part of our body.
10. What advantage over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial organism have with regard to obtaining oxygen
for respiration?
A: Terrestrial organisms breathe by using atmospheric oxygen whereas aquatic organism take oxygen dissolved
in water. Oxygen level is high in atmosphere when compared to oxygen in water. Hence terrestrial organism
need not breathe fast to obtain organism whereas aquatic organisms need to breathe faster to get required oxygen.
11. What are the different ways in which glucose is oxidized to provide energy in various organisms?
A: In cytoplasm Glucose is first broken down into two 3 carbon compounds called as pyruvate by the process
known as Glycolysis. Further breakdown takes place in different organism by different processes.
12. How is oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in human beings?
A: Oxygen and Carbon-di-oxide is transported in human being via blood stream. Oxygen is carried to the cells
whereas carbon-di-oxide is carried away from the cells. Exchange of gases takes place between the alveoli of
lungs and the surrounding blood capillaries. Oxygen is absorbed by the blood capillaries from the lungs alveoli
by diffusion while carbon-dioxide is absorbed by the lungs alveoli from blood capillaries by diffusion.
13. How are the lungs designed in human beings to maximize the area for exchange of gases?
A: The lungs is an important part of the body. The passage inside the lungs divides into smaller and smaller
tubes, which finally terminate in balloon-like structures, called as alveoli.
•The alveoli provide a surface where the exchange of gases can take place. The walls of the alveoli usually
contain an extensive network of blood vessels. We know that, when we breathe in, we lift our ribs, flatten our
diaphragm and chest cavity becomes larger.
•Because of this action, air is sucked into the lungs and fills the expanded alveoli.
•The blood brings the essential carbon dioxide from rest of the body and supplies it to alveoli; the oxygen in
the alveolar air is taken up by the blood in the alveolar blood vessels to be transported to the all other cells of
the body. During the normal breathing cycle, when air is taken in and let out, the lungs always contain a
residual volume of air so that there is sufficient time for oxygen to be absorbed and carbon dioxide to be
released.
14. What are the components of the transport system in human beings? What are the functions of these
components?
A: Heart, blood and blood vessels are the main components of transport system in human beings.
Functions of these components:
Heart: Heart pumps oxygenated blood throughout the body. It receives deoxygenated blood from the various
body parts and sends this impure blood to the lungs for oxygenation.
Blood: Blood transports oxygen, nutrients, CO2, and nitrogenous wastes.
Blood vessels: Blood vessels, arteries and veins carry blood to all parts of body.
15. Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals and birds?
A: Mammals and birds are warm blooded animals which keep their body temperature constant irrespective of the
environment they leave. This process require lot of oxygen for more cellular respiration so that warm blooded
animals produce more energy to balance their body temperature. Hence it is very important for warm blooded
animals to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to keep their circulatory system efficient.
16. What are the components of the transport system in highly organized plants?
A: There are two types of conducting tissues in highly organized plants that carry out transport system
1) Xylem 2) phloem.
Xylem conducts water and minerals from roots to rest of the plant parts. Similarly Phloem transports food
materials from leaf to other parts of the plant.
17. How are water and minerals transported in plants?
A: Xylems parts tracheids and vessels of roots, stems and leaves are interconnected to form a continuous system
of water-conducting channels that reaches all parts of the plant. Transpiration creates a suction pressure which
forces water into xylem cells of roots. After this, there will be a steady movement of water from the root
xylem to all parts of the plant connected through conducting interconnected water-conducting channels.
18. How is food transported in plants?
A: Food is transported in plants by a special organ called as phloem. Phloem transports food materials from leaf
to different parts of a plant. Transportation of food in phloem is achieved by the expenditure of energy from
ATP. This increases osmotic pressure in the tissue causing water to move. This pressure moves material in the
Phloem to the tissues with less pressure. This is helping in transportation of food material as per the needs. Ex:
Sucrose.
19. Describe the structure and functioning of nephrons.
A: Nephrons are the filtration units of the kidney which are large in numbers. Some substances in the initial
filtrate, such as glucose, amino acids, salts and a major amount of
water, are selectively re-absorbed as the urine flows along the
tube.
Main components of Nephrons are
Glomerulus
Bowman’s capsule
Long renal Tube
Structure of Nephron
Functioning of Nephron
•The blood enters the kidney through the renal artery, which
branches into many capillaries associated with glomerulus.
•The water and solute are transferred to the nephron at Bowman’s capsule.
•In the proximal tubule, some substances such as amino acids, glucose, and salts are selectively reabsorbed
and unwanted molecules are added in the urine.
•The filtrate then moves down into the loop of Henle, where more water is absorbed. From here, the filtrate
moves upwards into the distal tubule and finally to the collecting duct. Collecting duct collects urine from
many nephrons.
•The urine formed in each kidney enters a long tube called ureter. From ureter, it gets transported to the
urinary bladder and then into the urethra.
20. What are the methods used by plants to get rid of excretory products?
A: Plants can get rid of excess water by transpiration.
For other wastes, plants use the fact that many of their tissues consist of dead cells, and that they can even lose
some parts such as leaves. Many plant waste products are stored in cellular vacuoles. Waste products may be
stored in leaves that fall off.
Other waste products are stored as resins and gums, especially in old xylem. Plants also excrete some waste
substances into the soil around them.
21. How is the amount of urine produced regulated?
A: Amount of urine produced depends on the amount of excess water and dissolved waste present in the body.
Other factors may be environment and ADH hormone which regulates the production of urine.
22. The kidneys in human beings are a part of the system for
(a) Nutrition (b) Respiration.
(c) Excretion. (d) Transportation
Answer is (c) excretion
The excretory system of human beings includes a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, a urinary bladder and a
urethra. Kidneys are located in the abdomen, one on either side of the backbone. Urine produced in the kidneys
passes through the ureters into the urinary bladder where it is stored until it is released through the urethra.
23. The xylem in plants are responsible for
(a) Transport of water. (b) Transport of food.
(c) Transport of amino acids. (d) Transport of oxygen.
A: In plants Xylem is responsible for transport of water hence the answer is (a)
24. The autotrophic mode of nutrition requires
(a) Carbon dioxide and water. (b) Chlorophyll.
(c) Sunlight. (d) all of the above.
A: Autotrophic mode of nutrition requires carob-di-oxide, water, chlorophyll and sunlight from the preparation
of food hence the answer is (d) all of the above.
25. The breakdown of pyruvate to give carbon dioxide, water and energy takes place in
(a) cytoplasm. (b) Mitochondria. (c) Chloroplast. (d) Nucleus
A: The breakdown of pyruvate to give carbon dioxide, water and energy takes place in mitochondria. Hence the
answer is (b) mitochondria
26. How are fats digested in our bodies? Where does this process take place?
A: The small intestine is the place for complete digestion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. It receives
the secretions of the liver and pancreas for this purpose.
•The food coming from the stomach is usually acidic in nature and it has to be made alkaline so that pancreatic
enzymes can act on it. Bile juice produced in the liver accomplish this process.
•Fats are usually present in the intestine in the form of larger globules, which makes it difficult for enzymes to
act on them. The bile salts helps in breaking down larger globules into smaller globules. The pancreas helps in
secreting pancreatic juice, which contains enzymes like trypsin for digesting proteins and lipase for breaking
down emulsified [Link] walls of the small intestine contains glands, which secretes intestinal juice. The
enzymes present in it finally converts the proteins to amino acids, complex carbohydrates into glucose and
finally fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
27. What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food?
A: Food we intake is complex in nature, if it is to be absorbed from the alimentary canal then it has to be broken
into smaller molecules. This process is mainly done with the help of biological catalysts called enzymes. The
saliva contains an enzyme called salivary amylase that breaks down starch, which is a complex molecule to
give sugar. The food is mixed thoroughly with saliva and moved around the mouth while chewing the
muscular tongue. Hence saliva plays a pivotal in digestion and absorption of food.
28. What are the necessary conditions for autotrophic nutrition and what are its byproducts?
A:•The energy and carbon requirements of the autotrophic organism is obtained by the process of photosynthesis.
•It is defined as the process by which autotrophs take in substances from the outside surroundings and convert
them into stored forms of energy.
•This substance is taken in the form of carbon dioxide and water, which is converted into carbohydrates in the
presence of sunlight and chlorophyll.
•The main purpose of carbohydrates is to provide energy to the plant. The carbohydrates are not utilized
immediately; but they are stored in the form of starch, which serves as an internal energy reserve.
•The stored energy can be used as and when required by the plant.
29. What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? Name some organisms that use the
anaerobic mode of respiration?
A: Aerobic respiration
•The process takes place in the presence of free oxygen
•The products of aerobic respiration are CO2, water and energy.
•The first step of aerobic respiration (glycolysis) takes place in cytoplasm while the next step takes place in
mitochondria.
•The process of aerobic respiration takes place in all higher organisms.
•In this process complete oxidation of glucose takes place.
Anaerobic respiration
•The process takes place in the absence of the free oxygen.
•The products of anaerobic respiration are ethyl alcohol, CO2 and a little energy.
•Even in anaerobic respiration, the first step takes place in cytoplasm while the next step takes place in
mitochondria.
•In this process the glucose molecules is incompletely broken down.
•The process of anaerobic respiration takes place in lower organism like yeast, some species of bacteria and
parasites like tapeworm.
30. How are the alveoli designed to maximize the exchange of gases?
A: The lung is an important part of the body. The passage inside the lungs divides into smaller and smaller tubes,
which finally terminate in balloon-like structures, called as alveoli.
•The alveoli provide a surface where the exchange of gases can take place. The walls of the alveoli usually
contains an extensive network of blood vessels. We know that, when we breathe in, we lift our ribs, flatten our
diaphragm and chest cavity becomes larger.
•Because of this action, air is sucked into the lungs and fills the expanded alveoli.
•The blood brings the essential carbon dioxide from rest of the body and supply it to alveoli; the oxygen in the
alveolar air is taken up by the blood in the alveolar blood vessels to be transported to the all other cells of the
body. During normal breathing cycle, when air is taken in and let out, the lungs always contain a residual
volume of air so that there is sufficient time for oxygen to be absorbed and carbon dioxide to be released.
31. What would be the consequences of a deficiency of hemoglobin in our bodies?
A: Hemoglobin is a protein responsible for transportation of oxygen to the body cells for cellular respiration.
Deficiency of Hemoglobin can affect the oxygen carrying capacity of RBC’S. This lead to lack of oxygen in
our body cells. Hemoglobin deficiency leads to a disease called as anemia.
32. Describe double circulation of blood in human beings. Why is it necessary?
A: Double circulation means, in a single cycle blood goes twice in the heart. The process helps in separating
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to maintain a constant body temperature.
The double circulatory system of blood includes
•Pulmonary circulation
•Systemic circulation.
Pulmonary circulation:
The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood into the lungs where it is oxygenated. The oxygenated blood
is brought back to the left atrium, from there it is pumped into the left ventricle and finally blood goes into
the aorta for systemic circulation.
Systemic circulation:
The oxygenated blood is pumped to various parts of the body from the left ventricle. The deoxygenated blood
from different parts of the body passes through vena cava to reach right atrium. The right atrium transfers the
blood into right ventricle.
33. What are the differences between the transport of materials in xylem and phloem?
A:
Transport of materials in Xylem Transport of materials in phloem
Xylem tissue helps in the transport of Phloem tissue helps in the transport of
. water and minerals food
Water is transported upwards from roots to Food is transported in both upward and
all other plant parts. downward directions.
34. Compare the functioning of alveoli in the lungs and nephrons in the kidneys with respect to their structure
and functioning.
A:
Alveoli Nephrons
Structure Structure
(i) Alveoli are tiny balloon-like structures (i) Nephrons are tubular structures present inside
present inside the lungs. the kidneys.
(ii) The walls of the alveoli are one cell thick and it (ii) Nephrons are made of glomerulus,
contains an extensive network of blood capillaries. Bowman’s capsule, and a long renal tube.
Function Function
(i) The exchange of O2 and CO2 takes place (i) The blood enters the kidneys through the
between the blood of the capillaries that renal artery. The blood is entered here and the
surround the alveoli and the gases present in the nitrogenous waste in the form of urine is
alveoli. collected by collecting duct.
(ii) Alveoli are the site of gaseous exchange. (ii) Nephrons are the basic filtration unit.
CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWERS:
1. Which of the following are energy foods?
(a) Carbohydrates and fats
(b) Proteins and mineral salts
(c) Vitamins and minerals
(d) Water and roughage
2. In which mode of nutrition an organism de-rives its food from the body of another living organism without
killing it?
(a) Saprotrophic nutrition
(b) Parasitic nutrition
(c) Holozoic nutrition
(d) Autotrophic nutrition
3. The mode of nutrition found in fungi is:
(a) Parasitic nutrition
(b) Holozoic nutrition
(c) Autotrophic nutrition
(d) Saprotrophic nutrition
4. Roots of the plants absorb water from the soil through the process of:
(a) Diffusion
(b) Transpiration
(c) Osmosis
(d) None of these
5. The site of photosynthesis in the cells of a leaf is
(a) Chloroplast
(b) Mitochondria
(c) Cytoplasm
(d) Protoplasm
6. In amoeba, food is digested in the:
(a) Food vacuole
(b) Mitochondria
(c) Pseudopodia
(d) Chloroplast
7. Which of the following events in the mouth cavity will be affected if salivary amylase is lacking in the saliva?
(a) Starch breaking down into sugars.
(b) Proteins breaking down into amino acids.
(c) Absorption of vitamins.
(d) Fats breaking down into fatty acids and glycerol.
8. Which region of the alimentary canal absorbs the digested food?
(a) Stomach
(b) Small intestine
(c) Large intestine
(d) Liver
9. The contraction and expansion movement of the walls of the food pipe is called:
(a) Translocation
(b) Transpiration
(c) Peristaltic movement
(d) Digestion
10. When a few drops of iodine solution are added to rice water, the solution turns blue- black in colour. This
indicates that rice water contains:
(a) Fats
(b) Complex proteins
(c) Starch
(d) Simple proteins
11. The exit of unabsorbed food material is regulated by
(a) Liver
(b) Anus
(c) Small intestine
(d) Anal sphincter
12. What are the products obtained by anaerobic respiration in plants?
(a) Lactic acid + Energy
(b) Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
(c) Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + Energy
(d) Pyruvate
13. The breakdown of pyruvate to give carbon di-oxide, water and energy takes place in
(a) Cytoplasm
(b) Mitochondria
(c) Chloroplast
(d) Nucleus
14. Glycolysis process occurs in which part of the cell?
(a) Cytoplasm
(b) Nucleus
(c) Mitochondria
(d) Chloroplast
15. Name the substances whose build up in the muscles during vigorous physical exercise may cause cramps?
(a) Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + Energy
(b) Lactic acid + Energy
(c) Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
(d) Pyruvate
16. Name the pores in a leaf through which respiratory exchange of gases takes place.
(a) Lenticels
(b) Vacuoles
(c) Xylem
(d) Stomata
17. The respiratory pigment in human beings is:
(a) Carotene
(b) Chlorophyll
(c) Hemoglobin
(d) Mitochondria
18. Which plant tissue transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaf?
(a) Xylem
(b) Phloem
(c) Parenchyma
(d) Collenchyma
19. The movement of food in phloem is called:
(a) Transpiration
(b) Translocation
(c) Respiration
(d) Evaporation
20. A blood vessel which pumps the blood from the heart to the entire body:
(a) artery
(b) Capillary
(c) Vein
(d) Haemoglobin
21. Name a circulatory fluid in the human body other than blood.
(a) Platelets
(b) RBC
(c) Lymph
(d) Plasma
22. Single circulation, i.e., blood flows through the heart only once during one cycle of passage through the
body, is exhibited by which of the following:
(a) Hyla, rana, draco
(b) Whale, dolphin, turtle
(c) Labeo, chameleon, salamander
(d) Hippocampus, exocoetus, anabas
23. Name the tube which connects the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
(a) Urethra
(b) Nephron
(c) Tubule
(d) Ureter
24. Which part of nephron allows the selective reabsorption of useful substances like glucose, amino acids, salts
and water into the blood capillaries?
(a) Tubule
(b) Glomerulus
(c) Bowman’s capsule
(d) Ureter
25. Where is the dirty blood in our body filtered?
(a) Heart
(b) Lungs
(c) Ureter
(d) Kidneys
26. The procedure used for cleaning the blood of a person by separating urea from it is called:
(a) Osmosis
(b) Filtration
(c) Dialysis
(d) Double circulation
27. Which is the correct sequence of body parts in the human alimentary canal?
(a) Mouth → stomach → small intestine → large intestine → oesophagus
(b) Mouth → oesophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine
(c) Mouth → stomach → oesophagus → small intestine → large intestine
(d) Mouth → oesophagus → stomach → large intestine → small intestine
28. Identify the correct path of urine in the human body.
(a) Kidney → urinary bladder → urethra → ureter
(b) Urinary bladder → ureter → kidney → urethra
(c) Kidney → ureter → urethra → urinary bladder
(d) Kidney → ureter → urinary bladder → urethra
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS/ IMPORTANT QUESTIONS:
1. What are enzymes and its functions ?
2. Explain the concept of Aerobic respiration.
Very short (2M):
[Link] are enzymes? Name any one enzyme of our digestive system and write its function.
2.(i) Write the balanced chemical equation for the process of photosynthesis,
(ii) When do the desert plants take up carbon dioxide and perform photosynthesis ?
3. Mention the raw materials required for photosynthesis.
4. Why do herbivores have longer, small intestine than carnivores ?
5. Write correct sequence of four steps of method for the preparation of temporary mount of a stained leaf
peel.
6. In mammals and birds why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood ?
7. What are the final products after digestion of carbohydrates and proteins?
8. What is saliva? State its role in the digestion of food.
9. Explain the process of nutrition in Amoeba.
10. How are the alveoli designed to maximise the exchange of gases?
Short answer type questions(3M):
[Link] single celled organisms diffusion is sufficient to meet all their requirements of food, exchange of gases
or removal of wastes but it is not in case of multicellular organisms. Explain the reason for this difference.
2. Draw a diagram of human excretory system and label kidneys, ureters on it.
[Link] the acid presents in the following:
(i) Tomato (ii) Vinegar (iii) Tamarind
4..Draw a neat diagram of excretory system of human beings and label on it:
(i) Left kidney (ii) Urinary bladder
[Link] the role of the following in human digestivesystem :
(i) Digestive enzymes (ii) Hydrochloric acid (iii) Villi
6. Draw a diagram of human respiratory system and label on it :
(i) Diaphragm (ii) Larynx
7. (a) Name the site of exchange of material between the blood and surrounding cells. (b) Draw a schematic
representation of transport and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in human body.
8. What would be the consequences of deficiency of hemoglobin in your body?
9. List three characteristics of lungs which make it an efficient respiratory surface.
10. (a) What is the role of HCl in our stomach ?
(b) What is emulsification of fats ?
(c) Which protein digesting enzyme is present in pancreatic juice .
11. List in tabular form three differences between arteries and veins.
12. Why do the walls of the trachea not collapse’ when there is less air in it?
13. In human alimentary canal, name the site of complete digestion of various components of food. Explain
the process of digestion.
14. List the three kinds of blood vessels of human circulatory system and write ¦ their functions in tabular
form.
Long answer type questions(5M):
1.(a)Explain how does the exchange of gases occur in plants across the surface of stems, roots and leaves.
(b) How are water and minerals transported in plants ?
2. (a) Draw a diagram to show open stomatal pore and label on it:
(i) guard cells
(ii) chloroplast
(b) State two functions of stomata.
(c) How do guard cells regulate the opening and closing of stomatal pore?
3. (a) Draw a diagram of human respiratory system and label the following:
(i) part where air is filtered by fine hair and mucus
(ii) part which terminates in balloon – like structures
(iii) balloon – like structures where exchange of gases takes place. (iv) part which separates chest cavity
from abdominal cavity.
(b) Why is the rate of breathing in aquatic organisms much faster than in terrestrial organisms?
4. a) Draw a sectional view of the human heart and label on it – Aorta, Right ventricle and Pulmonary veins.
(b) State the functions of the following components of transport system:
(i) Blood (ii) Lymph
5. Explain the process of breakdown of glucose in a cell (ii) in the absence of oxygen.
6. a) List the three events that occur during the process of photosynthesis.
Explain the role of stomata in this process.
(b) Describe an experiment to show that “sunlight is essential for photosynthesis.”