Analisis

Program Pelayanan Sosial

MODEL DAN PROSES
Edi Suharto, PhD
Direktur Jenderal Pemberdayaan Sosial
KEMENSOS RI. Dosen Poltekesos Bandung,
UNPAD Bandung dan UNPAS Bandung

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“Insanity is doing the same thing over and over again
and expecting different results.”
Albert Einstein
SESI 1
 Program Sosial
 Pelayanan Sosial (social service)
 Pelayanan Kemanusiaan (human service)
 Kesejahteraan Sosial (social welfare)
 Program Pelayanan Kesejahteraan Sosial
 Organisasi Pelayanan Sosial
 Program Pembangunan

Ekonomi Pendidikan Kesehatan

Lingkungan
Infrastruktur Sosial
Hidup
Program Pembangunan Sosial

Pendidikan Kesehatan Perumahan

Kesejahteraan
Keagamaan Kebudayaan
(Welfare)
 Social Welfare Programs

In New Zealand social welfare is the various social

services provided by a state (government) for the
Social
Security benefit of its citizens such as social security, pensions,
state housing, unemployment benefits, childcare
assistance, family allowance.
Social
Assistance
In the United States, social programs are federal and
state welfare programs including cash assistance,
Social Protection health care and medical provisions, food assistance,
housing subsidies, energy and utilities subsidies,
education and childcare assistance, and subsidies and
assistance for other basic services.
Struktur
o What is program
analysis?
o Models of program
analysis
o Process of program
analysis

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What is
PROGRAM ANALYSIS?
PROGRAM ANALYSIS is a systematic process of
"determining which of various alternative programs will
most achieve a given set of goals in light of the relations
between the programs and the goals“ (Nagel, 1999).

PROGRAM ANALYSIS is the process of systematic

investigation of the implementation and impact of
existing program (ex-post analysis), and of options for
new program (ex-ante analysis) (Weimer and Winning,
1999; European Commission, 2014).

The ex-post and ex-ante analyses can be complementary

and can be (and often are) applied together.
 The purpose of program analysis is to facilitate the choice
of sound program with a view to improvement (Ukeles,
1977).

 It is important to note that program analysis is not a one-

off tool, but a way or culture of handling tasks at all
stages of the program cycle. The notion of program
analysis is shaped not only by the choice of time (before
or after a program has been implemented), but also by the
choice of focus and associated level of detail (European
Training Foundation, 1918: 7).

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MODELS OF PROGRAM ANALYSIS
Program analysis can be divided into two major fields or
models:
1. ANALYSIS FOR PROGRAM
It is ex-ante analysis and prescriptive. It is involved with
formulating programs and proposals (e.g., to improve
social welfare). “Analysis FOR program” is known as
Program Development

2. ANALYSIS OF PROGRAM
It is ex-post analysis and descriptive. It attempts to
explain programs and their impacts (Buhrs and Bartlett,
1993). “Analysis OF Program” is referred to as
Program Evaluation 10
Analisis Program Sosial
Penelaahan ilmiah untuk merumuskan
alternatif program sosial, baik sebelum
maupun sesudah program tersebut
diterapkan.

Program
Development
[before/ex-ante]
PROGRAM
ANALYSIS Program
Evaluation
[after/ex-post]

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Key concepts
 PENELAAHAN ILMIAH: proses sistematik, terstandar,
berbasis teori dan bukti (policy research), melibatkan beragam
disiplin ilmu dan profesi.

 PROGRAM SOSIAL: program publik di bidang kesejahteraan

(welfare), pendidikan, kesehatan atau perlindungan sosial.

 PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT. Analysis for new program.

Formulating programs and proposal to improve social well-
being. Analisis dilakukan sebelum program diterapkan.
Bersifat prospektif dan preskriptif.

 PROGRAM EVALUATION. Analysis of existing program

designed to explain impacts of program implementation.
Analisis dilakukan sesudah program diterapkan. Bersifat
retrospektif dan deskriptif.
Principles

Focus Think Make

Quickly on the central Innovatively on the The analysis simple
problem. possible types of and easily digestible
program actions that
can be taken

Say Learn Be aware

It with numbers and To understand That there is no such
avoid uncertainty. different stakeholders thing as absolute
and advocate the correct, rational and
positions of others complete analysis.

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 Model of
Program
PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT Analysis

PROGRAM
DEVELOPMENT
SOCIAL Program
PROBLEM Option

THE
PROCESS

Decision Consultation
 PROCESS OF PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT

Define, verify and • Apa pilihan tindakan yang bisa Display and distinguish
detail the problem dilakukan? among program options.
• Apa tujuan yang ingin dicapai oleh ADVOCACY for support. • Lembaga apa yang akan
program ini? menjadi leading sector dalam
SOCIAL
• Apa sumberdaya (natural, finansial, CONSULTATION menerapkan program ini?
PROBLEM
SDM) yang mendukungnya? • Apa dukungan dan hambatan
• Apa dampak positif dan negatif dari terhadap program ini?
pilihan kebijakan yang mungkin • Bagaimana monitor dan
timbul jika diterapkan? evaluasi implementasinya?
1 3
2 4
• Apa masalah atau kebutuhan • Siapa stakeholders kunci yang
yang berkembang di masyarakat? perlu dilibatkan?
• Apa dampak positif dan negatif • Bagaimana posisi mereka:
masalah ini terhadap mendukung, netral, menolak?
masyarakat? PROGRAM OPTION • Apa kekuatan dan kelemahan DECISION
• Apa penyebabnya? mereka?
• Sertakan bukti dukungnya (hasil Establish EVALUATION Determine the BEST
riset, media, petisi) CRITERIA. Explore PROGRAM OPTIONS.
alternative program options Monitor the
IMPLEMENTATION
 Social Problem and Social Program
SOCIAL (WELFARE) PROGRAMS SOCIAL PROBLEM ANALYSIS
are solutions to social problems. may include:
But not all “problems” are social ➝ Problem definition and
problems and they are not all identification
equally important. ➝ Causes and consequences
➝ Ideology and values
➝ Gainers and losers

THE IMPORTANCE OF A SOCIAL PROBLEM VALUE: A conception is

depends on two things: (1) the power and social status of those who what preferred expressing
are defining the problem and urging the expenditure of resources a vision of how things
“ought” to be. For
toward a solution and (2) the sheer number of people affected. example, “no one should
Thus, the more people affected and the greater the social power and be hungry”, “no one ought
status of those urging a solution, the more important the social to be left behind”.
problem.
Problems and
responses

Social programs are They are rather more than this,

because there are programs which
sometimes represented are not at all centred on
as responses to social “problems”; any program or “policy”
problems. which is designed to change or
maintain social structures or
relationships.

Paul Spicker, “Social Policy: Themes and Approaches”,

1995: 35
Critiques on social programs

Critiques of social That position should be treated

programs can be with a deal of scepticism; there is
often scathing about nothing wrong with dealing with
symptoms, which at least will
responses which have some effects. By contrast,
seem to be addressed identifying and responding to the
to “symptoms” rather perceived causes may have no
than basic causes. effect on the problems, and when
the analysis is wrong it may
make things worse.

Paul Spicker, “Social Policy: Themes and Approaches”,

1995: 37-38 18
Program Instruments

THE MEANS OF PROGRAM TYPES OF INSTRUMENT

Governments influence what Program instruments are the means
happens in society through governments use to achieve their ends.
their repertoire of program There are four types of program
instruments. If results are the instrument:
ends of the program process, • Advocacy – arguing a case
instruments are the means –
the programs, staffing, • Money – using spending and taxing
budgets, organisations, powers
campaigns and law giving • Government action – delivering
effect to decisions. services
• Law – using legislative power

Good program advice relies on choosing the right mix of instruments

for the problem at hand.
IMPLEMENTATION TRAP
“…the implementation literature is a little
depressing, because it is predominantly
about implementation failure.”

Colebatch, 1998:56

IMPLEMENTATION TRAP
• Spesifikasi yang tidak lengkap
• Lembaga yang tidak tepat
• Konflik tujuan
• Kegagalan insentif
• Konflik petunjuk
• Kurang kompetensi
• Sumberdaya tidak memadai
• Kegagalan komunikasi

Edi Suharto, “Kebijakan Sosial sebagai Kebijakan

Publik (2013) 20
Consultation techniques
￮ Public information campaigns
￮ Focus groups
￮ Surveys – key informants, clients and
citizens
￮ Circulation of proposals for written
comments
￮ Advisory committees
￮ Citizen’s advisory committees
￮ Interest group meetings
￮ Public hearings and inquiries
￮ Impact assessment studies
￮ Policy communities Bridgman and Davis in Meredith Edward,
“Social Policy, Public Policy: from Problem to
￮ Referenda Practice (2001) 21
Rights-Based Approach: The Case of Poverty
RBA: melihat kemiskinan
bukan karena ada masalah
sosial (eg. malas, bodoh) atau
kebutuhan masyarakat yang
tidak terpenuhi. Melainkan
karena adanya hak-hak
masyarakat yang dilanggar.

• Right to life
• Right to work
• Right to an adequate
standard of living
 Analysis

Immediate Causes:
what needs/rights are
not being addressed?

Legal & Economic Context:

Root Causes:
What laws, policies, regulations,
What societal attitudes,
programs, constraints in resources,
behaviours, cultural forces,
are leading to rights violations?
political and economic systems,
perpetuate human rights
violations?
 RBA Framework
Kerangka kebijakan: hak dasar dan instrumen legal

Tipe 1: Status Kehidupan Orang Miskin

• Economic well-being
• Being healthy
• Staying safe
• Enjoying and achieving
• Making positive contribution

Enabling inputs
yang mendukung realisasi hak-hak publik dan kesejahteraan manusia

Tipe 2 Tipe 3 Tipe 4 Tipe 5

Lingkungan
Keluarga & Lingkungan Akses ke Alokasi
rumah tetangga pelayanan sumber publik
tangga sekitar dasar pro-poor
 Model of
Program
PROGRAM EVALUATION Analysis

PROGRAM
EVALUATION
PROGRAM Program
PROBLEM Options

THE
PROCESS

Decision Consultation
 PROCESS OF PROGRAM EVALUATION

• Apa alternative program yang bisa Display and distinguish

Define, verify and detail
dilakukan? among program options.
the program problem
• Apa tujuan yang ingin dicapai oleh ADVOCACY for support. • Lembaga apa yang akan
program ini? menjadi leading sector dalam
PROGRAM
• Apa sumberdaya (natural, finansial, CONSULTATION menerapkan program ini?
PROBLEM
SDM) yang mendukungnya? • Apa dukungan dan hambatan
• Apa dampak positif dan negatif dari terhadap program ini?
pilihan program yang mungkin • Bagaimana monitor dan
timbul jika diterapkan? evaluasi implementasinya?
1 3
2 4
• Apa kebijakan atau program • Siapa stakeholders kunci yang
yang berkembang di masyarakat? perlu dilibatkan?
• Apa dampak positif dan negatif • Bagaimana posisi mereka:
dari program ini terhadap mendukung, netral, menolak?
masyarakat? PROGRAM OPTION • Apa kekuatan dan kelemahan DECISION
• Apa penyebabnya? mereka?
• Sertakan bukti dukungnya (hasil Establish EVALUATION Determine the BEST
riset, media, petisi) CRITERIA. Explore PROGRAM OPTIONS.
alternative program Monitor the
options IMPLEMENTATION
 PROGRAM DANCE

“ A program cycle cannot capture the full

ebb and flow of a sophisticated program
debate, nor does it accommodate fully the
value-laden world of politics. Experience
shows that the normative sequence is
easily disrupted. The program dance is
sometimes seemingly random movements
rather than choreographed order.

Bridgman and Davis in Meredith Edward,

“Social Policy, Public Policy: from Problem
to Practice (2001: 7)
Analytical Framework

Economic Social framework Environmental

framework Community impact, framework
Cost-benefit, cost- interest group Environmental
effectiveness, impact, community impact
opportunity costs, values, social assessment,
market justice principles, sustainable
competitiveness, cultural heritage development,
regulatory impact impact, habitat
constitutionality, preservation,
equality before the biodiversity,
law, media tones natural resource
management

Peter Bridgman and Glyn Davis, “The Australian Policy

Handbook”, 1998: 57)
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PRINSIP PROGRAM
Kesamaan, Kesetaraan dan Keadilan

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Parameters and criteria of program analysis

Not just service delivery but end-

1. Goals and objectives. A goal is an abstract and general statement product; clarity and measurability
of desired outcomes. An objective is a concrete, operational statement (SMART).
about a desired observable outcome. Objectives (not goals) must contain
target group specifications and performance standards.
Fit with social problem analysis, cost-
effectiveness, complexity and cost
2. Forms of benefits and services. Material goods administration
(commodities/in-kind), cash, expert services, subsidies, credits/vouchers.

3. Eligibility rules. Who gets what, how much, under what conditions. Over/underutilization, stigma,
Means/asset test, prior contributions, attachment to workforce. The issue alienation, incentive and disincentive
of targeting: inclusion and exclusion errors. for work, empowerment

4. Administration and service delivery. Centralisation, Accessibility, continuity, relate to

decentralisation, case management, referral agency, citizen participation. racial, gender, and ethnic diversity

5. Financing. Prepayments and the insurance principle, public regulated

Sustainability, accountability, stability
private contracts, voluntary contributions, tax revenue appropriation, fees
in broad economic change:
for service, private endowment.
inflation/depression and demographic
change
6. Interactions among program elements. Co-entitlement,
disentitlement, government-level interaction.
Duplication, integration, trade-off
TUGAS KELOMPOK DAN INDIVIDU

Instructions for Assignments

GROUP A GROUP B
Buatlah analisis program Buatlah analisis kebijakan
dengan menggunakan dengan menggunakan
model PROGRAM model PROGRAM
DEVELOPMENT EVALUATION

INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT. Carilah contoh Naskah

Kebijakan (POLICY BRIEF) mengenai program social
tertentu. Print out dan berilah komentar terhadap naskah
tersebut. Apa kelebihan dan kekurangannya? Design,
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bahasa, isi, metode analysis?
Social Program Analysis Framework

Description Analysis: economic, Parameters and

social, environmental, criteria
political

PROBLEM

PROGRAM
OPTION

CONSULTATION

DECISION

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 “ Orang-orang yang berhasil
adalah orang-orang yang
bangun dan berusaha untuk
menggapai situasi yang
diinginkannya. Jika mereka
tidak mendapatkannya, mereka
akan menciptakannya.

Bernard Shaw
THANK YOU
INSTAGRAM
@edisuhartophd